凋落物管理对樟子松人工林土壤微生物群落结构的影响

采用磷脂脂肪酸法(PLFA)分析短期(18个月)凋落物管理对樟子松人工林土壤微生物群落结构的影响。结果表明,凋落物移除对土壤各类微生物的PLFAs均无显著影响,但凋落物加倍显著改变了土壤微生物群落结构。凋落物加倍显著提高了土壤PLFAs总量、革兰氏阳性细菌(G+)与革兰氏阴性细菌(G-)和原生动物PLFAs,但对真菌和放线菌PLFAs以及细菌/真菌值、G+/G-值影响不显著。凋落物加倍使土壤总PLFAs上升了82.4%,细菌PLFAs上升了93.9%。凋落物管理对樟子松人工林土壤微生物的Shannon多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数和Simpson优势度指数均无显著影响。主成分分析表明,主成分1(89.83%)上得分系数较高的PLFAs多为细菌的特征PLFAs,主要有16:1ω5c、16:1ω7c、cy17:0ω7c、cy19:0ω7c、i14:0、i15:0。     

中亚热带地区两种森林植被类型土壤微生物群落结构

利用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)生物标记法分析了中亚热带地区罗浮栲天然林和相邻的杉木人工林土壤微生物群落结构特点.结果表明: 两种植被类型的磷脂脂肪酸总量、细菌特征脂肪酸、真菌特征脂肪酸、放线菌特征脂肪酸、革兰氏阳性菌和革兰氏阴性菌特征脂肪酸含量均为0～10 cm高于10～20 cm土层,罗浮栲天然林高于杉木人工林.在两种植被类型的两个土层中,细菌PLFAs含量均显著高于真菌PLFAs含量.两种植被类型中,细菌PLFAs含量约占PLFAs总量的44%～52%,而真菌仅占6%～8%,表明细菌在该地区两种植被类型土壤中处于优势地位.主成分分析表明,土壤微生物群落结构差异主要由植被类型差异引起,土层深度的影响相对较小.相关分析显示,革兰氏阴性菌、革兰氏阳性菌以及细菌的PLFAs含量与pH呈显著负相关,与含水量呈显著正相关;土壤微生物主要类群PLFAs含量与总氮、有机碳、C/N和铵态氮均呈显著正相关.     

煤矸山复垦林地和草地土壤微生物多样性和群落组成的差异及其影响因素

以山西省长治市潞安矿区煤矸山复垦多年的林地和草地为对象,采用磷脂脂肪酸法(phospholipid fatty acid,PLFA)研究2种复垦样地0~10和10~20 cm土层土壤微生物多样性和群落组成状况以及土壤环境因子对微生物群落组成的影响。结果表明:(1)草地0~10和10~20 cm土层土壤微生物丰富度指数(S)、Shannon指数(H)均大于林地(P0.05),但2种样地Pielou均匀度指数(E)无显著差异。(2)林地在0~10和10~20 cm土层土壤微生物总PLFAs含量、真菌PLFAs含量、放线菌PLFAs含量、革兰氏阳性菌PLFAs含量以及革兰氏阳性菌/革兰氏阴性菌、真菌/细菌均高于草地(P0.05);但细菌PLFAs含量和革兰氏阴性菌PLFAs含量在2土层中表现不同,林地0~10 cm土层高于草地(P0.05),10~20 cm土层则低于草地。(3)主成分分析表明,土壤微生物群落结构组成受复垦类型的显著影响。冗余分析表明,土壤理化性质对微生物PLFAs含量产生影响,其中土壤有效磷(AP)、pH值和阳离子交换量(CEC)是影响微生物群落组成的主要因子,并且AP和CEC与土壤微生物PLFAs含量呈正相关,pH值与之呈负相关。     

