心肌样微环境诱导脂肪干细胞分化的研究

微环境在促进干细胞分化过程中起着重要的作用,研究心肌样微环境介导脂肪干细胞向心肌细胞分化有重要意义．将脂肪干细胞与心肌细胞直接或通过细胞培养小室间接共培养,检测脂肪干细胞的分化情况．对于直接共培养体系,采用绿色荧光蛋白CFSE对脂肪干细胞进行标记,然后与心肌细胞以1∶5混合后进行直接共培养,2周后,通过流式细胞仪分选分化的脂肪干细胞,并检测其分化情况．检测方法包括：扫描电镜和透射电镜观察细胞的超微结构;免疫细胞化学检测心肌特异性肌球蛋白重链(MHC)、肌钙蛋白(TnⅠ)和连接蛋白(Cx43);Western blot定量分析;RT-PCR检测心脏特异性转录因子mRNA的表达．结果表明,分化的脂肪干细胞呈现心肌样超微结构,并表达心肌特异性蛋白和转录因子,并且直接共培养体系中分化的脂肪干细胞其表达率明显高于间接共培养体系中的表达率．因此,在心肌样微环境中,除了可溶性细胞因子对分化起作用以外,心肌细胞产生的机械牵拉对脂肪干细胞向心肌细胞分化也起着重要的作用．     

心肌微环境对诱导大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞分化为心肌样细胞的影响

目的:探讨体外心肌微环境对骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)分化为心肌样细胞的诱导作用。方法:分离大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)和心肌细胞并在体外培养纯化。以2×10~4/mL的细胞密度种植心肌细胞,培养72h后收集上清,在BMSCs的培养基内加入心肌细胞培养上清诱导BMSCs分化为心肌样细胞,实验共分6组:10%、20%、30%、40%及50%心肌细胞培养上清组及含10%胎牛血清的对照组,均诱导BMSCs7d,每天在倒置显微镜下观察细胞的形态变化;应用免疫细胞化学技术检测不同浓度心肌细胞培养上清组诱导7d后BMSCs中a-平滑肌肌动蛋白(a-sMA)、β-肌动蛋白(β-actin)、心肌特异性肌钙蛋白T(Troponin-T)、CD31以及FactorⅧ的表达。结果:心肌细胞培养上清组诱导BMSCs7d后,细胞的形态没有改变。10%、20%、30%、40%及50%心肌细胞培养上清组a-sMA、。-actin以及Troponin-T的表达均呈阳性,以30%心肌细胞培养上清组的蛋白表达量最高(P<0.01),而CD31和FactorⅧ的表达呈阴性。结论:心肌细胞的培养上清能够诱导BMSCs分化为心肌样细胞,且30%心肌细胞培养上清是诱导BMSCs向心肌样细胞分化的最适浓度。     

间充质干细胞定向心肌细胞分化的研究进展

心肌梗死是由心脏缺血引发心肌细胞不可逆的坏死造成的疾病。目前,用干细胞来治疗心肌梗死越来越具有吸引力。间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cells,MSCs)是一种多能干细胞,普遍存在于动物体的一些间质组织(如骨髓、脂肪)中。由于其良好的体外扩增能力、多向分化的潜能且不受伦理学制约等优点,学者们对如何让MSCs高效、定向地分化为心肌细胞,从而补充心脏病人缺血心肌的坏死细胞做了大量的研究。目前已经发现,使MSCs向心肌方向分化的体外诱导方法主要包括化学药物诱导、生物因子诱导、物理诱导、共培养诱导以及分子改造诱导(转移miRNA和转录因子)。该文旨在通过对以上五类方法进行综述,以此了解体外诱导MSCs心肌向分化的研究现状。     

食蟹猴胚胎干细胞向间充质前体细胞诱导分化及鉴定

间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cells,MSCs)可以诱导分化成脂肪、软骨、骨骼和骨骼肌细胞,并可作为骨骼、软骨或肌肉移植中的再生干细胞,广泛应用于细胞治疗和组织工程。胚胎干细胞(embryonic stem cells,ESCs)具有体外培养无限增殖和多向分化的特性,能被诱导分化为机体几乎所有的细胞类型。该研究通过无血清条件下诱导食蟹猴ESCs形成类胚体(embryoid bodies,EBs),然后在血清条件下贴壁分化EBs成间充质前体细胞(mesenchymal precursor cells,MPCs),再经过长期体外培养,纯化和扩增MPCs。结果显示,纯化后的MPCs具有MSCs生物学特征,并能在体外诱导分化成脂肪细胞和骨细胞。将这些细胞皮下注射给SCID小鼠,并未发现形成肿瘤,提示食蟹猴ESCs来源的MPCs具有一定的安全性。     

