水体中铜对中华鲟幼鱼血液生化指标的影响

通过检测中华鲟在不同铜离子浓度的水体中暴露60d后血液生化指标,研究Cu2+对幼鱼血浆生化成分和离子含量变化的影响及致毒效应.结果表明:中华鲟幼鱼血浆中血糖( Glu)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、尿素(Urea)、胆固醇(TC)、肌酐(CREA)含量随Cu2+浓度的增加而升高,低浓度组(0.40 μg· L-1)ALP含量与对照组有显著性差异(P＜0.05),Glu、Urea、TC、CREA含量无显著性差异;中浓度组(0.89 μg· L-1)和高浓度组(2.00 μg·L-1)含量与对照组均有显著性差异(P＜0.05).甘油三酯(TG)随着Cu2+浓度的增加而下降,低浓度组与对照组无显著性差异;中、高浓度组与对照组有显著差异(P＜0.05),总蛋白(TP)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH-L)不受Cu2+的影响.Na+、Cl-、P含量和pH值随Cu2+浓度的增加而显著下降,Ca2+、Mg2+显著上升,其变化与Cu2+浓度存在相关性,K+含量不受Cu2+的影响.实验表明,Cu2+对中华鲟幼鱼血液生化指标的最低可观察效应浓度和最高无观察效应浓度分别为0.89和0.4 μg·L-1.血浆中ALP受Cu2+影响最明显,其含量除受Cu2+浓度影响外,随着时间的延长也显著升高,是Cu2+污染的敏感指标.     

温度对中华鲟(Acipenser sinensis)幼鱼麻醉效果的影响

以MS-222为麻醉剂,研究了水温(15、20和25℃)对中华鲟幼鱼有效麻醉剂浓度、入麻和复苏时间、最长麻醉保活时间、最终麻醉状态的影响,以及气温(4、12和20℃)对中华鲟幼鱼最长空气暴露保活时间和复苏时间的影响。结果表明:当水温为15、20和25℃时,MS-222麻醉中华鲟幼鱼的有效质量浓度分别为100～240、80～140和60～130 mg·L~(-1),最长麻醉保活时间分别为11 min、7 min和70 s;随着水温的升高,中华鲟幼鱼的入麻时间和最长麻醉保活时间均显著下降;而复苏时间呈先降后升的趋势,二者之间不存在显著的相关性;实验鱼的最终麻醉程度随MS-222浓度的升高而增大;随着气温的升高,中华鲟幼鱼的最长空气暴露保活时间显著下降,而复苏时间显著增加;当气温为4、12和20℃时,最长空气暴露保活时间分别为60、28和14 min;水温对中华鲟幼鱼的麻醉效果产生了显著影响,气温对中华鲟的空气暴露保活时间和复苏时间也产生了显著影响,在中华鲟的麻醉过程中应充分考虑水温对麻醉效果的影响,在对入麻中华鲟进行离水操作时,应充分考虑气温对中华鲟空气暴露保活时间的影响,避免鱼体出现意外损伤或死亡。     

铅暴露与排放对中华鲟幼鱼血液中碱性磷酸酶、乳酸脱氢酶及肌酸激酶活力的影响

采用水溶液静态置换法,从中华鲟受精卵发育至96h开始,进行了16周的Pb暴露试验和6周的Pb排放试验,研究了不同浓度Pb2+水溶液(0、0.2、0.8和1.6mg.L-1)对中华鲟幼鱼血液中碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)和肌酸激酶(CK)活力的影响。Pb暴露后结果显示:幼鱼血液中的ALP活力总体表现为随Pb暴露剂量增加而下降的趋势,其中1.6mg.L-1组极显著低于其他各组(P0.01);幼鱼血液中的LDH和CK活力均表现为随Pb暴露剂量增加而升高的趋势,其中LDH活力只在1.6mg.L-1组显著升高(P0.05);而CK对Pb浓度则比较敏感,0.8mg.L-1组达到对照组的8倍(P0.01),1.6mg.L-1组则高达对照组的20倍(P0.01)。Pb排放后结果显示:幼鱼血液中的ALP活力总体仍表现为随Pb暴露剂量增加而下降的趋势,但各暴露组之间比较差异不显著(P0.05);幼鱼血液中LDH活力各组之间均无显著差异(P0.05)。积累和排放对比显示,血液中的ALP活力在0.8和1.6mg.L-1组有所回升但无显著差异(P0.05);而LDH活力在1.6mg.L-1组极显著降低(P0.01),表现出明显恢复。初步认为:经1.6mg.L-1Pb2+暴露后的中华鲟幼鱼会发生代谢异常;血液CK变化较ALP和LDH更为明显,是Pb污染的敏感指标。     