中亚热带地区米槠天然林土壤微生物群落结构的多样性

为了解土壤微生物群落的结构,采用磷脂脂肪酸方法对武夷山和建瓯的米槠(Castanopsis carlesii)天然林土壤微生物群落的结构多样性进行了研究。结果表明,两地米槠天然林的土壤微生物群落组成十分丰富,多样性指数、丰富度指数和均匀度指数分别为2.92~3.01、25.84~28.23 和0.88~0.90。0~10 cm土层的磷脂脂肪酸总量、细菌特征脂肪酸、真菌特征脂肪酸、放线菌特征脂肪酸、革兰氏阳性菌和阴性菌特征脂肪酸含量均高于10~20 cm土层的,且建瓯万木林自然保护区的高于武夷山国家级自然保护区。10~20 cm土层的革兰氏阳性菌/革兰氏阴性菌高于0~10 cm土层的;细菌特征脂肪酸含量显著高于真菌,表明细菌在土壤微生物群落结构中处于优势地位。主成分分析表明,土壤微生物群落结构的差异主要是由采样地点的不同引起。     

氮肥添加对高寒藏嵩草(Kobresia tibetica)沼泽化草甸和土壤微生物群落的影响

以藏嵩草沼泽化草甸为研究对象,利用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)技术,研究连续6年N素添加对地上植被群落数量特征、土壤微生物群落结构的影响。结果表明:①藏嵩草沼泽化草甸群落生物量、枯枝落叶对施肥处理无明显响应,且莎草科植物对土壤氮素的吸收和利用率较低。②施肥增加了0-10 cm土壤微生物类群PLFAs丰富度尤其细菌和革兰氏阳性菌PLFAs,降低了10-20 cm PLFAs丰富度;③磷脂脂肪酸饱和脂肪酸/单烯不饱和脂肪酸、细菌PLFAs/真菌PLFAs的比值随土壤层次增加而增加;④0-10 cm土层革兰氏阳性菌、真菌PLFAs含量与pH、土壤速效磷、速效氮、土壤有机质显著正相关(P0.05或P0.01);10-20 cm土层,细菌、革兰氏阳性菌、真菌和总PLFAs含量与土壤有机质含量显著正相关(P0.05或P0.01)。表明藏嵩草沼泽化草甸微生物PLFAs含量和丰富度对施肥的响应存在明显的土层梯度效应,土壤微生物PLFAs含量和丰富度主要受表层土壤初始养分含量的影响。     

杉木人工林土壤微生物群落结构特征

采用氯仿熏蒸法、稀释平板法和磷脂脂肪酸(phospholipid fatty acid,PLFA)方法,分析了常绿阔叶林转变成杉木人工林后土壤微生物种群数量和群落结构的变化特征.结果表明:常绿阔叶林转变为杉木人工林后,林地土壤的微生物生物量碳、可培养细菌和放线菌数降低.杉木人工林地总PLFAs、细菌PLFAs、真菌PLFAs比常绿阔叶林分别降低了49.4％、52.4％和46.6％,革兰氏阳性和阴性细菌PLFAs远低于常绿阔叶林.杉木人工林根际土壤微生物生物量碳、可培养细菌和放线菌数显著高于杉木人工林林地土壤,根际土壤中总PLFAs、细菌PLFAs、革兰氏阳性和阴性细菌PLFAs的含量也高于林地土壤,但真菌PLFAs和细菌PLFAs之比却低于林地土壤.对土壤微生物群落结构进行主成分分析发现,第1主成分和第2主成分共解释了土壤微生物群落结构变异的78.2％.表明常绿阔叶林与杉木人工林土壤的微生物群落结构间存在差异.     

