水稻Act1启动子融合的bar基因在转基因燕麦T3代中的表达

以微弹轰击法转化获得的含bar基因燕麦T3代为材料,运用Northernblot方法研究了bar基因在燕麦的不同生育阶段、不同叶位、以及Challenge(0.20%)处理后不同时间的叶片中mRNA水平的变化。结果表明,外源bar基因在燕麦的不同生育阶段、不同叶位、以及除草剂处理后转录水平没有明显差异。由于除草剂喷涂后,植株体内氨含量的变化能够反映bar基因编码的PAT酶活性的变化,因而测定了Challenge处理后不同时间、不同部位的叶片中氨含量的变化情况。结果发现,含bar基因的燕麦植株体内氨含量在除草剂处理后不同时间和不同部位都没有显著的变化,而对照植株体内氨的含量在除草剂处理后能迅速上升。这表明,含bar基因的燕麦植株体内由于PAT酶的稳定表达,而使氨的含量维持在较低水平。从转录和翻译两个层次上反映了水稻Actl启动子融合的bar基因在转基因燕麦T3中能够稳定表达,且表达水平不受叶位和除草剂的影响。     

水稻Act1启动子融合的bar基因在转基因燕麦T3代中的表达

以微弹轰击法转化获得的含ｂａｒ基因燕Ｔ３代为材料，运用Ｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎ ｂｌｏｔ方法研究了ｂａｒ基因在燕麦的不同生育阶段、不同叶位、以及Ｃｈａｌｌｅｎｇｅ（０．２％）处理后不同时间的叶片中ｍＲＮＡ水平的变化。结果表明，外源ｂａｒ基因在燕麦的不同生育阶段、不同叶位、以及除草剂处理后转录水平没有明显差异。由于除草剂喷涂后，植株体内氨含量的变化能够反映ｂａｒ基因编码的ＰＡＴ酶活性的变化，因而测定了Ｃｈａ     

抗逆调节转录因子DREB1B基因转化多年生黑麦草的研究

以逆境诱导型启动子rd29B为驱动,分别构建了含有抗逆调节转录因子DREB1B基因的表达载体pBAC123、pBAC128,选择标记为bar基因.用高压氦气基因枪PDS1000/He分别将表达载体和p35SIH3导入多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne)品种Topgun成熟胚的愈伤组织.经除草剂Bialaphos抗性筛选和植株再生,获得了62株转基因植株.经PCR、Dot-blotting分子检测,DREB1B基因已整合到多年生黑麦草部分转基因株系的基因组中.用5种不同浓度的除草剂涂抹黑麦草叶片,非转基因植株表现为不抗,而转基因植株最高可以抗135~200 mg/L.脯氨酸含量测定表明,使用15%PEG8000处理后,转基因植株的叶片脯氨酸含量比非转基因植株提高1倍左右.经25 d人工温室干旱处理,有5棵转基因植株存活;复水后,有3棵植株恢复正常生长.结果表明,利用逆境诱导型启动子(rd29B)来增强外源DREB1B基因的表达,能显著改良黑麦草的抗旱能力.     

用基因枪法将抗除草剂基因导入小麦栽培品种的研究

利用基因枪法将抗除草剂bar基因导入西南地区的3个小麦栽培品种,共获得7个转基因植株,转化频率在0.45%～1.2%之间,转化周期缩短至3个月左右。对抗性植株进行PCR和PCR_Southern 杂交检测,初步确定bar基因已导入小麦基因组。做转基因植株叶片对除草剂PPT的抗性试验,有4株呈抗性,3株呈部分抗性,表明bar基因已在小麦植株中得到表达。     

用基因枪法将抗除草剂基因导入小麦栽培品种的研究

利用基因枪法将抗除草剂bar基因导入西南地区的 3个小麦栽培品种 ,共获得 7个转基因植株 ,转化频率在 0 .45 %～ 1 .2 %之间 ,转化周期缩短至 3个月左右。对抗性植株进行PCR和PCR_Southern杂交检测 ,初步确定bar基因已导入小麦基因组。做转基因植株叶片对除草剂PPT的抗性试验 ,有 4株呈抗性 ,3株呈部分抗性 ,表明bar基因已在小麦植株中得到表达。     

