青藏高原那曲高山嵩草草甸植物物候对增温的异步响应

植物物候对气候变暖的响应是全球气候变化研究的重要内容。目前,高海拔生态系统植物物候对气候变暖响应的研究仍然较少。该研究依托西藏那曲高寒草地生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站布设的梯度增温实验,分别于2015、2017、2018和2021年对模拟增温下优势物种高山嵩草(Kobresia pygmaea)和钉柱委陵菜(Potentilla saundersiana)返青期、现蕾期和开花期等表征植物物候的指标进行了观测,以期揭示增温下藏北高寒草甸植物物候变化机制。结果表明:随着温度升高,高寒草甸中优势植物物候具有不同的变化趋势。高山嵩草返青、现蕾和开花物候期的推迟幅度与温度升高幅度呈正相关关系;钉柱委陵菜返青、现蕾和开花时间随着温度上升表现为先提前后推迟;这表明高寒草甸植物物候对增温产生异步响应。此外,长期增温下的藏北高寒草甸优势种的物候变化均显示出了延迟效应。结构方程归因分析发现,空气温度升高促使高山嵩草返青时间推迟;低水平增温可以促进钉柱委陵菜物候提前,而随着温度继续升高其物候响应发生逆转,土壤水分在决定物候对气候变暖响应的幅度和方向上具有关键作用。该研究结果揭示了藏北高寒草甸优势植物物候响...     

增温和氮素添加对内蒙古荒漠草原植物生殖物候的影响

植物物候是响应气候变化的敏感生物指示性状,在气候变暖并伴随着大气氮沉降增加的背景下,物候变化是气候变迁导致群落结构和生态系统功能变化的重要机制。本研究在以短花针茅(Stipa breviflora)为建群种的内蒙古荒漠草原设置了增温、氮素添加及其交互作用的实验平台,对短花针茅、木地肤(Kochia prostrata)、银灰旋花(Convolvulus ammannii)和细叶韭(Allium tenuissimum)4种多年生优势植物的开花、结实等物候期和生殖生长持续时间进行连续3个生长季(2008—2010年)的观察,植物物候观测采用定株标记,并对各植株上所有物候状态进行打分并以其非加权平均值作为植株整体物候分值,全年观测结束后将植株的物候分值随时间的变化利用Richards方程进行拟合,最终根据回归方程计算植物各物候期。结果表明:1)在3个生长季中,增温使4个植物种的平均开花、结实时间分别显著地提前了2.28和1.88 d·a-1;2)氮素添加对这些植物种的开花和结实时间都没有显著性影响;3)同时进行增温和氮素添加处理使植物的平均开花、结实时间分别提前1.75和1.53 d·a-1,但2种处理之间没有交互作用;4)增温使这些植物的平均生殖生长持续时间显著延长0.84 d·a-1,使短花针茅和木地肤生殖生长持续时间分别延长了1.20和3.25d·a-1。氮素添加使细叶葱的平均生殖持续时间显著缩短了1.52 d·a-1。这些结果揭示了气温升高和氮沉降影响下荒漠草原优势植物生殖物候的变化,将为分析不同种植物对各类资源需求规律的变化提供直接的实验证据,对于进一步预测全球变化背景下种间竞争格局和群落结构的演变趋势具有重要参考价值。     

不同降水条件下内蒙古荒漠草原主要植物物候对长期增温和氮添加的响应

植物物候是生态系统对气候变化响应的重要指示器, 是植物生产力与植被动态模拟的重要参数。但是植物物候对全球变化的响应是否存在年际间变异、年内变异、物种间变异或生境间变异, 以及如何改变, 目前仍然不明确。该研究基于内蒙古荒漠草原长期增温和氮添加实验平台, 选择优势植物短花针茅(Stipa breviflora)、冷蒿(Artemisia frigida)和木地肤(Kochia prostrata)为研究对象, 使用物候打分观测方法和Richards生长曲线拟合方法, 研究了实验处理第11、12和13年(2016-2018年)期间增温和氮添加对植物物候的影响。研究结果表明: (1)短花针茅开花时间集中在第129-145天, 冷蒿开花时间集中在第230-248天, 木地肤开花时间集中在第194-222天。增温、氮添加和增温+氮添加均使短花针茅和木地肤开花时间趋于提前, 冷蒿开花时间趋于推迟。(2)短花针茅结果时间集中在第134-148天, 冷蒿结果时间集中在第241-260天, 木地肤结果时间集中在第207-231天。增温、氮添加和增温+氮添加处理均使短花针茅和木地肤结果时间趋于提前, 冷蒿结果时间趋于推迟。(3)短花针茅生殖生长持续12-25天, 冷蒿生殖生长持续48-55天, 木地肤生殖生长持续45-77天。增温、增温+氮添加缩短了短花针茅而延长了冷蒿和木地肤的生殖生长时间。     