南亚热带乡土树种人工纯林及混交林土壤微生物群落结构

以我国南亚热带格木、马尾松人工纯林及二者混交林林地土壤为对象,运用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFAs)法研究了3种人工林土壤微生物生物量和群落结构特征.结果表明: 旱季土壤微生物的PLFAs总量及各菌群的PLFAs量显著高于雨季.旱季土壤微生物的PLFAs总量、细菌PLFAs量、真菌PLFAs量、放线菌PLFAs量均为马尾松人工林最高,混交林次之,格木林最低;而雨季格木人工林土壤微生物的PLFAs总量、细菌PLFAs量、真菌PLFAs量、丛枝菌根真菌PLFAs量高于混交林,并显著高于马尾松人工林.主成分分析表明,土壤微生物群落结构组成受林分类型和季节的双重影响.冗余分析表明,土壤温湿度、pH值、全氮及铵态氮含量与特征磷脂脂肪酸之间呈显著相关关系.在全年水平上,混交林土壤真菌/细菌比值始终高于格木林和马尾松林,表明格木与马尾松混交更有利于提高土壤生态系统的稳定性.     

土壤微生物群落结构对中亚热带三种典型阔叶树种凋落物分解过程的响应

通过小盆模拟试验研究了南方红壤丘陵区典型阔叶树种香樟、白栎和青冈的凋落物分解过程中土壤微生物群落结构的异同。结果表明:(1)凋落物含氮量:白栎>香樟>青冈;碳、木质素的含量以及碳/氮比、木质素/氮比:青冈>香樟>白栎;分解速率:白栎>香樟>青冈;(2)随着凋落物分解的进程,土壤微生物群落16 ∶ 0、15 ∶ 0、i16 ∶ 0、a17 ∶ 0、17 ∶ 0、18 ∶ 2ω6,9c和10Me18 ∶ 0的含量上升,18 ∶ 0、14 ∶ 0、16 ∶ 1ω7c、18 ∶ 1ω7c、cy19 ∶ 0、i19 ∶ 0和10Me19 ∶ 0的含量下降,饱和直链脂肪酸/单不饱和脂肪酸、革兰氏阳性菌/革兰氏阴性菌以及cy19 ∶ 0/18 ∶ 1ω7c的比值都显著上升。(3)两个时期白栎凋落物处理土壤16 ∶ 0、15 ∶ 0、a15 ∶ 0、i16 ∶ 0、a17 ∶ 0、 17 ∶ 0、cy19 ∶ 0、18 ∶ 2ω6,9c、18 ∶ 1ω9c和10Me18 ∶ 0的含量显著高于香樟和青冈凋落物处理的土壤,细菌、真菌的磷脂脂肪酸含量以及磷脂脂肪酸总量显著高于香樟和青冈凋落物处理的土壤。随着阔叶凋落物的分解,变化的土壤环境对土壤微生物群落的胁迫增强,土壤微生物群落结构发生显著变化。与香樟和青冈的凋落物相比,白栎凋落物碳/氮比和木质素/氮比低、分解快,能显著改善土壤微生物群落结构,更有利于土壤肥力提高和生态系统养分循环的改善。     

积雪覆盖变化对大兴安岭多年冻土区土壤微生物群落结构的影响

高纬度多年冻土区是全球变化的敏感区域,揭示不同雪被覆盖条件下土壤微生物群落结构的演变规律,对于预测寒区森林生态系统对全球变化的响应具有重要意义。以大兴安岭多年冻土区白桦次生林为研究对象,采用磷脂脂肪酸法(PLFA)对比分析自然积雪和遮雪处理土壤微生物群落结构的动态变化特征。结果表明:土壤总磷脂脂肪酸含量在植被生长季初期最高,积雪稳定期最低,其中含量较高的PLFA为18:2ω6,9c、a15:0、i16:0、17:1ω8c、18:1ω9c和16:1ω5c,不同时期各优势PLFA含量存在一定差异。遮雪显著降低积雪稳定期细菌PLFA含量、增加真菌PLFA含量(P0.05),但对其他时期土壤微生物群落结构和多样性均未产生显著影响。冗余分析(RDA)表明,土壤总磷脂脂肪酸、真菌、真菌/细菌和革兰氏阴性菌与土壤含水量、pH和铵态氮均呈显著正相关,细菌和革兰氏阳性菌受土壤总磷、总氮和硝态氮影响较大。     