温度对鳊鱼静止代谢和耐低氧能力的影响

以鳊鱼(Parabramis pekinensis)幼鱼[体重(8.13±0.15)g,n=31]为研究对象,以密闭式代谢测定法分别在15、20、25、30℃条件下测定其静止代谢率(Rest Metabolic Rate,RMR),并以双线法推算临界氧浓度Pcrit等相关参数。结果显示,鳊鱼幼鱼的静止代谢水平呈随温度上升而升高的变化趋势[(132.22±4.97)mg O2/(h.kg)(15℃),(182.67±12.49)mg O2/(h.kg)(20℃),(218.44±9.20)mgO2/(h.kg)(25℃),(298.32±9.96)mg O2/(h.kg)(30℃)],除20～25℃间,其他各温度组差异显著(P0.05);Q10值均低于2(15～20℃1.91,20～25℃1.43,25～30℃1.87);本研究还发现,随着温度的升高,鳊鱼幼鱼的Pcrit逐渐下降,而临界氧饱和度Scrit则相对保守[15、20、25、30℃的Pcrit分别为(1.35±0.09)、(1.16±0.19)、(0.97±0.12)和(0.86±0.09)mg O2/L,Scrit分别为13.87%±0.74%、13.32%±1.72%、12.15%±1.35%和11.34%±0.65%。这表明,采用不同指标考察鱼类耐低氧能力可能会得到相异的结论。这种结论的不一致提示,在鱼类应对环境溶氧降低的适应中,相对溶氧水平而不是绝对溶氧水平影响并决定着鱼类的适应性进化,因此采用相对饱和度作为指标研究鱼类耐低氧能力可能更具理论价值。     

溴氰菊酯连续暴露对罗非鱼血清乙酰胆碱酯酶活性的影响

以罗非鱼为受试生物,研究了不同水温(23℃～27 ℃)对罗非鱼血清中乙酰胆碱酯酶活性的影响,并在此基础上研究了不同浓度(1.0、2.0、3.0、5.0和10.0 μg·L-1)溴氰菊酯暴露下,罗非鱼血清中乙酰胆碱酯酶活性的动态变化.水温分别为23℃和27℃时,乙酰胆碱酯酶的活性分别为(2.75±0.21)和(2.73±0.26)U·ml-1,活性波动范围分别为-12.0%～13.1%和-11.0%～14.2%.水温为(25±1)℃,染毒10 d时,2.0μg·L-1以上浓度的溴氰菊酯对罗非鱼血清中乙酰胆碱酯酶具有明显的抑制作用;染毒20 d时,2.0μg·L-1以上浓度的溴氰菊酯对其抑制率均超过40%;染毒25 d时,5.0 μg·L-1的溴氰菊酯对其抑制率达到最大,为62.3%.实验结果表明:水温在23℃～27℃的波动不会对罗非鱼血清中乙酰胆碱酯酶的活性产生显著影响;水温为(25±1)℃时,高浓度溴氰菊酯(≥2.0 μg·L-1)会对罗非鱼血清中乙酰胆碱酯酶的活性产生抑制作用,而且抑制率随染毒时间的延长呈增加趋势.     

茜素络合物对唐鱼耳石标记效果以及生长和存活率的影响

用茜素络合物(ALC)对唐鱼(Tanichthys albonubes)进行荧光标记,通过测定唐鱼耳石的标记率、死亡率、SGR和DWG等指标,讨论不同浓度ALC对唐鱼耳石标记效果和对其生长和存活的影响,探讨应用该标记技术追踪唐鱼野外种群迁移行为的可行性。结果表明:在温度28~30℃,浓度50 mg·L-1、80 mg·L-1茜素络合物溶液中浸泡24 h,唐鱼仔鱼、稚鱼死亡率为0,其中80 mg·L-1浓度处理组耳石荧光标记环检出率为100%,而在100mg·L-1浓度下,仔、稚鱼死亡率均达到80%;幼鱼在浓度为80、100 mg·L-1条件下无死亡,其中100 mg·L-1浓度处理组耳石标记环检出率为100%,而150 mg·L-1浓度下幼鱼死亡率为44%;成鱼在100、150 mg·L-1浓度下无死亡,且耳石标记率均为100%,而在200mg·L-1浓度下成鱼死亡率达到100%;此外,稚鱼在80 mg·L-1最适浓度下浸泡24 h后继续饲养90 d,标记组和对照组死亡率均为0,两组体质量、SGR和DWG差异不显著;唐鱼仔稚鱼、幼鱼和成鱼耳石标记的最适茜素络合物浓度分别为80、100和150 mg·L-1。     

