安徽滁州雌性丽斑麻蜥繁殖特征

在安徽滁州地区丽斑麻蜥(Eremias argus)年产两窝卵。窝卵数及窝卵重与雌体体长呈正相关,相对窝卵重与雌体体长无关,卵重与窝卵数无关。窝卵数、窝卵重及卵重在窝序间无明显的差异。卵长径与卵短径呈正相关,卵长径与窝卵数呈负相关,而卵短径与窝卵数无关。雌体主要通过增加窝卵数增加繁殖输出。     

山地麻蜥的雌性繁殖和孵出幼体特征

山地麻蜥年产多窝卵。窝卵数、窝卵重和卵重与雌体体长呈正相关,卵重与窝卵数无关。窝卵数、窝卵重和卵重不存在明显的季节变化。卵长径与卵短径呈正相关,卵长径、卵短径与窝卵数无关。雌体通过增加窝卵数和卵大小增加繁殖输出。孵出幼体的体重、体长、尾长、躯干干重、刺余卵黄不存在季节差异,但5月份孵出幼体的脂肪体高于4月份。     

圈养尖吻蝮雌体大小、窝卵数和卵大小之间的关系

尖吻蝮(Deinagkistrodon acutus)野生资源日益枯竭,食用和药用压力巨大,亟需开展人工养殖。目前尖吻蝮的人工养殖技术还不够成熟,大多数养殖场采用半地下室饲养尖吻蝮,有关该条件下尖吻蝮的繁殖特性报道较少。为促进尖吻蝮的人工养殖,2010年4—9月,在湖南永州市对半地下室圈养的尖吻蝮成体的体型指标、窝卵数、窝卵重、卵重等繁殖特征之间的关系进行了研究。结果表明:圈养尖吻蝮成年雌体产单窝柔性卵,平均窝卵数为23.0±7.8(13—37)枚(n=23);将产后雌体体重和窝卵重相加记为产前雌体体重,采用SPSS 13.0软件处理数据,设置α=0.05和α=0.01,发现产前雌体体重分别与窝卵数、窝卵重、卵重均呈显著相关性;产前雌体体长分别与窝卵数、窝卵重、卵重无显著相关性;窝卵数与卵重无显著相关性,卵重分别与卵短径、卵长径均呈显著相关性。产前体重在1000—1200 g之间的雌蛇所产窝卵数和单枚卵重的数值均较大且最集中,这保证了雌体繁殖输出后代的生存优势,对尖吻蝮人工养殖挑选雌性种蛇有一定的指导意义。     

宁波滑蜥两性异形和雌性繁殖

蜥蜴的雌性繁殖特征对理解两性异形的进化原因起着重要作用。于2011年4月在安徽滁州采集宁波滑蜥(Scincella modesta),定量研究该种形态特征的两性异形和雌性繁殖特征,检验成体形态特征两性异形与雌性繁殖的相关性。研究共采集43条(17♀♀,26♂♂)宁波滑蜥,雄性和雌性个体的最大体长分别为47.4 mm和46.6 mm。雌雄两性在体长和头宽上没有差异,而在腹长和头长上差异显著,雄性有较大的头长,雌性有较大的腹长。宁波滑蜥年产单窝卵。窝卵数和窝卵重与雌体体长及腹长呈正相关,卵重与雌体体长无相关性。窝卵数及卵重的变异系数分别为0.20和0.12。卵长径与窝卵数呈负相关,而卵短径与窝卵数无关。雌体主要通过增加窝卵数来增加繁殖输出。这些结果表明,宁波滑蜥是雌雄个体大小同形的两性异形模式,性选择使得雄性有着较大的头长,以具有较高的交配成功率,生育力选择使得雌性有着较大的腹长,以具有较大的生育力和繁殖输出。     

蓝尾石龙子杭州和宁德种群繁殖生活史特征的差异

测定处于不同纬度的浙江杭州和福建宁德的蓝尾石龙子(Eumeceselegans)种群的个体大小和繁殖特征。宁德种群的产卵时间为5月27日—6月22日,早于高纬度杭州种群(6月4日—7月12日)。宁德种群最小繁殖雌体及性成熟个体大小均显著小于杭州种群。宁德和杭州两种群的相对窝卵重无显著差异;当统计去除母体体长的影响之后,两地种群的窝卵数和窝卵重也无显著差异,但杭州种群的卵重量显著大于宁德种群。蓝尾石龙子窝卵数和卵重量呈负相关,窝卵数和卵大小的权衡存在种群间差异。特定窝卵数条件下,杭州种群的卵重量显著大于宁德种群。由此可见,蓝尾石龙子种群间的繁殖生活史特征存在显著差异,而且与母体大小的差异密切相关。推测不同纬度地区的蓝尾石龙子种群的繁殖策略存在差异。     