坡耕地-桑树系统土壤微生物群落结构的PLFA分析

土壤微生物群落对土壤生态环境敏感,能够指示土壤质量变化,决定土壤的生态功能。利用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)法分析了不同配置模式的坡耕地-桑树系统对旱坡地紫色土土壤生态系统微生物群落结构的影响。结果表明,种植桑树篱能显著提高土壤Phospholipid-derived fatty acids(PLFA)含量,改善微生物群落结构:T1处理(两带等高桑)土壤微生物的PLFA总量(20.54nmol/g)显著高于CK处理(常规农作);T1处理显著提高了土壤细菌含量,T5处理(两带纵坡桑)土壤中真菌的丰富度相对较高。T1的多样性指数(H')和均匀度指数(J)最高,T2(三带等高桑)的丰富度指数(R)最高。主成分分析表明,第一主成分(PCI)主要包括a17:0、16:1ω5c和17:0等直链饱和脂肪酸和多不饱和脂肪酸,占PC1的58.15%;第二主成分(PC2)包括i12:0 3OH、20:1ω9c和cy19:0ω8c等直链单不饱和脂肪酸和环丙烷脂肪酸,占PC2的77.50%;T1与T2微生物群落结构相似,与CK差别较大。冗余分析(RDA)表明:微生物群落结构主要受全磷、p H、全氮、有机质、硝态氮含量影响;全磷、全氮对支链饱和脂肪酸、G+、细菌等影响较大,p H对G-影响较大。相关性分析表明,径流量与i16:0、10Me17:0、a17:0、18:3ω6c(6,9,12)呈显著正相关,与20:1ω9c呈极显著正相关;泥沙量与i16:0、i17:0呈显著正相关,与18:3ω6c(6,9,12)呈显著负相关,与20:1ω9c呈极显著正相关。     

沈阳样区土壤与景观关系的研究

土壤是连续分布在地球陆地表面的自然客体,其发生发展与景观密不可分.在野外调查的基础上,对辽宁沈阳样区100个土壤剖面形态特征、颗粒组成、化学特征等进行对比研究,按照《中国土壤系统分类(修订三稿)》的标准,共划分出淋溶土、雏形土与新成土3个土纲和续分的5个亚纲、7个土类、9个亚类、9个土族、14个土系.土壤性质和类型与景观特征有很好的对应关系,土壤性质是地形部位、母质基础、水分状况等景观要素的综合体现,也是长期气候等环境变化与人为活动影响的综合结果.     

Impacts of litter and understory removal on soil properties in a subtropical Acacia mangium plantation in China

In forest ecosystems, the effects of litter or understory on soil properties are far from being fully understood. We conducted a study in a pure Acacia mangium Willd. plantation in southern China, by removing litter or understory or both components and then comparing these treatments with a control (undisturbed), to evaluate their respective effects on soil physical, chemical and biological properties. In addition, a litter decomposition experiment was conducted to understand the effects of understory on litter decomposition. Our data showed that the presence of understory favored litter decomposition to a large extent. In 1 year, 75.2 and 37.2% of litter were decomposed in the control and understory removal treatment (UR), respectively. Litter had a profound significance in retaining soil water and contributing to soil fertility, including organic matter (OM), available phosphorus (P) and alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen (N), but understory exerted less influence than litter on soil physical and chemical properties. Both litter and understory played an important role in soil biological activity as indicated by microbial biomass carbon (MBC), while there were no significant impacts on soil exchangeable potassium (K) after either or both were removed. Contrary to our hypothesis, the effects of understory or litter removal were not always negative. A significant soil pH increase with litter removal was a positive factor for acid soil in the studied site. Except for soil moisture, significant effects, caused by removal of litter or/and understory, on measured soil chemical characteristics were only observed in the top 10 cm soil layer, but not in the 10–20 cm layer. Soil available P and exchangeable K contents were significantly higher in the rainy season than in the dry season, however, for the other soil properties, not substantially affected by season.     

