日本龟蜡蚧卵期的预测预报研究

日本龟蜡蚧是园林花卉、林木和果树的重要害虫,繁殖量大,除初孵若虫外,体被较厚蜡质,为各种防治增加了难度．准确测报若虫盛孵期,是防治该虫的关键．利用自然变温测定卵期的发育起点温度和有效积温,经测定悬铃木：C=18.02±1.69（℃）,K=142.68±29.21（DD）;大叶黄杨：C=18.54±0.74（℃）．K=129.34±11.93（DD）,桅子花：C=19.97±0.87（℃）,K=106.81±13.92（DD）,这种测定简便易行而又更符合实际,仅计算较为复杂．     

苹褐卷蛾发生期的预测预报研究

苹褐卷蛾严重危害多种园林花木的嫩芽和叶片 ,影响其观赏价值和绿化成果 ,准确预报出各虫态的发生期 ,是防治该虫成败的关键 .经室内多代变温饲养测定结果是 :卵期C =1 4.83± 1 .38(℃ ) ,K =64.1 1± 6.68(DD) ;幼虫C =1 5.2 4± 1 .41 (℃ ) ,K =2 52 .58±2 1 .40 (DD) ;蛹期C =1 5.0 6± 1 .0 1 (℃ ) ,K =68.94± 5.48(DD) ;全世代C =1 5.2 8± 3.31(℃ ) ,K =382 .47± 2 6.92 (DD) .其结果符合实际发生情况 .     

苍耳杆野螟生物学特性的研究

苍耳杆野螟是寄生在苍耳上的1种重要药用昆虫。在湖南（常德）每年发生4代,以老熟幼虫（五龄）在苍耳茎杆蛀道内越冬。室内自然变温下（22．2～25．0℃）饲养,卵期为4．8天,幼虫期为23．6天,蛹期为见11．8天,成虫期为6．1天。每雌可产卵124～585粒,块产。一、二龄幼虫食叶,三龄后蛀茎。     

白纹伊蚊幼虫龄期的发育历期

在实验室内20±1℃, 23±1℃, 25±1℃, 28±1℃和30±1℃恒温条件下, 观察了白纹伊蚊(Aedes albopictus)幼虫(广州株)的发育历期.幼虫的总发育历期和各龄幼虫的发育历期随温度的上升而缩短, 各龄幼虫历期在总发育历期中占有恒定的百分比, 据此计算出其捕获机率.各龄幼虫的发育历期与温度呈直线回归关系.通过积温公式, 求出各龄幼虫的积温常数.此外还探索了营养对幼虫发育历期的影响, 从而影响各龄幼虫捕获机率的计算.     

梅花鹿生茸期能量代谢的初步研究

通过呼吸测热试验,结合不同能量进食水平和不同蛋白质水平条件下的消化、代谢试验,对成年梅花鹿生茸期的能量代谢规律进行了研究。结果表明：（１）梅花鹿的产热量（ＨＰ）和体能沉积量（ＲＥ）均随总能食入量（ＧＥＩ）的增加而增加;代谢能转化为体蛋白能和体脂肪能沉积的效率（Ｋｇｐ和Ｋｇｆ）分别为０．５９和０．６１;产热量（ＨＰ）与总能食入量（ＧＥＩ）的回归方程为：ＨＰ（ｋＪ／Ｗ０．７５ｄ）＝２６５．１２＋０．３３２ＧＥＩ（ｋＪ／Ｗ０．７５ｄ）。（２）产热量占总能食入量的百分比（ＨＰ／ＧＥＩ）,无论是在生茸期前期还是在生茸期后期,低蛋白组（ＣＰ为２２．０％）均明显高于高蛋白组（ＣＰ为２９．０％）（Ｐ＜０．０５）,在同一蛋白水平下生茸期前期与后期各组之间无显著差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）;体能沉积量占总能食入量的百分比（ＲＥ／ＧＥＩ）各组之间差异均不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）;无论在生茸期前期还是在生茸期后期,体蛋白能沉积量占体能沉积量的百分比（ＲＰＥ／ＲＥ）,高蛋白组均高于低蛋白组（Ｐ＜０．０５）,而体脂肪能沉积量占体能沉积量的百分比（ＲＦＥ／ＲＥ）则与其相反（Ｐ＜０．０５）。     

食蚜瘿蚊全虫态形态记述

【目的】基于实验室饲养的食蚜瘿蚊Aphidoletes aphidimyza (Rondani)进行个体发育的形态特征描述。为食蚜瘿蚊的鉴定提供基本信息。【方法】在野外采集幼虫,温度(25±1)℃、相对湿度65%±5%、光照16 L∶8 D的室内条件下饲养获得食蚜瘿蚊卵、幼虫、蛹和成虫的全部虫态。通过数码采集和电子显微镜详细描述了各虫态的发育特征。【结果】食蚜瘿蚊卵的发育历期为2 d,幼虫期有3个龄期,发育历期5-8 d,蛹期7-10 d以及成虫期3-4 d。【结论】食蚜瘿蚊个体发育特征对食蚜瘿蚊的鉴定和分类有指导意义。     