yan蜓头、体大小的两性异形和雌体繁殖

报道了yan蜓(Sphenomorphus indicus)头、体大小的两性异形和雌性繁殖。性成熟雌体大于雄体。雄性成体头长大于雌性成体，但头宽与雌性成体无显著差异。初生幼仔的头长和头宽无两性差异。雄性幼体头长和头宽大于雌性幼体。设置SVL恒定时，雄性幼体和雄性成 体的头长和头宽无显著差异，雌性幼体的头长和头宽大于雌性成体。初生幼仔具有相对较大的头部。产仔雌体的最小SVL为67.7 mm，大于此SVL的雌体均年产单窝仔。平均窝仔数、窝仔重和幼仔重分别为7.2(3-11)、3.34(1.30-5.19)和0.48(0.36-0.58)g。用卵黄沉积卵巢卵和输卵管计数的窝仔数比用幼仔计数的窝仔数多约1.0个后代。幼仔体重与雌体SVL无关。相对窝仔重与雌体SVL边缘性地呈正相关。窝仔数、窝仔重与雌体SVL呈正相关，幼仔体重与窝仔数呈负相关。窝仔数与雌体状态无关。     

蝘蜓头、体大小的两性异形和雌体繁殖

报道了蜓 (Sphenomorphusindicus)头、体大小的两性异形和雌性繁殖。性成熟雌体大于雄体。雄性成体头长大于雌性成体 ,但头宽与雌性成体无显著差异。初生幼仔的头长和头宽无两性差异。雄性幼体头长和头宽大于雌性幼体。设置SVL恒定时 ,雄性幼体和雄性成体的头长和头宽无显著差异 ,雌性幼体的头长和头宽大于雌性成体。初生幼仔具有相对较大的头部。产仔雌体的最小SVL为 6 7 7mm ,大于此SVL的雌体均年产单窝仔。平均窝仔数、窝仔重和幼仔重分别为 7 2 ( 3～ 11)、 3 34( 1 30～ 5 19)和 0 48( 0 36～ 0 5 8)g。用卵黄沉积卵巢卵和输卵管计数的窝仔数比用幼仔计数的窝仔数多约 1 0个后代。幼仔体重与雌体SVL无关。相对窝仔重与雌体SVL边缘性地呈正相关。窝仔数、窝仔重与雌体SVL呈正相关 ,幼仔体重与窝仔数呈负相关。窝仔数与雌体状态无关。     

蓝尾石龙子杭州和宁德种群繁殖生活史特征的差异

测定处于不同纬度的浙江杭州和福建宁德的蓝尾石龙子(Eumeces elegans)种群的个体大小和繁殖特征。宁德种群的产卵时间为5月27日—6月22日，早于高纬度杭州种群(6月4日—7月12日)。宁德种群最小繁殖雌体及性成熟个体大小均显著小于杭州种群。宁德和杭州两种群的相对窝卵重无显著差异；当统计去除母体体长的影响之后，两地种群的窝卵数和窝卵重也无显著差异，但杭州种群的卵重量显著大于宁德种群。蓝尾石龙子窝卵数和卵重量呈负相关，窝卵数和卵大小的权衡存在种群间差异。特定窝卵数条件下，杭州种群的卵重量显著大于宁德种群。由此可见，蓝尾石龙子种群间的繁殖生活史特征存在显著差异，而且与母体大小的差异密切相关。推测不同纬度地区的蓝尾石龙子种群的繁殖策略存在差异。     

草晰属两种蜥蜴卵和幼体特征的比较研究

比较研究了南草蜥实验条件下的卵及幼体特征。南草蜥产卵雌体的体长、最大窝卵数、平均卵重小于北草蜥,相对放重与北草蜥相似。两种蜥蜴均通过增加卵长径和卵短径来增加卵重,但卵处形明显不同,南草蜥的卵孵化过程中均吸水增重。相同孵化温度（２６℃）条件下,南草蜥的孵化期明显比北草蜥长。南草蜥幼体的体重、体长、头长和头宽的实测值小于北草蜥,尾长实测值与是蜥显著差异。南草晰幼体的体重、头长和头宽的矫正平均值小于北草     

两种麻蜥卵和孵出幼体的特征

研究了山地麻蜥和丽斑麻蜥实验条件下的卵及孵出幼体的特征.山地麻蜥产卵雌体的体长大于丽斑麻蜥,窝卵重小于丽斑麻蜥,但平均卵重和相对窝卵重与丽斑麻蜥相似.两种蜥蜴均通过增加卵长径和卵短径来增加卵重,但卵的外形不同,山地麻蜥卵较长.两种蜥蜴卵孵化过程中均吸水增重.相似孵化条件(波动温度、-12 kPa)下,山地麻蜥的孵化期明显比丽斑麻蜥长.山地麻蜥幼体的尾、头部大于丽斑麻蜥,但体重和SVL相似.     

