山西囊汾大崮堆山史前石器制造场初步研究

大崮堆山石器制造场石制品极为丰富,数以万计。本文记述了对大崮堆山史前石器制造场的初步观察和对所获石器进行研究的主要结果。石器的主要类型有砍斫器、刮削器和尖状器。其中矛形器数量丰富、器形独特,是该遗址中典型器物。这里的石器别具一格,代表了一种新的区域性文化。     

涉县新桥旧石器遗址发掘报告

本文记述了 1994-1995年在河北省涉县新桥旧石器遗址发掘的石制品及部分采集品。石制品风格古朴厚重 ,石器加工不甚精致 ,以大中型砾石工具居多 ,石片石器占一定比例 ,具有我国南北过渡地带旧石器文化特征。它的发现 ,填补了太行山东南麓地区旧石器文化分布上的空白。根据地层及沉积物推断 ,遗址时代应为中更新世晚期 ,属原地埋藏类型。     

大布苏的细石器

本文记述了发现于吉林省西部大布苏泡子东岸二级阶地前缘原生黄土状地层中的486件石制品,其中包括8件石器及100多件细石叶。大布苏地点的细石器材料,类型简单,成型的石器少,分布范围有限,可能是一个临时石器加工点。其时代初步定为旧石器时代末期。     

重庆玉米洞遗址石灰岩石器的埋藏实验

埋藏实验是伴随曙石器之争而形成的一种辨别石制品真伪的重要途径。玉米洞遗址是重庆巫山县近年来新发现的以石灰岩石器著称的旧石器时代洞穴遗址,该遗址出土的石灰岩石器因其原料劣质、埋藏环境复杂、加工程度浅而在人工性质的认定上存在一些争议。本文根据玉米洞遗址的地层堆积成因而设计了踩踏实验和滚动实验两种形式,对石灰岩石器进行模拟实验,观察实验标本在人与动物踩踏和滚动作用下发生改变的情况和规律,进而对比出土石制品面貌,为石制品人工属性的认定提供依据和参考,重新审视石灰岩石器。     

重庆玉米洞遗址石灰岩石器的埋藏实验北大核心CSCD

埋藏实验是伴随曙石器之争而形成的一种辨别石制品真伪的重要途径。玉米洞遗址是重庆巫山县近年来新发现的以石灰岩石器著称的旧石器时代洞穴遗址,该遗址出土的石灰岩石器因其原料劣质、埋藏环境复杂、加工程度浅而在人工性质的认定上存在一些争议。本文根据玉米洞遗址的地层堆积成因而设计了踩踏实验和滚动实验两种形式,对石灰岩石器进行模拟实验,观察实验标本在人与动物踩踏和滚动作用下发生改变的情况和规律,进而对比出土石制品面貌,为石制品人工属性的认定提供依据和参考,重新审视石灰岩石器。     

大同市小站的旧石器

本文记述了1984年在山西省大同市小站试掘和采集的石制品432件。石器特征和许家窑与峙峪遗址的类似。根据地层和文化遗物的特征,初步确定遗址的时代可能为晚更新世后期,即旧石器时代晚期。     

繁昌人字洞旧石器遗址1998年发现的人工制品

对1998年发现于安徽省繁昌县人字洞旧石器遗址的非灰岩石质标本进行了初步整理,从中选出59件石制品做了分类记述,其主要结果将载于本文中。对目前性质难定的非灰岩石质标本亦作了必要的记述,以备考。这些石制品打片用锤击法,无论从石片或石核上均可见转向打法,石器的主要类型是刮削器,加工粗糙,方式多样,以向背面修理为主,单层修疤,以深宽型的居多。同时被记述的还有几件骨制品。该遗址的地质时代,依同层出土的哺乳动物化石,应归早更新世早期,可能在距今200万年前。     

桃花溪旧石器

本文记述了桃花溪动物园地段整治工程发现的旧石器。这批标本发现于灰白色砂层中,石制品粗大,其性质与资阳B地点者相似。类似石器在附近已多处发现,其时代暂定为旧石器时代较晓阶段。     

山东沂山西水旺旧石器地点调查简报

本文记述了出自山东省沂水县旧石器地点的４２件石制品,根据对该地点地层的观察,结合地貌和化石资料,认为石制品产出的层位应为中更新统。     

1994年丹江口库区调查发现的石制品研究

本文报道了1994年在南水北调中线工程丹江口库区多处地点采集的624件石制品。石制品类型有石核、石片和石器;石器占44%以上, 类型丰富, 包括手斧、手镐、薄刃斧、砍砸器、石球、尖状器、刮削器和石锤; 石器素材主要为砾石, 大多数个体粗大。这一石器组合与中国南方的砾石石器工业有较多的相似之处; 手斧工具的出现表明,这些石制品在探讨东、西方的旧石器文化交流方面也是非常重要的材料。     