Modeling WEPP erodibility parameters in calcareous soils in northwest Iran

Modeling soil detachment rates at the regional scale is important for better understanding of the processes of erosion and the development of erosion models. Soil erodibility is an important factor for predicting soil loss, but its direct measurement at the watershed scale is difficult, time-consuming and costly. This study used stepwise multiple-linear regression (MLR) and artificial neural networks (ANNs) to model Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) soil erodibility parameters, including the baseline inter-rill erodibility (K_ib), baseline rill erodibility (K_rb) and critical shear stress (τ_cb) of cropland conditions in calcareous soils of northwest Iran. Simulated inter-rill and rill erosion experiments were conducted at 100 locations with three replications. K_ib, K_rb and τ_cb and basic soil properties were measured at each location. Auxiliary variables related to soil erodibility were derived from a Landsat 7 satellite image and a 30 m × 30 m digital elevation model (DEM). MLR and ANN models were employed to predict K_ib, K_rb and τ_cb using two groups of input variables: i) more easily measurable basic soil properties (pedo-transfer functions (PTFs)) and ii) more easily measurable basic soil properties and auxiliary data (soil spatial prediction functions (SSPFs)). The results indicated that the WEPP models performed poorly in comparison to the derived models. PTFs and SSPFs generated from ANN models provided more reliable predictions than the MLR models. ANN-based SSPF models yielded the best results (with the highest R² and lowest RMSE values) for predicting Kib and Krb. ANN-based PTF model performed reasonably well for predicting τ_cb. These results show that information from terrain attributes and remote sensing data are potential auxiliary variables for improving prediction of soil erodibility parameters.     

除草剂阿特拉津对土壤脲酶活性的影响

研究了阿特拉津对4种典型施肥处理的土壤脲酶活力的影响。结果表明,处理初期,低浓度阿特拉津对土壤脲酶有一定刺激作用,高浓度处理在整个试验过程中对脲酶有明显抑制作用,阿特拉津对不同肥力土壤中脲酶的影响有明显差异,对照土壤和NPK肥土壤中脲酶活力较低,脲酶受抑制明显,抑制率分别高达30．35％和28．89％;NPK+秸秆和NPK+有机肥土壤的脲酶活力高,脲酶抑制率低,最高抑制率分别为21．35％和16．86％,不同肥力土壤在整个处理过程中,脲酶抑制率均为先逐渐增大到最大值,然后又逐渐降低;高肥力土壤脲酶抑制率最大值出现的时间比低肥力土壤迟,表明高肥力土壤对阿特拉津有较强的耐受能力。     

干旱区绿洲-荒漠过渡带灌丛土壤属性研究

以天山北坡绿洲 荒漠过渡带为研究区,选择3种类型的灌丛并采集不同位置和深度的灌丛土壤样品进行分析,研究灌丛土壤资源的聚集效应.结果表明,干旱区绿洲 荒漠过渡带不同类型灌丛对土壤粒度分布的影响不显著,土壤以砂和粉砂为主,红柳＋裸地灌丛土壤粒度分布的聚集效应明显;灌丛土壤有机质、全氮和速效钾含量在冠幅下最高,其次为灌丛间低矮植物下,灌丛间裸地最低,呈现出明显的“肥岛”现象;不同灌丛类型和采样位置对土壤盐分离子和总盐含量的变化影响显著,且不同灌丛土壤资源的聚集效应各异;导致不同类型灌丛土壤资源富集率不同的原因有气候因素、灌木分布的土壤环境、灌丛高度和冠幅、灌丛间有无低矮植物等.     

不同土壤类型和肥力玉米地土壤养分根际效应研究

采集吉林省玉米植株及土壤样品,研究不同土壤类型和肥力,玉米不同品种和生育时期土壤－植物系统根际养分动态变化及植物吸收的相互关系,结果表明,玉米地土壤ＮＨ＾＋４－Ｎ、ＮＯ＾－３－Ｎ在根际富集,其变化主要与化肥供应有关,高肥力土壤根际有效磷亏缺,种植密度越大,根际亏缺率超大;低肥力土壤则有效磷在根际略高。高肥力土壤有效钾较高,根际有效钾富集也更明显,茎叶、根对养分的吸收量顺序为：Ｎ     

Controlled water potential in subirrigated pots

Summary A simple method of control for soil water potential in subirrigated pots is presented. The system is tested in a glasshouse trial. No uncontrolled excursions in soil water potential were observed, and the soil water tension was held constant to less than ±15%. Reasons for fluctuations in potentials and recommendations for their reduction are made.     