抗除草剂转基因大豆后代遗传分析

分析了来源于农杆菌介导的4个独立的大豆转化系的后代遗传特性。分别采用种子切片GUS染色方法和除草剂涂抹以及喷洒方法检测gus报告基因和抗除草剂bar基因在后代的表达。其中3个转化系T1代gus基因和bar基因能够以孟德尔方式3：1连锁遗传,说明这2个基因整合在大豆基因组的同一位点。这3个转化系在T2代获得了纯合的转化系,并能够稳定遗传至T5代。有一个转化系在T1代GUS和抗除草剂检测都为阴性,但通过Southern杂交证明转基因存在于后代基因组,显示发生了转基因沉默。为了证明转基因沉默是转录水平还是转录后水平,T1代植物叶片接种大豆花叶病毒（SMV）并不能抑制转基因沉默,说明该转化系基因沉默可能不是发生在转录后水平。     

转bar基因小麦和非转基因小麦抗除草剂鉴定方法比较

方便、快捷、准确地对转基因小麦中的bar基因进行检测,对于筛选纯合稳定转基因植株、获得无筛选标记转基因植株、鉴定常规小麦品种和商品小麦中的bar基因成分等具有一定价值。本试验对叶片涂抹、植株喷洒、培养基添加除草剂3种方法鉴定转bar基因小麦植株的效果进行了比较,表明3种方法都能很好鉴定转基因小麦中的bar基因,叶片涂抹200mg/LLiberty鉴别的准确性高于PCR检测,植株喷洒Basta的适宜浓度为100mg/L,喷洒Liberty的适宜浓度为150mg/L,培养基添加Bialaphos的适宜浓度为5～8mg/L。叶片涂抹和植株喷洒除草剂方法受环境条件影响较大,区别转基因植株和非转基因植株的标准不够明确。相比之下,成熟胚离体培养除草剂筛选不受外界环境条件的影响,具有鉴定效果直观明了、操作简单、试验周期短等优点,在检测小麦转入或飘入的bar基因方面具有潜在应用前景。     

甜菜（Beta vulearis L．）叶绿体转化体系建立及抗虫和抗除草剂植株的获得

为建立外源基因甜菜叶绿体转化体系,利用分子生物学方法构建了包含有编码苏云金芽孢杆菌晶体蛋白基因Bt crylAc和编码膦丝菌素乙酰转移酶基因bar的甜菜叶绿体转化载体pSKARBt／bar,以甜菜叶绿体基因组中atpB／rbcL做同源片段,以甜菜叶绿体16S启动子和终止子为调控基因,以bar基因为筛选标记基因．基因枪法转化甜菜叶柄,经筛选获得抗性转基因植株．对转基因植株进行外源基因Bt crylAc和bar的PCR检测、DNA印迹分析,结果表明：外源基因Bt crylAc和bar确已导入到甜菜叶绿体基因组中．转基因植株除草剂抗性鉴定及其离体叶片虫试鉴定结果表明：转基因植株具有较强的杀虫活性和抗除草剂特性,表达了相应的蛋白质．研究结果还表明：bar基因在植物叶绿体转化中,既可以用作抗性基因,又可用作转化体筛选的标记基因．建立了甜菜叶绿体转化体系．     

西花蓟马取食对菜豆不同部位叶片防御基因表达的影响

【目的】本研究旨在探究锉吸式口器害虫西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis取食诱导的菜豆Phaseolus vulgaris木植株系统防御反应的分子机制。【方法】利用荧光定量PCR技术,检测西花蓟马分别在稳定取食菜豆植株2 h后的24,48,72和96 h菜豆植株不同部位(上部、中部和下部)叶片中茉莉酸信号转导途径和水杨酸信号转导途径防御相关基因脂氧合酶基因(LOX)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶基因(PAL)和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶基因(PR-2)相对表达量的变化。【结果】西花蓟马取食菜豆植株后,受害叶片及上部和下部健康叶片中LOX,PAL和PR-2均被显著诱导表达,均以受害叶片防御酶基因表达量的变化较大,并且表达量在相同叶片不同时间下的变化不同。中部受害叶片中LOX的相对表达量均显著高于未接虫的对照植株,并随西花蓟马为害时间的延长逐渐升高,在96 h时为对照的209.54倍;随着时间的延长LOX表达量在上部和下部健康叶片呈现升高-降低-升高的趋势。PAL的表达量在西花蓟马为害植株的中部受害叶片和上部健康叶片均于48 h时出现最大值,分别为对照的52.70倍和41.20倍;但在下部健康叶片于72 h时达到最大值,为对照的47.06倍。PR-2表达量在受害株的上部健康叶片于48 h时出现最大值,在中部受害叶片和下部健康叶片均于96 h时达到最大值,但在24 h时在下部健康叶片中受到抑制。【结论】西花蓟马取食能显著诱导菜豆植株茉莉酸和水杨酸信号转导途径相关防御酶基因LOX,PAL和PR-2的表达,并在菜豆植株不同部位叶片产生系统抗性。     