猪羊水干细胞特异向跳动心肌细胞诱导分化

为了筛选并建立一种由猪羊水干细胞向心肌细胞分化的有效方法,以猪羊水干细胞为研究对象,以5-氮胞苷 (5-aza) 和维生素C (Vc) 为诱导剂,对猪羊水干细胞形成的类胚体 (EBs) 进行诱导分化。应用免疫荧光、RT-PCR、透射电镜技术检测跳动细胞团中心肌特异性标记的表达情况。结果显示,在猪羊水干细胞形成的类胚体中加入心肌细胞诱导剂,10 d后即见到节律性跳动的细胞团,t检验发现0.1 mmol/L Vc加5 μmol/L 5-aza联合诱导组的诱导效率最高,达33％。免疫荧光结果显示跳动心肌细胞团表达细胞骨架蛋白α-actin和肌钙蛋白Tnni3。RT-PCR检测跳动心肌细胞团,发现心肌细胞特异性标记分子TbX5、Gata4、α-MHC、Tnni3均呈阳性表达。借助透射电镜观察诱导后的跳动样细胞团,能清晰可见其中的肌丝、糖原粒、糖原池等结构。说明5-氮胞苷和维生素C可以促进猪羊水干细胞向心肌细胞的诱导分化。     

β2肾上腺素能受体过表达后大鼠心肌细胞收缩功能的改变及机制

目的:探讨大鼠心肌细胞过表达2-AR后心肌细胞收缩功能的改变及其可能机制.方法:采用胶原酶消化法分离培养大鼠心肌细胞,转染携带β2-A目的基因的重组腺病毒,通过免疫印迹方法检测细胞β2-AR蛋白表达的变化,通过ELISA方法检测细胞中cAMP水平的改变,采用单个细胞动态边缘检测系统测定细胞收缩功能的变化.结果:与正常心肌细胞相比,β2-AR的转染增加了细胞上β2-AR蛋白的含量(P＜0.05),并促进胞内cAMP水平的增加(14.76 3.15 pmol/ml vs 9.3 1.4pmol/ml,P＜0.05);进而增强了心肌细胞的基础收缩(8.203±2.596%vs 5.472±2.918%,P＜0.01),但不改变最大收缩(9.128±2.852%vs 9.366±2.646%).结论:β2-AR的过表达能够增加细胞内cAMP水平并改善心肌细胞的收缩功能.     

心衰大鼠心肌细胞β2-AR的表达与心功能改变的关系及机制

目的:探讨慢性心衰大鼠心肌细胞β2肾上腺素能受体(β2-AR)的表达变化,过表达β2-AR后心肌细胞收缩功能的改变及其可能机制.方法:通过腹主动脉缩窄术建立大鼠慢性心力衰竭(CCF)模型并采用胶原酶消化法分离心衰大鼠心肌细胞.转染携带β2-AR目的基因的重组腺病毒,通过免疫印迹方法检测正常细胞和心衰细胞β2-AR蛋白表达的变化,采用单个细胞动态边缘检测系统测定其收缩功能的改变.结果:与正常细胞相比,心衰时β2-AR蛋白的表达没有变化,转染β2-AR基因则使之表达增加(P＜0.05).与正常组相比,心衰组的基础收缩明显降低(3.955±1.684%vs5.472±2.918%,P＜0.01);过表达β2-AR逆转了心衰心肌细胞的基础收缩(5.882±2.208%vs3.955±1.684%,n=60,P＜0.01),但不影响心衰心肌细胞的最大收缩(9.366±2.646%vs9.066±3.509%).结论:心衰时大鼠心肌细胞BrAR的表达不变,但是其基础收缩功能降低,而β2-AR的过表达则能够改善心衰细胞的基础收缩功能.     