滇西北纳帕海湖滨带优势植物茭草茎解剖结构对模拟增温的响应

高原湿地湖滨带植物对气候变暖表现出强烈的功能响应,是全球气候变化的主要现象之一。植物解剖性状直接关系到植物的生态功能,为探讨气候变暖对湿地植物茎解剖结构的影响,该研究利用开顶式生长室分析了模拟增温对滇西北纳帕海湿地湖滨带挺水植物茭草茎解剖结构的影响。结果表明:(1)茭草地上茎在增温4 ℃的范围内,主要通过增加表皮结构厚度以增加表皮失水来响应增温; 地下茎在增温2 ℃的轻度增温条件下与地上茎的响应策略相同,而在增温4 ℃时主要通过减小维管结构大小以降低气穴化风险来响应增温。(2)年最高温度和夜间积温是影响茭草茎解剖结构性状的关键因子,但该两个温度因子仅对地下茎筛管大小的影响达到显著水平(R²=0.838, P<0.01)。(3)内表皮细胞厚度是地上茎响应增温的最主要性状,并与温度因子呈显著正相关。地下茎导管和筛管大小是地下茎响应温度升高的主要性状,二者与温度变量呈负相关关系。综上表明,茭草地上茎和地下茎对增温响应策略存在差异,为揭示高原湿地植物应对气候变暖的响应规律以及生态适应策略提供了科学依据。基于当前气候变暖的背景,建议未来采用更科学的实验方法对更多高原湿地植物的生态响应过程及规律进一步深入研究。     

模拟增温改变青藏高原植物繁殖物候及植株高度

气候变化显著影响了高寒植物物候期及生长模式, 从而改变了高寒生态系统功能。而高寒植物物候期和生长状况对气候变化的响应程度, 与其自身资源分配策略有关。为了更好地探究气候变化下高寒植物繁殖物候及生长的规律, 该研究以青藏高原高寒草甸为研究对象, 按生物量从高到低选取15种常见植物, 其生物量之和占样地总生物量80%以上, 采用红外辐射器模拟增温的方法, 利用同质园实验, 观测无种间竞争条件下, 增温2年间植物返青、现蕾、开花以及结实物候, 并监测了植株高度。研究结果表明: (1)在功能群水平上, 增温使豆科类植物的返青、现蕾和开花时间分别显著提前了(8.21 ± 1.81)、(9.14 ± 2.41)和(10.14 ± 2.05) d, 使其开花持续时间显著延长了(6.14 ± 1.52) d, 而增温对其他功能群物候事件无显著影响。增温对高寒植物物候的影响存在种间及年际间差异, 但总体上增温使大多数高寒植物繁殖物候提前并且开花持续时间延长, 将更多的资源更多地分配到繁殖生长上。(2)增温显著降低了杂类草植物的植株高度(平均降低(3.58 ± 0.96) cm), 但对豆科类、禾草类及莎草类功能群植株高度没有显著影响。 增温对高寒植物植株高度的影响存在显著的种间差异以及年际差异。综上所述, 未来气候变暖背景下, 青藏高原高寒植物群落可能更早进入繁殖阶段, 从而降低在营养生长上的资源分配。另外, 由于各物种繁殖能力和营养生长对温度变化响应的差异, 气候变暖将导致高寒植物群落中各物种盖度的变化, 进而改变群落物种组成, 从而影响高寒生态系统的功能。     