甜菜(Beta vulgaris L.)叶绿体转化体系建立及抗虫和抗除草剂植株的获得

为建立外源基因甜菜叶绿体转化体系,利用分子生物学方法构建了包含有编码苏云金芽孢杆菌晶体蛋白基因By crylAc 和编码膦丝菌素乙酰转移酶基因bar 的甜菜叶绿体转化载体pSKARBt/bar,以甜菜叶绿体基因组中atpB/rbcL做同源片段,以甜菜叶绿体16S启动子和终止子为调控基因,以bar矿基因为筛选标记基因.基因枪法转化甜菜叶柄,经筛选获得抗性转基因植株.对转基因植株进行外源基因 Bt crylAc和bar的PCR检测、DNA印迹分析,结果表明:外源基因Bt crylAc和bar确已导入到甜菜叶绿体基因组中.转基因植株除草剂抗性鉴定及其离体叶片虫试鉴定结果表明:转基因植株具有较强的杀虫活性和抗除草剂特性,表达了相应的蛋白质.研究结果还表明:bar基因在植物叶绿体转化中,既可以用作抗性基因,又可用作转化体筛选的标记基因.建立了甜菜叶绿体转化体系.     

Transformation of Maize Cells and Regeneration of Fertile Transgenic Plants

A reproducible system for the generation of fertile, transgenic maize plants has been developed. Cells from embryogenic maize suspension cultures were transformed with the bacterial gene bar using microprojectile bombardment. Transformed calli were selected from the suspension cultures using the herbicide bialaphos. Integration of bar and activity of the enzyme phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (PAT) encoded by bar were confirmed in all bialaphos-resistant callus lines. Fertile transformed maize plants (R0) were regenerated, and of 53 progeny (R1) tested, 29 had PAT activity. All PAT-positive progeny analyzed contained bar. Localized application of herbicide to leaves of bar-transformed R0 and R1 plants resulted in no necrosis, confirming functional activity of PAT in the transgenic plants. Cotransformation experiments were performed using a mixture of two plasmids, one encoding PAT and one containing the nonselected gene encoding [beta]-glucuronidase. R0 plants regenerated from co-transformed callus expressed both genes. These results describe and confirm the development of a system for introduction of DNA into maize.     

Cross-protection and selectable marker genes in plant transformation

Summary Selectable marker genes play an important role in plant transformation. The level of selection pressure is generally established by generating a kill curve for the selectable marker. In most cases, the lowest concentration which kills all explants is used. This study examined two selectable marker genes, phosphinothricin acetyl transferase (PAT) and hygromycin phosphotransferase (HPT), in transformation of tobacco leaf disks. Experiments to determine the lethal level of the herbicide, glufosinate-ammonium (phosphinothricin) (PPT) using a leaf-disk regeneration assay established that no shoots regenerated at 2 to 4 mg PPT per 1. Likewise with the antibiotic, hygromycin (HYG), no plants regenerated at 50 mg hygromycin per 1. In contrast, after cocultivation of the leaf disks withAgrobacterium tumefaciens containing either the PAT or HPT gene in combination with a Bt gene for insect resistance, plants were successfully regenerated from leaf disks at 2 to 4 mg PPT per 1 and 50 mg hygromycin per 1. However, most plants regenerated at 2 and 3 mg PPT per 1 were found to be nontransformed (95–100% escapes) by i) Southern-blot analysis, ii) herbicide application test, and iii) insect feeding bioassay. On the other hand, plants that regenerated on 50 mg hygromycin per 1 and 4 mg PPT per 1 were transgenic as determined by Southern analysis, leaf assay for PPT or HYG resistance, and death of tobacco budworms feeding on these leaves. This study showed a significant level of cross-protection and/or transient expression of the PAT selectable marker gene allowing escapes (95–100%) at selection levels of 2 and 3 mg PPT per 1 which completely kill controls. On the other hand, the HPT gene at 50 mg is efficient in selecting for T-DNA integration.     