抑制NHE1活性对干细胞向心肌分化的影响

Na /H 交换蛋白1(NHE1)在心肌细胞发育过程中发挥重要的调节功能.为深入探索NHEl活性对干细胞向心肌分化过程中产生的影响,采用二甲基亚砜(DMSO)诱导P19干细胞向心肌细胞分化,同时在培养液中添加NHE1抑制荆EMD87580,对诱导后形成的类胚体进行检测.通过细胞形态观察、免疫组织化学染色及检测心肌特异表达基因等方法证明,经诱导形成的类胚体贴壁生长后,会向心肌细胞分化并出现跳动细胞团.而经过抑制剂处理的P19干细胞尽管能够形成类胚体且贴壁培养后细胞仍具有增殖活力,细胞团周边也较整齐,但未出现向心肌细胞分化的现象.这一结果表明,抑制NHE1的活性,能够影响P19干细胞向心肌细胞的分化作用.     

骨髓间充质干细胞分化为心肌细胞过程中Wnt信号通路的作用研究

骨髓间充质干细胞(bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells,BM-MSCs)具有多向分化潜能,可以应用于修复细胞、组织、器官的损伤,通过干细胞移植疗法治疗多种疾病。BM-MSCs在一定的条件下可以诱导产生心肌细胞(cardiomyocytes,CMs),为治疗心血管疾病带来了希望。在心脏的分化过程中,Wnt信号通路发挥着非常重要的作用,因此对BM-MSCs分化为CMs过程中Wnt信号通路所发挥的作用做一简述。     

抑制Rac1蛋白活化阻碍胚胎发育早期血管新生

小G蛋白Rac1在胚胎发育早期血管形成尤其是内皮发生过程中的作用尚不清楚．采用胚胎干细胞(ESCs)为模型,建立稳定表达持续表达型Rac1(G12V)和显性失活型Rac1(T17N)编码序列的小鼠ESCs并制备胚胎小体(EBs),诱导分化后观察Rac1(G12V)和Rac1(T17N)对内皮细胞分化和迁移功能的影响．采用相差显微镜观察EBs发育和分化特征,Pull down分析Rac1表达变化,免疫荧光染色和Western blot分析内皮分化标志物,Matrigel凝胶实验观察血管索形成．结果表明,无论过表达或抑制Rac1的活化,并不影响EBs发育,均可形成典型的EBs胚层结构．抑制Rac1活化对内皮细胞系的发育无影响,但分化的内皮细胞不能连接成血管网．活化的Rac1表达减少,细胞迁移受到明显抑制．抑制Rac1活化导致细胞骨架F-actin排布紊乱．以上结果提示,Rac1影响胚胎早期血管发育的因素是抑制细胞游走,后者可能是通过F-actin机制所介导．     

Scurvy in capybaras bred in captivity in Argentine

In order to determine if the absence of vitamin C in the diet of capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) causes scurvy, a group of seven young individuals were fed food pellets without ascorbic acid, while another group of eight individuals received the same food with 1 g of ascorbic acid per animal per day. Animals in the first group developed signs of scurvy-like gingivitis, breaking of the incisors and death of one animal. Clinical signs appeared between 25 and 104 days from the beginning of the trial in all individuals. Growth rates of individuals deprived of vitamin C was considerably less than those observed in the control group. Deficiency of ascorbic acid had a severe effect on reproduction of another population of captive capybaras. We found that the decrease in ascorbic acid content in the diet affected pregnancy, especially during the first stages. The results obtained suggest that it is necessary to supply a suitable quantity of vitamin C in the diet of this species in captivity.     

Changes in lactate dehydrogenase activity in chicken tissues in hyperthyreosis in ontogenesis

The lactate dehydrogenase activity in reactions of lactate oxidation and synthesis was studied in subfractions of the chicken brain, heart and liver at the embryonal, early postembryonal and adult stages of development after thyroxine administration. It has been shown that during embryogenesis thyroxine predominantly enhanced the rate of lactate oxidation in the mitochondrial tissues. A marked increase in the lactate synthesis was found in cytoplasm of the adult chicken tissues. Specificity of enzyme activity alterations was detected in the chicken brain during ontogenesis after thyroxine administration.     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义。综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望。