Étude taphonomique, paléoécologique et archéozoologique des faunes de grands mammifères de la seconde moitié du Pléistocène inférieur de la grotte du Vallonnet (Roquebrune-Cap-Martin, Alpes-Maritimes, France)

Vallonnet cave (Alpes-Maritimes, France) provided archaic lithic tools together with a big amount of large mammals of the end of lower pleistocene. At the crossing of diverse ecological niches in time and space, three main levels and within them several smaller units were distinguished. The poorly mineralized bones witnessed a huge diagenetic fragmentation. The presence of the animals in the cave seems to be linked to the reasons of their death. The exhaustive and systematic observation of the bones, like the bears probably used to die inside the cave. Some other carnivores especially hyenas, used the cave as a nursery. Man also occupied the cave and had an activity mainly on large cervid bones and on some other species as well. The very progressive deposit gave a way for carnivores and porcupine to gnaw the bones on the ground before their burial. The succession of actions (man, carnivores and porcupine) on the same bones is characteristic on Vallonnet large mammals bones.     

The Vallonnet cave on the northern Mediterranean border: A record of one of the oldest human presences in Europe

Prehistoric sites testifying to human presence older than one million years in Europe are rare, and in the current state of knowledge, the oldest of them have been dated to around 1.4–1.5 Ma. The Vallonnet cave at Roquebrune-Cap-Martin in the Alpes-Maritimes, on the Mediterranean border, is one of the oldest sites in France to have yielded evidence of human activity: a lithic assemblage of about a hundred pieces and traces of butchery on bones of an Epivillafranchian fauna. The archaeological levels of this small cave were recently dated between 1.1 and 1.2 Ma by U-Pb correlated with paleomagnetic data. The site was occupied alternately by large carnivores that used it as a den or a lair, and by hominins that stayed there briefly in bivouac. The lithic remains are mainly percussion tools, shaped pebbles, flakes and cores, whose raw materials are local, or even semi-local, and on the whole not very diversified with mainly limestone, and to a lesser extent sandstone, quartzite, flint and quartz. This assemblage is attributed to a Mode 1 technology (Oldowayen), among which macro-tools (hammerstones, shaped and fractured pebbles) are found alongside rarer elements resulting from debitage operating chains aimed at producing sharp-edged flakes, very rarely retouched. The bipolar-on-anvil flaking technique could be identified from the characteristics of some artifacts. Several refitting flakes on shaped pebbles or percussion tools attest to knapping and percussion activities in the cave. Hominins consumed the remains of large herbivore carcasses, as attested by the presence of cutting and fracturing marks on some bones. The presence of a freshwater source in the immediate vicinity, and the knapping and butchering activities here therefore document the subsistence behavior of Lower Pleistocene human groups, certainly in competition with the carnivores present.     

宜良九乡张口洞发现的旧石器

本文记述了从张口洞出土的人牙４０枚、哺乳动物化石１９２３件、旧石器材料１８２６件及少量骨器．石工具中修背和修理把手有显著表现．张口洞石器工业属元谋－宜良（路南）区域性文化,兼有猫猫洞类型文化的影响,时代为晚更新世至早全新世．     

What happens to dead birds left in a cave and its vicinity for a quarter of a century? A taphonomic experiment

Abstract

This paper describes a bird carcass-monitoring experiment carried out in a limestone cave and its immediate vicinity in southern Poland for almost a quarter of a century. Some specimens deposited outside the cave were preserved almost intact, others were only a little weathered. Soft tissues and remnants of feathers were preserved in some of the samples inside the cave. Stages of bone modifications that can occur in a cave have been distinguished and illustrated for the first time. Also, bird bones from owl pellets have been used in a carcass-monitoring experiment for the first time. Bone modifications in the form of wrinkling, bending and/or collapsing of the bone surface were recorded only on the bones of birds that decomposed inside the cave, and not on bones that had been isolated from owl pellets prior to their deposition in the cave. Therefore, it is postulated that avian – and possibly also small mammal – bones that have been defleshed, either by people or animals, have a greater chance to survive and fossilize than bones deposited as complete carcasses in a cave. This agrees with the generally accepted notion that larger assemblages of small vertebrates in caves are usually the result of predator accumulation.     

柿子滩遗址第9地点出土的动物烧骨

柿子滩遗址第9地点（S9）位于山西省吉县柏山寺乡高楼河村黄河支流的清水河畔,西距黄河约7 km。从2000年发现至今,该遗址前后历经三次发掘,出土大量细石叶制品、动物化石、数件蚌制品、骨针及磨制石器等。本文重点对S9地点第4 层（12,575-11,600 cal. BP）及第5层（13,000 cal. BP）出土的动物遗存,尤其是其中测量尺寸在2cm以下的大量烧骨进行了埋藏学与动物考古学方面的观察和分析。研究结果显示,S9地点的烧骨是古人类烧烤猎物、维护遗址（甚至可能还包括以骨骼作燃料）等生存行为活动的文化残留。此外,S9地点出土烧骨的空间分布分析表明,古人类在上述行为活动之后,可能又将烧灼后的残存骨骼（与灰烬等）清理出火塘并堆放在其核心生活区的周边位置。     