麦长管蚜发生期预测的研究

麦长管蚜Macrosiphumavenae（Fabr-icius）是我地小麦穗期的主要害虫,每年都有不同程度的发生。受虫源、气候等因素的影响,其发生期（穗蚜量达500头的日期）不同年份间差异很大。为了及时准确作出预报,指导防治,笔者应用模糊因素加权综合评判法对麦长管蚜发生期预测进行了研究,现将结果报告如下。1研究方法1．1选取预报因子麦长管蚜的发生期主要受温度、降雨量等气候因素的影响。笔者对本站1982～1994年13年的系统观测资料进行整理分析,筛选出与发生期相关性较好的预报因子2个：X1,3月下旬～4月上旬平均气温（℃）,相关系数r1y＝…     

柑桔爆皮虫幼虫龄期的划分

近些年柑桔爆皮虫Agrilus auriventris Saunders在浙江部分柑桔产区暴发危害,幼虫龄数的确定是进一步研究其发生规律、生物学习性、预测预报以及制定综合防治技术的基础。本研究采用田间取样和室内孵化的方法收集柑桔爆皮虫各龄幼虫,测量了幼虫头部口上片最大宽度（Y1）、尾部钳状突最大宽度（Y2）、钳状突最大长度（Y3）、钳状突左侧侧缘最大长度（Y4）等4个形态特征。根据所测数据的频次分布图以及Dyar定律推测柑桔爆皮虫幼虫分为5龄。运用Crosby生长法则和线性回归的方法进行分析,发现口片最大宽度是幼虫分龄的最佳指标。1～5龄幼虫口上片宽度（mm）分别为0.1196±0.0013, 0.2008±0.0030, 0.3304±0.0041, 0.5150±0.0049, 0.7844±0.0040。口上片宽度和幼虫龄数的最佳线性回归方程为y=-0.0766+exp(-1.9883+(0.3675)×x)（R₂＝0.9876）。     

南亚果实蝇各虫态发育历期及有效积温研究

【背景】南亚果实蝇是世界性的检疫性害虫,在我国多个省市发生为害,对瓜果作物造成了严重的经济损失。【方法】采用人工恒温饲养方法,分别设置10、14、18、22、26、30、34℃7个恒温条件,测定不同温度条件下南亚果实蝇卵、幼虫和蛹的生长发育历期,并推算出相应的发育起点温度和有效积温。【结果】南亚果实蝇卵、幼虫和蛹的发育起点温度分别为7．36、2．43、7．64℃,卵期、幼虫期和蛹期的有效积温分别为20．21、187．69和156．65日度。完成整个世代的发育起点温度是7．64℃,有效积温为364．55日度。当温度达到34℃时,卵的发育历期相对延长,而蛹则不能正常发育,无法羽化为成虫。【结论与意义】在10～30℃,南亚果实蝇的卵、幼虫和蛹的发育历期随温度升高而缩短,各虫态的发育速率和温度呈显著正相关;在26和30℃下,卵、幼虫和蛹的发育历期均显著短于其他各处理温度的发育历期。该试验结果为了解南亚果实蝇的发育温度极限和进一步开展该害虫的适生性分析提供了基础信息,进而为制定该虫的检疫措施提供依据。     

广西龙虎山猕猴种群生态特征

１９８８～１９９５年,采用定点观察法和绝对计数与相对计数结合法对龙虎山猕猴种群生态作了调查研究。１９９０年核心区有猕猴１４群,５００只左右,猴群密度１．６群／ｋｍ２,种群密度５５．６只／ｋｍ２．猴群大小平均３３．８±２３．１（ｎ＝６）只。一般每隔４～５年分群一次,猴群群体年均增长率１４．８％,种群年均增长率为９．７％。猴群中成年猴性比为７．６±６．５（ｎ＝１２）,１～３岁组的性比为０．７４±０．６１（ｎ＝４）,群内未成年猴比例为６７．７±３．１％（ｎ＝１２）。发情交配期最早１１月１２日,最晚次年１月２０日,高峰期１２月上旬,持续３个月．产仔期最早４月１日,最晚８月１４日,高峰期５月上旬,持续时间４个半月．繁殖率４５．５％～１００％,平均７５．４±１３．２％（ｎ＝２１）。新生猴死亡率较低,新生猴性比（雌：雄）平均０．７４±０．３４（ｎ＝５）。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.     

（鱼句）亚科花（鱼骨）型鱼类骨骼系统的比较

对我国花型Hemibarbuspattern鱼类作了骨骼系统比较,结果表明,此类型鱼类脑颅较长,副蝶骨平直或稍弯曲,眶蝶骨腹纵嵴发达(铜鱼Coreius septentrionalis例外),下颞窝和咽突中等大,基枕骨后突发达;脑颅中的上筛骨的后突、侧筛骨的外筛突,蝶耳骨的外突、上耳骨的后突、围眶骨和后颞窝等均有明显的差异;咽颅中的舌颌骨、尾舌骨、鳃盖骨和下咽齿的列数等又有显著的区别;附肢骨骼中的腰带骨、脊椎骨中的复合神经骨和第4椎骨腹侧的悬器等也有不同之处。据此,这些差异和区别可作为属间或种间的分类依据。