草光合作用日变化及其与环境因子的关系

对镇江北固山湿地优势植物——〓草的光合作用进行了试验研究。结果表明,春夏季晴天〓草净光合速率(P_n)的日变化为双峰曲线,有明显的光合“午休”现象;多云天〓草的P_n主要受光强制约,随光合有效辐射(PAR)变化而变化。经统计学验证,〓草的P_n与PAR、气孔导度(G_s)有显著正相关关系,而与细胞间隙CO₂浓度(C_i)呈显著负相关。用一元二次方程拟合了〓草的光响应曲线,得到光补偿点为38.572 μmol·m^-2·s^-1,光饱和点为2 087.5 μmol·m^-2·s^-1。     

实验增温对藏北高寒草甸植物繁殖物候的影响

全球气候变暖对高寒和极地地区的植物物候产生强烈的影响。该研究主要关注增温条件下藏北高寒草甸不同功能型植物繁殖时间(生殖物候)的改变。实验采用开顶箱式增温方法, 对3个主要功能群浅根-早花、浅根-中花和深根-晚花植物的现蕾、开花、结实时间进行观测。研究结果表明: (1)增温导致了土壤水分胁迫, 显著推迟了浅根-早花植物高山嵩草(Kobresia pygmaea)的繁殖时间; (2)增温显著提前了浅根-中花植物钉柱委陵菜(Potentilla saundersiana)和深根晚花植物紫花针茅(Stipa purpurea)和矮羊茅(Festuca coelestis)的繁殖时间; (3)增温没有显著影响浅根-中花植物楔叶委陵菜(Potentilla cuneata)和深根-晚花植物无茎黄鹌菜(Youngia simulatrix)的繁殖时间; (4)增温缩短了3种类型植物的开花持续时间。这些结果显示增温改变了藏北高寒草甸群落中多数物种的繁殖时间, 这预示着在未来更热更干的生长季, 青藏高原高寒草甸系统的植物物候格局可能会被重塑。     

水深梯度对菹草生长的影响

用盆栽试验方法,将菹草石芽种植在水下30、60、90、120、150、180 cm的花盆内,研究了水深梯度对菹草生长的影响。结果表明：菹草株高与水深显著相关（P<0.01）,菹草生长的适宜水深范围为90～150 cm;5月7日前后,除水深180 cm组外,其他实验组虽然株高有所增加,但叶片数量反而减少,植株开始衰老腐烂;水深差异对菹草叶片光合色素含量影响不明显;水深30、60 cm组菹草的F_v/F_m、ETR值低于深水处其他处理组,表明在菹草生长的中后期,水面光照对水深浅于60 cm的菹草叶片光合电子传递效率有一定的阻碍作用;从快速光响应曲线可以看出,在菹草生长的中后期,水深<60 cm、>150 cm对菹草生长不利。     

东北大兴安岭演替初期泰加林灌草层典型植物开花物候与生长对模拟暖干化气候的响应

为了揭示暖干化气候变化趋势对演替初期泰加林灌草层植物开花物候和生长的影响, 以东北大兴安岭演替初期泰加林灌草层(高度<50 cm)植物为研究对象, 根据植物生活史, 选择典型的早花植物圆锥薹草(Carex diandra)和水葡萄茶藨子(Ribes procumbens), 中花植物杜香(Ledum palustre)及晚花植物齿叶风毛菊(Saussurea neoserrata), 监测模拟增温和排水处理2年后其完整的开花物候及生长状况, 以期为认识气候变化下泰加林火后植被恢复演替提供依据。结果显示: 1)模拟增温和排水处理后, 早花植物开花温度限制的提早解除使其花期提前, 而水分限制使得晚花植物花期呈延后趋势, 这可能为中花植物提供更大的生态位空隙, 使其开花数量趋向于增加, 花期提前且呈延长趋势; 2)模拟增温和排水处理后, 圆锥薹草、杜香和齿叶风毛菊的盖度和频度均呈增加的趋势, 以杜香最显著, 而水葡萄茶藨子的盖度和频度均下降; 3)模拟增温与排水处理对植物开花物候的影响无显著交互作用, 但土壤水分降低影响部分植物生长对增温的响应。研究结果表明, 植物开花物候对暖干化气候的响应表现出明显的种间差异, 因植物开花功能群而异。早、中花植物花期趋于提前, 晚花期植物花期趋于延后, 一方面可能导致群落生态位变化, 对种间竞争产生潜在影响, 引发群落组成和结构改变; 另一方面可能成为群落调节其整体物候, 以适应气候变化的重要途径。     