Efficient Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana using the bar gene as selectable marker

Summary We have established an efficient Agrobacterium-mediated transformation procedure for Arabidopsis thaliana genotype C24 using the chimeric bialaphos resistance gene (bar) coding for phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (PAT). Hypocotyl explants from young seedlings cocultivated with agrobacteria carrying a bar gene were selected on shoot-inducing media containing different concentrations of phosphinothricin (PPT) which is an active component of bialaphos. We found that 20 mg/l of PPT completely inhibited the control explants from growing whereas the explants transformed with the bar gene gave rise to multiple shoots resistant to PPT after 3 weeks under the same selection conditions. The transformation system could also be applied to root explants. Resulting plantlets could produce viable seeds in vitro within 3 months after preparation of the explants. The stable inheritance of the resistance trait, the integration and expression of the bar gene in the progeny were confirmed by genetic tests, Southern analysis and PAT enzyme assay, respectively. In addition, the mature plants in soil showed tolerance to the herbicide Basta.Abbreviations bar bialaphos resistance gene - CIM callus-inducing medium - DTNB 5,5-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) - GM germination medium - HPT hygromycin phosphotransferase - MS Murashige and Skoog salts - NPTII neomycin phosphotransferase II - PAT phosphinothricin acetyltransferase - PPT phosphinothricin - SIM shoot-inducing medium     

Herbicide resistance of tobacco chloroplasts expressing the bar gene

The chloroplast transformation system has the potential advantages of maternal inheritance and high-level expression of heterologous genes. We studied the expression of the bar gene in tobacco chloroplasts to test these ideas. The bar gene conferring tolerance to the herbicide phosphinothricin (PPT) encodes phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (PAT). It was introduced into the chloroplast genome at a targeted site by homologous recombination. Transplastomic plantlets were selected in medium supplemented with PPT (up to 50 mg l(-1)). The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Southern blot analysis confirmed that bar had been inserted at the specified site in the chloroplast genome. The transplastomic plants transferred to a greenhouse proved to be resistant to 2% PPT. Reciprocal crosses between wild type and transplastomic plants confirmed maternal inheritance of the PPT resistance and high levels of PAT activity in the transplastomic plants were confirmed by assays of PAT and of ammonium evolution. The technology demonstrated here could perhaps be usefully transferred to other crop species.     

Expression of green fluorescent protein and its inheritance in transgenic oat plants generated from shoot meristematic cultures

The expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP) and its inheritance were studied in transgenic oat ( Avena sativa L.) plants transformed with a synthetic green fluorescent protein gene [sgfp(S65T)] driven by a rice actin promoter. In vitro shoot meristematic cultures (SMCs) induced from shoot apices of germinating mature seeds of a commercial oat cultivar, Garry, were used as a transformation target. Proliferating SMCs were bombarded with a mixture of plasmids containing the sgfp(S65T) gene and one of three selectable marker genes, phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (bar), hygromycin phosphotransferase (hpt) and neomycin phosphotransferase (nptII). Cultures were selected with bialaphos, hygromycin B and geneticin (G418), respectively, to identify transgenic tissues. From 289 individual explants bombarded with the sgfp(S65T) gene and one of the three selectable marker genes, 23 independent transgenic events were obtained, giving a 8.0% transformation frequency. All 23 transgenic events were regenerable, and 64% produced fertile plants. Strong GFP expression driven by the rice actin promoter was observed in a variety of tissues of the T(0) plants and their progeny in 13 out of 23 independent transgenic lines. Stable GFP expression was observed in T(2) progeny from five independent GFP-expressing lines tested, and homozygous plants from two lines were obtained. Transgene silencing was observed in T(0) plants and their progeny of some transgenic lines.     

Characterization of phosphinothricin acetyltransferase and C-terminal enzymatically active fusion proteins

Enhanced expression of the bialaphos resistance (bar) from Streptomyces hygroscopicus, which confers resistance to the herbicides bialaphos and phosphinothricin (PPT), has been obtained in Escherichia coli using a vector system based on translational coupling. The gene product, PPT acetyltransferase, was purified to homogeneity and its enzymatic properties were analyzed. Hybrid gene constructs with gene fragments fused to the 3'-terminus of bar yield fusion proteins having acetyltransferase activity, with a Michaelis constant for the PPT substrate comparable to the unmodified enzyme. The bar gene represents a selectable and assayable reporter gene especially suitable for 3'-terminal gene fusions.     