A comparative study of egg mass and clutch size in the Anseriformes

The factors explaining interspecific differences in clutch investment in precocial birds are poorly understood. We investigated how variations in clutch characteristics are related to environmental factors in a comparative study of 151 extant species of ducks, geese and swans (Anseriformes). Egg mass was negatively related to clutch size in a phylogenetic regression, a relationship that was much stronger when controlling for female mass. Nest placement was related to both egg size and clutch size, with cavity-nesting species laying more but smaller eggs. Egg size was positively correlated with incubation period and with female mass, and also with sexual size dimorphism (i.e. male mass relative to that of the female). Clutch size was not related to female mass. Species with long term pair bonds laid smaller clutches and larger eggs. The size of the breeding range was strongly positively correlated with clutch size and clutch mass, and its inclusion in multivariate models made other biogeographical variables (hemisphere, breeding latitude or insularity) non-significant. The small clutches in insular species appear to be a product of small range size rather than insularity per se. Our results suggest there is an evolutionary trade-off between clutch and egg size, and lend support to Lack’s resource-limitation hypothesis for the waterfowl.     

蜡皮蜥的两性异形和繁殖输出

为研究蜡皮蜥(Leiolepis reevesii)两性异形和繁殖输出,于2002、2003年4月下旬从海南乐东一种群捕获423头蜡皮蜥。经检测得到繁殖雌体的最小体长为89．0mm,据此判定≥89．0mm的个体为性成熟。研究结果表明：①蜡皮蜥具有两性异形,雄性大于雌性且具有较大的头部。成体雄性头长和头宽随体长的增长速率大于雌性,幼体头长和头宽随体长的增长速率无显著的两性差异。以性别和年龄(成、幼体)为因子的双因子ANOVA比较两性头长和头宽与体长的回归剩余值发现,雄性头部大于雌性,幼体头部相对大于成体。②饲养于实验室的母体中有42头于2002、2003年5月22日～7月16日产出正常卵,这些繁殖雌体具有年产多窝卵的潜力。窝卵数和卵重的变异系数分别为0．18和0．13,前者变异度大于后者。窝卵数、窝卵重和卵重均与母体体长无关。卵重与相对生育力之间无显著的负相关性,表明蜡皮蜥缺乏卵数量与卵大小之间的权衡。相对窝卵重与母体体长呈显著的负相关,表明较小的母体具有相对较大的繁殖输出。因雌体繁殖会滞缓其生长,小母体具有相对较大的繁殖输出,至少部分地解释了雌性蜡皮蜥的成体为什么个体较小。     

Maternal investment in reproduction and its consequences in leatherback turtles

Maternal investment in reproduction by oviparous non-avian reptiles is usually limited to pre-ovipositional allocations to the number and size of eggs and clutches, thus making these species good subjects for testing hypotheses of reproductive optimality models. Because leatherback turtles (Dermochelys coriacea) stand out among oviparous amniotes by having the highest clutch frequency and producing the largest mass of eggs per reproductive season, we quantified maternal investment of 146 female leatherbacks over four nesting seasons (2001–2004) and found high inter- and intra-female variation in several reproductive characteristics. Estimated clutch frequency [coefficient of variation (CV) = 31%] and clutch size (CV = 26%) varied more among females than did egg mass (CV = 9%) and hatchling mass (CV = 7%). Moreover, clutch size had an approximately threefold higher effect on clutch mass than did egg mass. These results generally support predictions of reproductive optimality models in which species that lay several, large clutches per reproductive season should exhibit low variation in egg size and instead maximize egg number (clutch frequency and/or size). The number of hatchlings emerging per nest was positively correlated with clutch size, but fraction of eggs in a clutch yielding hatchlings (emergence success) was not correlated with clutch size and varied highly among females. In addition, seasonal fecundity and seasonal hatchling production increased with the frequency and the size of clutches (in order of effect size). Our results demonstrate that female leatherbacks exhibit high phenotypic variation in reproductive traits, possibly in response to environmental variability and/or resulting from genotypic variability within the population. Furthermore, high seasonal and lifetime fecundity of leatherbacks probably reflect compensation for high and unpredictable mortality during early life history stages in this species.     