亚热带植物春季和秋季物候格局及其对气候变化的响应

全球变暖导致的物候变化已经对生物多样性和生态系统产生了重要影响,与温带和寒带相比,亚热带物候学的研究相对较少,秋季物候的研究也十分缺乏,不同功能群植物的物候对气候变化的响应是否存在差别,都有待进一步研究。为了研究亚热带植物春季和秋季物候对气候变化的响应以及不同功能群间的差异性,该研究利用湖南省长沙植物园25种木本植物20 a的物候观测数据,根据AIC信息标准,先筛选各物种最佳温度和降水模型,并利用Wilcoxon秩和检验分析不同功能群的物种对温度的响应是否一致。结果表明:(1)大多数物种的春季物候和秋季物候都对温度变化响应显著,展叶与开花的提前速率分别是3.76 d·℃^-1和6.53 d·℃^-1,叶变色与落叶的推迟速率分别是16.66 d·℃^-1和3.50 d·℃^-1。(2)部分物种的春季(展叶物候:60%,开花物候:35%)和秋季(叶变色物候:25%,落叶物候:13%)对降水显著响应。(3)除不同落叶性物种(常绿和落叶之间)的展叶物候表现出对气候的响应有显著差异外,其他不同功能群的物种对气候的响应均无显著差异。该研究认为,亚热带地区植物春季物候显著提前,秋季物候显著推迟,且亚热带地区不同功能群的物种对温度的响应大部分无显著差异,表明气候变化对亚热带地区不同功能群的影响程度大部分趋同。     

壳聚糖酶的克隆表达与壳寡糖的制备分析

目的:克隆壳聚糖酶基因于大肠杆菌中实现高表达,制备壳寡糖。方法:以枯草芽孢杆菌总DNA为模板扩增壳聚糖酶基因(CSN),克隆至载体pET23a(+)上,转化菌株BL21(DE3)。重组子经0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE和质谱检测与鉴定重组酶。酶纯化后水解壳聚糖,薄层色谱分析其水解产物。结果:质谱证明壳聚糖酶(31.5kDa)成功表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的45%左右。纯化后重组酶浓度为900 mg/L,纯度95%、回收率85%,酶活力为10 000 U/mg。壳聚糖降解产物为壳二糖至壳四糖。结论:原核表达载体pET23a(+)-CSN构建正确,壳聚糖酶表达量与活性高,适用于水解壳聚糖制备壳寡糖。     

国内外蝗害治理技术现状与展望

本文首先概述了国内外蝗虫发生与为害的态势,总结了现阶段我国蝗虫发生与为害的主要特点:即农田飞蝗暴发频繁而且严重,草原土蝗的发生时常造成严重的经济损失,而且侵入城市干扰市民生活,我国与周边国家之间蝗虫过境迁移频繁,使用化学农药污染环境和农产品;分析了国内外蝗虫防治对策与技术的发展现状,重点介绍了应急防治和可持续治理对策、...     

Molecular characterisation of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia and assessment of zoonotic transmission

The molecular characterisation of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia is essential for accurately identifying organisms and assessing zoonotic transmission. Results of recent molecular epidemiological studies strongly suggest that zoonotic transmission plays an important role in cryptosporidiosis epidemiology. In such cases the most prevalent zoonotic species is Cryptosporidium parvum. Genotyping and subtyping data suggest that zoonotic transmission is not as prevalent in the epidemiology of giardiasis. Molecular characterisation of Cryptosporidium and Giardia is a relatively recent application that is evolving as new genes are found that increase the accuracy of identification while discovering a greater diversity of species and yet unnamed taxa within these two important genera. As molecular data accumulate, our understanding of the role of zoonotic transmission in epidemiology and clinical manifestations is becoming clearer.     