Transgenic herbicide-resistant Atropa belladonna using an Ri binary vector and inheritance of the transgenic trait

Summary Transgenic Atropa belladonna conferred with a herbicide-resistant trait was obtained by transformation with an Ri plasmid binary vector and plant regeneration from hairy roots. We made a chimeric construct, pARK5, containing the bar gene encoding phosphinothricin acetyltransferase flanked with the promoter for cauliflower mosaic virus 35S RNA and the 3 end of the nos gene. Leaf discs of A. belladonna were infected with Agrobacterium rhizogenes harboring an Ri plasmid, pRi15834, and pARK5. Transformed hairy roots resistant to bialaphos (5 mg/l) were selected and plantlets were regenerated. The integration of T-DNAs from pRi15834 and pARK5 were confirmed by DNA-blot hybridization. Expression of the bar gene in transformed R₀ tissues and in backcrossed F1 progeny with a nontransformant and self-fertilized progeny was indicated by enzymatic activity of the acetyltransferase. The transgenic plants showed resistance towards bialaphos and phosphinothricin. Tropane alkaloids of normal amounts were produced in the transformed regenerants. These results present a successful application of transformation with an Ri plasmid binary vector for conferring an agronomically useful trait to medicinal plants.Abbreviations CaMV cauliflower mosaic virus - NPT-II neomycin phosphotransferase II - PAT phosphinothricin acetyltransferase - PPT phosphinothricin     

Regeneration of herbicide resistant transgenic rice plants following microprojectile-mediated transformation of suspension culture cells

Summary Suspension cells of Oryza sativa L. (rice) were transformed, by microprojectile bombardment, with plasmids carrying the coding region of the Streptomyces hygroscopicus phosphinothricin acetyl transferase (PAT) gene (bar) under the control of either the 5 region of the rice actin 1 gene (Act1) or the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter. Subsequently regenerated plants display detectable PAT activity and are resistant to BASTA^TM, a phosphinothricin (PPT)-based herbicide. DNA gel blot analyses showed that PPT resistant rice plants contain a bar-hybridizing restriction fragment of the expected size. This report shows that expression of the bar gene in transgenic rice plants confers resistance to PPT-based herbicide by suppressing an increase of ammonia in plants after spraying with the herbicide.     

Expression of a cholera toxin B subunit in transgenic lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation system

To increase expression level of cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) in lettuce plants, synthetic CTB (sCTB) gene based on the optimized codon usage was fused with an endoplasmic reticulum retention signal, KDEL. The sCTB gene was introduced into a plant expression vector and transformed to lettuce plants using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation system. As a selection marker, a bialaphos resistance (bar) gene that encodes phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (PAT), conferring tolerance to the herbicide phosphinothricin (PPT), was used. PCR amplification of genomic DNA confirmed the presence of the sCTB gene in the transgenic lettuce plants. Expressions of mRNA and protein of sCTB were observed by Northern and Western blot analyses, respectively. The sCTB synthesized in the transgenic lettuce showed strong affinity for GM₁-ganglioside suggesting that the sCTB conserved the antigenic sites for binding and proper folding of pentameric CTB structure. The expression level of CTB was relatively high, reaching total soluble protein (TSP) levels of 0.24% in transgenic lettuce.     

Expression of bar in the plastid genome confers herbicide resistance

Phosphinothricin (PPT) is the active component of a family of environmentally safe, nonselective herbicides. Resistance to PPT in transgenic crops has been reported by nuclear expression of a bar transgene encoding phosphinothricin acetyltransferase, a detoxifying enzyme. We report here expression of a bacterial bar gene (b-bar1) in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv Petit Havana) plastids that confers field-level tolerance to Liberty, an herbicide containing PPT. We also describe a second bacterial bar gene (b-bar2) and a codon-optimized synthetic bar (s-bar) gene with significantly elevated levels of expression in plastids (>7% of total soluble cellular protein). Although these genes are expressed at a high level, direct selection thus far did not yield transplastomic clones, indicating that subcellular localization rather than the absolute amount of the enzyme is critical for direct selection of transgenic clones. The codon-modified s-bar gene is poorly expressed in Escherichia coli, a common enteric bacterium, due to differences in codon use. We propose to use codon usage differences as a precautionary measure to prevent expression of marker genes in the unlikely event of horizontal gene transfer from plastids to bacteria. Localization of the bar gene in the plastid genome is an attractive alternative to incorporation in the nuclear genome since there is no transmission of plastid-encoded genes via pollen.