人工养殖中华鲟幼鱼摄食不同饵料的转化效率与生长特性

利用水蚯蚓与人工饲料分别投喂7月龄中华鲟(Acipenser sinensis)幼鱼,研究不同饵料对中华鲟幼鱼转化效率与生长特性的影响.结果表明:经过60 d生长,水蚯蚓组、人工饲料组中华鲟幼鱼的平均体长分别从177.0、191.6 mm增至216.6、332.5 mm,体质量分别从32.73、44.39 g增至58.27、264.71 g;水蚯蚓组、人工饲料组中华鲟幼鱼的饵料转化率分别为6.67～39.33、0.89～1.26,特定生长率分别为0.19%～2.33%、1.38%～3.94%.生长效率分别为2.54%～14.99%、79.56%～204.44%;人工饲料组中华鲟幼鱼的生长速度快于水蚯蚓组,肥满度大于水蚯蚓组;2个试验组中华鲟幼鱼的体长与体质量均呈幂函数关系,各阶段幂指数b值均小于3,表明中华鲟幼鱼为异速生长;水蚯蚓组中华鲟幼鱼肌肉的水分湿质量含量为82.23%±0.79%,蛋白干质量含量为62.79%±1.34%,均略比人工饲料组高;综合饵料转化效率与各项生长指标,表明人工饲料比水蚯蚓更适宜作为中华鲟幼鱼阶段的人工养殖饵料.     

除虫菊细胞的悬浮培养

除虫菊悬浮细胞从培养后第8天开始迅速生长,14 d达到最大生长量,其最适培养基为:MS 4mg·L-12,4-D 0.1mg·L-1NAA 0.3 mg·L-16-BA 30 g·L-1蔗糖,最适接种量为15 g·L-1,摇瓶装液的体积分数为40%,初始培养的最适pH值为5.8,收获时pH下降为4.6±1,最适培养温度为25℃.     

盐碱与干旱胁迫对碱菀种子萌发和TvNHX1表达的影响

通过施加不同浓度NaCl(40～400mmol·L-1)、NaHCO3(20～200mmol·L-1)和聚乙二醇(PEG,5%～30%),分析盐碱和干旱胁迫对盐生植物碱菀种子萌发、幼芽生长以及Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白基因TvNHX1表达的影响.结果表明:40～160mmol·L-1NaCl、20mmol·L-1NaHCO3和5%～10%PEG处理对碱菀种子的萌发没有不利影响;但当NaCl浓度达到240mmol·L-1时,碱菀种子发芽率、根长和芽长均显著降低(P0.05);NaHCO3≥50mmol·L-1时,种子发芽率显著降低(P0.05),浓度达到130mmol·L-1时,发芽势、根长和芽长显著降低;PEG≥15%时,种子的萌发出现显著的滞后效应.发芽期TvNHX1呈组成型表达,但160mmol·L-1NaCl、100mmol·L-1NaHCO3和10%PEG的胁迫诱导使TvNHX1的表达明显升高,NaCl和PEG胁迫下TvNHX1表达的变化与萌芽种子的表型变化同步,TvNHX1在碱菀耐逆境胁迫中可能发挥重要作用.     

水环境中不同浓度K+、Ca2+对大鳞鲃幼鱼存活率、耗氧率和窒息点的影响

通过单因子静态急性毒性试验和呼吸生理试验,研究了盐度10的水体中不同K+、Ca2+浓度对大鳞鲃(Barbus capito)幼鱼存活率、耗氧率和窒息点的影响.结果表明:在K+浓度3.78 ～ 435.30 mg-L-1(对照组为117.55 mg· L-1)和Ca2+浓度11.01 ～ 1535.90 mg·L-1(对照组为116.59 mg· L-1)水质条件下,大鳞鲃幼鱼存活率均为100％.96 h高浓度K+的LC50为515.01 mg· L-1,低浓度Ca2+的LC50为5.47 mg·L-1.在耗氧率和窒息点试验中,低浓度K+组[(3.75±0.17) mg·L-1]大鳞鲃幼鱼在整个试验过程中的耗氧率和窒息点均未出现显著性变化(P＞0.05);高浓度K+组[(451.67±10.23) mg· L-1]耗氧率在前48 h未出现显著性变化(P＞0.05),72和96 h与对照组[(115.29±0.68) mg·L-1]相比,耗氧率显著提高(P＜0.05);临界窒息点和绝对窒息点与对照组相比均显著升高(P＜0.05).Ca2+试验中,高Ca2+组[(1290.10±15.75) mg·L-1]和低Ca2+组[(8.87±0.34) mg·L-1]表现为相同趋势,即前24 h时高浓度Ca2+组和低浓度Ca2+组耗氧率均比对照组[(117.57±1.68) mg·L-1]有显著升高(P＜0.05),48 h后,高浓度Ca2+组和低浓度Ca2+组耗氧率恢复到对照组水平并持续至96 h试验结束.无论低浓度Ca2+组还是高浓度Ca2+组,大鳞鲃幼鱼的临界窒息点与绝对窒息点都显著升高(P＜0.05).综上所述,大鳞鲃幼鱼对水体中K+、Ca2+具有较强的耐受性,尤其是低浓度K+和高浓度Ca2+.     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.