A preliminary study on collembolan populations in a pine forest

1. A study was made of the populations of Collembola in the pine forest. Among the eight species commonly found, Folsomia octoculataHandschin was numerically dominant.
2. Seasonal population changes of these eight species were described over a year. It was found that many species show two peaks in number. As for F. octoculata, the dominant species, the changes in number was discussed in connection with the variation in age structure.
3. The census data for each species were examined for the distribution pattern by using the regression method. None of these eight species was distributed at random in the soil and they could be classified into three groups based on the differences in the degree of aggregation in terms of coefficient β of the regression. It was suggested that such differences in the distribution pattern are largely due to differences in the response to heterogeneity of the habitat. In the case of F. octoculata, the changes of distribution pattern in the course of post-embryonic development were examined and it was found that (a) the component of distribution is a single individual rather than a colony, and (b) the degree of aggregation is decreased with the development of individuals.
4. Using the relationship, the relation of the necessary sample size to the population density was derived for a fixed level of presision (D=S.E./m=0.2) and some suggestions were given concerning sampling plans for these insects.

     

鹤山不同植被类型土壤惰性碳含量及其季节变化特征

为探讨植被恢复下森林土壤惰性碳(Non-labile carbon, NLC)的分布和季节动态,对鹤山6种不同植被类型(灌草、马尾松、桉树、乡土树种、马占相思、季风常绿阔叶林)不同土层(0～10 cm、10～20 cm和20～40 cm)NLC进行研究。结果表明: 6种植被类型土壤NLC含量均以表层(0～10 cm)最高,且随土层深度增加有下降趋势。表层土壤NLC含量受植被类型的影响显著,马占相思林的土壤NLC含量显著高于其他林型;马尾松林的土壤NLC含量最低,与其他林型差异显著。马占相思林深层土壤(10～20 cm和20～40 cm)的NLC含量显著高于其它植被类型,其它植被类型间无显著差异。不同植被类型的土壤NLC含量具有不同的干湿季动态变化,湿季土壤NLC占土壤总有机碳(Soil organic carbon, SOC)的比值高于干季。从不同土层NLC占SOC的比例可见,马占相思林和灌草林能显著提高土壤不同层次的NLC含量,马尾松林、桉树林、乡土树林和季风常绿阔叶林则有利于提高深层土壤SOC稳定性。     

不同利用方式土地秋季大型土壤动物群落结构

为了解不同利用方式土地的大型土壤动物群落结构,于2004年10-11月对浙江省金华市市区北部7种土地,即农田(P)、菜园(K)、果园(O)、荒地(W)、庭院(Y)、草皮绿地(L)和建筑工地(B)进行垂直(上、中、下3层)取样,共获得大型土壤动物1 161只,隶属3门8纲20目.分析表明大型土壤动物群落优势类群为近孔寡毛目、膜翅目,常见类群为蜘蛛目、双尾目、正蚓目、等足目、柄眼目、鞘翅目、鳞翅目和双翅目,其他均为稀有类群.大型土壤动物群落的群落复杂性指数(C)为O>K>W>B>L>P>Y,Shannon-Weiner指数(H′)为L>B>W>K>O>P>Y,C比H′更好体现了群落的复杂性与多样性.垂直分布显示大型土壤动物具明显的表聚现象.根据大型土壤动物群落聚类和排序的结果,可将7种土地分为3组,即强干扰无植被组、草本种植组和果园组,显示了大型土壤动物对不同土地利用方式的响应情况.