周口店第一地点西剖面2009-2010年发掘报告

周口店第一地点再次发掘的主要目的在于提升遗址西剖面的保护状态与水平,同时也为东亚直立人演化方面某些焦点问题的研究与解决提供机遇与可能。2009-2010年,在西剖面最顶部堆积(即第三层)的野外发掘中共计出土大中型动物化石材料约800件。埋藏学研究表明,西剖面第三层中葛氏斑鹿(Cervus(Sika)grayi)等动物属种的骨骼富集并非古人类生存行为的结果;石制品以及古人类化石材料的缺失也在一定程度上印证了这一结论。结合发掘过程中揭露出来的一系列洞穴坍塌事件的证据,我们初步认为,至少在第三层堆积形成时期,第一地点西剖面位置处的洞穴形态并不适合于古人类的栖居活动;葛氏斑鹿等骨骼材料则是当时在遗址附近活动的各种动物因意外因素陷落于其中而得以聚集的。     

Optically stimulated luminescence dating of cave deposits at the Xiaogushan prehistoric site, northeastern China

The Xiaogushan cave site is one of the most important prehistoric sites in North China. The stone and bone artifacts found in the cave are similar to European contemporaneous artifacts. Cave deposits consist of five layers that have been dated from 46,353 ± 1179 to 4229 ± 135 cal. yr BP, using radiocarbon dating techniques on charcoal and bone samples collected from Layers 2-5. In this paper, optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) techniques were applied to date six samples taken from Layers 1-3. The luminescence properties of the fine-grained and coarse-grained quartz extracts indicate that the materials are suitable for OSL dating using a single-aliquot regeneration-dose (SAR) protocol. The OSL ages obtained are broadly consistent with the stratigraphy and the associated calibrated radiocarbon ages. The dating results show that the cave was first occupied by humans about 70 ka. The human occupation of the cave may be related to climate change. An occupation hiatus is inferred to between ∼17 to ∼10 ka. The stone and bone artifacts found in Layers 2 and 3 may indicate the Middle to Upper Paleolithic transitions in the region.     

Hearth-side socioeconomics, hunting and paleoecology during the late Lower Paleolithic at Qesem Cave, Israel

The late Lower Paleolithic archaeofaunas of Qesem Cave in the southern Levant span 400-200 ka and associate with Acheulo-Yabrudian (mainly Amudian) industries. The large mammals are exclusively Eurasian in origin and formed under relatively cool, moist conditions. The zooarchaeological findings testify to large game hunting, hearth-centered carcass processing and meat sharing during the late Lower Paleolithic, not unlike the patterns known from Middle and Upper Paleolithic caves in the region. Well-defined hearth features are rarely preserved in Qesem Cave, but the heterogeneous distributions of burned bones indicate areas of frequent hearth rebuilding throughout the occupation sequence. The hominins delayed consumption of high quality body parts until they could be moved to the cave, where hearths were hubs of processing activities and social interaction. Paradoxically, the cut marks on the Qesem bones are both more abundant and more randomly oriented than those observed in Middle and Upper Paleolithic cases in the Levant. These results suggest that several individuals were directly involved in cutting meat from the bones and that the social mechanics of meat sharing during the late Lower Paleolithic at Qesem Cave differed from those typical of both the Middle and Upper Paleolithic in the region.     

河南新郑黄帝口遗址2009年发掘简报

河南新郑观音寺镇黄帝口是一处旧石器时代晚期遗址。2006年调查发现后经过当年和2009年两次发掘。2009年发掘出土了76件石制品及75件动物化石,分别出自第3、4、5层,其中以第5层的发现居多。石制品原料以石英为主,个体较小, 砸击法与锤击法并用,类型包括石核、石片、石器及断块等。其中石器3件, 分别为刮削器和尖状器。石制品面貌属北方小石器工业传统。动物化石以鹿类、食肉类和啮齿类居多, 其中少数具有人工痕迹。遗物和堆积状况表明, 黄帝口遗址为一处人类的短暂活动场所。     

泥河湾盆地三棵树旧石器遗址2008年试掘报告

三棵树旧石器遗址发现于河北省阳原县东谷坨村东北部。2008年秋,该遗址经过小规模试掘, 出土251件石制品及一些碎骨和牙化石。石制品包括石核、石片、工具和断块、碎片等; 工具有刮削器、尖状器、端刮器、凹缺器、锯齿刃器、雕刻器、石锥、石钻、鸟喙状器等。石制品以小中型为主, 其原料主要为石英砂岩、石英、燧石、白云岩、玄武岩等, 全部为就地取材。三棵树遗址与后沟遗址同处泥河湾层上部, 处于后沟遗址下部和马梁遗址上部, 时代属于中更新世中后期。该遗址的发现有助于探讨我国华北小石器文化发展脉络以及探索细石器文化传统渊源。