用RAPD标记检测六种蛇基因组DNA多态性

用 ＲＡＰＤ技术检测了乌梢蛇 Ｚａｏｃｙｓ ｄｈｕｍｎａｄｅｓ、王锦蛇 Ｅｌａｐｈｅ　ｃａｒｉｎａｔａ、黑眉锦蛇 Ｅ．ｔａｅｎｉｕｒａ、双斑锦蛇 Ｅ． ｂｉｍａｃｕｌａｔａ、赤链蛇 Ｄｉｎｏｄｏｎ ｒｕｆｏｚｏｎａｔｕｍ和日本蝮短尾亚种 Ａｇｋｉｓｔｒｏｄｏｎ ｂｌｏｍｈｏｆｆｉｉｂｒｅｖｉｃａｕｄｕｓ等６种蛇的基因组ＤＮＡ的多态性。经２０个随机引物扩增得到２５３个多态片段，其中锦蛇属３个种共有片段８条，游蛇科５个种共有片段５条。在这些共享片段中未检测出种内多态现象。片段分布和片段共享度聚类分析所得的游蛇科５种蛇之间的亲缘关系与染色体、颅骨和半阴茎研究的结果基本一致。     

几种游蛇的Cyt b基因片段序列分析及其演化关系

分别从蛇类药材和冷冻保存的新鲜蛇类肌肉标本中提取DNA,经PCR扩增出12种蛇共25个样品的Cyt b基因片段,并用银染测序的方法对DNA序列进行了分析.在此基础上用MEGA软件重建的系统发生树表明,研究的11种游蛇科蛇类可以分为3组:第一组为赤链蛇和水赤链游蛇,第二组为乌梢蛇和灰鼠蛇,第三组为锦蛇属的蛇,它们与第二组较近.锦蛇属是一高度分化的属,该组至少可分为两类,一类包括百花锦蛇和黑眉锦蛇;另一类包括玉斑锦蛇、棕黑锦蛇、红点锦蛇、王锦蛇和双斑锦蛇.后一类还可进一步分为3个亚组,玉斑锦蛇和棕黑锦蛇为第一亚组,红点锦蛇单独为第二亚组,王锦蛇和双斑锦蛇为第三亚组.本研究结果还表明,多年保存的陈旧药材标本可以用DNA序列分析的方法对其进行分子系统演化关系的研究.     

Understanding reproductive allometry in turtles: A slippery “slope”

Measures of reproductive output in turtles are generally positively correlated with female body size. However, a full understanding of reproductive allometry in turtles requires logarithmic transformation of reproductive and body size variables prior to regression analyses. This allows for slope comparisons with expected linear or cubic relationships for linear to linear and linear to volumetric variables, respectively. We compiled scaling data using this approach from published and unpublished turtle studies (46 populations of 25 species from eight families) to quantify patterns among taxa. Our results suggest that for log–log comparisons of clutch size, egg width, egg mass, clutch mass, and pelvic aperture width to shell length, all scale hypoallometrically despite theoretical predictions of isometry. Clutch size generally scaled at ~1.7 to 2.0 (compared to an isometric expectation of 3.0), egg width at ~0.5 (compared to an expectation of 1.0), egg mass at ~1.1 to 1.3 (3.0), clutch mass at ~2.5 to 2.8 (3.0), and pelvic aperture width at 0.8–0.9 (1.0). We also found preliminary evidence that scaling may differ across years and clutches even in the same population, as well as across populations of the same species. Future investigators should aspire to collect data on all these reproductive parameters and to report log–log allometric analyses to test our preliminary conclusions regarding reproductive allometry in turtles.     

浙江丽水中国石龙子的食性、两性异形和雌性繁殖

丽水分布的中国石龙子（Ｅｕｍｅｃｅｓ ｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ）摄入的食物均为无脊椎动物,分别属于环节、软体和节肢动物,涉及３０余科,成体和幼体的食物生态位宽度分别为７．２６和６．６９,成体的幼体的食物生态们重叠度为０．５９。性成熟雄性个体大于雌体。成雄和幼体的头长和头宽随体长ＳＶＬ的增长速率大于成雌,成雄头长随ＳＶＬ的增长速度显著大于幼体,成雌和幼体的头长随ＳＶＬ的增长速率无显著差异。成雄头部大于成雌