Comparison of BMI and percentage of body fat of Indian and German children and adolescents

Today, serious health problems as overweight and obesity are not just constricted to the developed world, but also increase in the developing countries (Prentice 2006, Ramachandram et al. 2002). Focusing on this issue, BMI and percentage of body fat were compared in 2094 schoolchildren from two cross-sectional studies from India and Germany investigated in 2008 and 2009. The German children are in all age groups significantly taller, whereas the Indian children show higher values in BMI (e.g. 12 years: Indian: around 22 kg/m2; German: around 19 kg/m2) and in the percentage of body fat (e.g. 12 years: Indian: around 27%; German: around 18-20%) in most of the investigated age groups. The Indian children have significantly higher BMI between 10 and 13 (boys) respectively 14 years (girls). Indian children showed significant higher percentage of body fat between 10 and 15 years (boys) and between 8 and 16 years (girls). The difference in overweight between Indian and German children was strongest at 11 (boys) and 12 (girls) years: 70% of the Indian but 20% of the German children were classified as overweight. In countries such as India that undergo nutritional transition, a rapid increase in obesity and overweight is observed. In contrast to the industrialized countries, the risk of overweight in developing countries is associated with high socioeconomic status. Other reasons of the rapid increase of overweight in the developing countries caused by different environmental or genetic factors are discussed.     

Synthesis and turnover of cerebrosides and phosphatidylserine of myelin and microsomal fractions of adult and developing rat brain.

The synthesis and turnover of cerebrosides and phospholipids was followed in microsomal and myelin fractions of developing and adult rat brains after an intracerebral injection of [U-14C]serine. The kinetics of incorporation of radioactivity into microsomal and myelin cerebrosides indicate the possibility of a precursor-product relationship between cerebrosides of these membranes. The specific radioactivity of myelin cerebrosides was corrected for the deposition of newly formed cerebrosides in myelin. Multiphasic curves were obtained for the decline in specific radioactivity of myelin and microsomal cerebrosides, suggesting different cerebroside pools in these membranes. The half-life of the fast turning-over pool of cerebrosides of myelin was 7 and 22 days for the developing and adult rat brain respectively. The half-life of the slowly turning-over pool of myelin cerebrosides was about 145 days for both groups of animals. The half-life of the rapidly turning-over microsomal cerebrosides was calculated to be 20 and 40 h for the developing and adult animals respectively. The half-life of the intermediate and slowly turning-over microsomal cerebrosides was 11 and 60 days respectively, for both groups of animals. The amount of incorporation of radioactivity into microsomal cerebrosides from L-serine was greatly decreased in the adult animals, and greater amounts of the precursor were directed towards the synthesis of phosphatidylserine. In the developing animals, considerable amounts of cerebrosides were synthesized from L-serine, besides phosphatidylserine. The time-course of incorporation indicated that a precursor-product relationship exists between microsomal and myelin phosphatidylserine. The half-life of microsomal phosphatidylserine was calculated to be about 8 h for the fast turning-over pool in both groups of animals.     

Identification and composition of the tonsillar and anal enterococcal and streptococcal flora of dogs and cats

Enterococcus faecalis was the most frequently isolated enterococcal species from anal swabs and tonsils of dogs and cats, although in the anal samples from dogs Ent. hirae was found almost as often as Ent. faecalis. Most Ent.faecium strains from dog tonsils differed from those associated with humans and other animals in that they fermented sorbitol. Typical Ent. avium as well as atypical Ent. avium -like strains were seen in dogs, while the related species Ent. raffinosus was associated with cat tonsils. Enterococcus cecorum also occurred mainly in cats. Certain atypical strains, presumptively identified as Ent. cecorum , shared characteristics with Ent. columbae.
The most frequent streptococcal species in tonsils of cats and dogs were Streptococcus suis and Strep. canis. Streptococcus canis and Strep. bovis predominated in anal swabs. The canine Strep. suis differed from the common porcine strains in fermenting mannitol.
Forty-seven of the 288 isolates examined could not be identified or related to known species. The characteristics of two groups of these bacteria, provisionally called 'Ton 31 group' and 'O7 group' are described.     

Carnitine and creatine content of tissues of normal and alloxan-diabetic sheep and rats

The concentration of carnitine in liver increased 28-fold and urinary carnitine excretion 5-fold in alloxan-diabetic sheep. In contrast there were no similar increases in alloxan-diabetic rats. The creatine content of liver decreased 3-fold and creatine excretion decreased 2-fold in diabetic sheep. In contrast the creatine content of liver increased nearly 4-fold in diabetic rats with no change in creatine excretion. The marked increased in production of carnitine by the liver of the diabetic sheep appears possible because of decreased production and excretion of creatine.