从种群竞争的角度初步研究微囊藻的产毒机理

采用将微囊藻和栅藻混合培养的方法,从种群竞争的角度初步探讨了微囊藻毒素的产毒机理,结果显示：当起始接种浓度相同时,混合培养组比纯微囊藻培养组产生更多的毒素,由于其它培养条件完全一致,所以推论是由于栅藻的存在,增加了微囊藻的生存压力。当起始接种浓度微囊藻：栅藻为10：1时,此混合培养组比纯微囊藻产生的毒素少,并且毒素降解也更快,推论原因是微囊藻在种群数量上远远超过栅藻,竞争压力较小,同时由于栅藻的存在,增加了培养液中色素的含量,加快了光降解的速度。     

蓖齿眼子菜对栅藻和微囊藻的他感作用及其参数

主要报道篦齿眼子菜 (俗称红线草 )的种植水抽滤液对栅藻、微囊藻生长的他感作用试验。应用修正的逻辑斯谛 (Logistic)方程和Lotka Volterra种群竞争模型来计算篦齿眼子菜对藻类的他感作用参数。纯培养试验结果表明 :种植水抽滤液对栅藻生物量和生长率都有一定的促进作用。当浓度大于等于 5 0 %时 ,对栅藻生长的影响则是有抑制效应 ,他感作用效应与种植水的浓度没有明显的相关性 ,他感作用参数平均为 - 0 0 2 6。所有浓度设对照。微囊藻的生长都有明显的抑制作用 ,他感作用参数平均为 - 0 2 37。共培养试验结果表明 :篦齿眼子菜种植水抽滤液对纯培养试验结果有放大效应。所有的种植水抽滤液浓度对栅藻生长都起促进作用 ,对栅藻的生物量效应、生长率存在明显的对数正相关 ,但与他感作用参数的相关不明显 ,共培养的他感作用参数平均为 0 0 2 0 ;对微囊藻生长抑制作用更加明显 ,共培养的他感作用参数平均为 - 0 4 2 0。不管是纯培养还是共培养中 ,种植水抽滤液对栅藻的他感作用系数值都很低 ;而种植水抽滤液浓度对微囊藻的生物量效应、生长率或他感作用的参数都存在明显的线性负相关 ,并且他感作用系数值约高一个数量级     

铜绿微囊藻和四尾栅藻对铵态氮的响应

为探讨铵态氮在藻类种群演替中的作用,采用纯培养和共培养的方法,研究了铵态氮对铜绿微囊藻和四尾栅藻生长、生理和细胞形态的影响。结果表明:在纯培养条件下,5.0~20 mg·L~(-1)的铵态氮浓度适宜于铜绿微囊藻和四尾栅藻的生长,但铜绿微囊藻比四尾栅藻对铵态氮的响应更敏感;铵态氮浓度达到50 mg·L~(-1)时,铜绿微囊藻的光合活性在第2天时由0.35降低至0.07,四尾栅藻的光合活性则在第4天时由0.63降低至0.47;随着培养时间和铵态氮浓度的增加,四尾栅藻色素体的损伤情况加剧;铵态氮浓度≥10 mg·L~(-1)时,四尾栅藻易形成两细胞形态的结构,铵态氮浓度低于10 mg·L~(-1)时,四尾栅藻易形成四细胞形态的结构;在共培养条件下,适宜四尾栅藻和铜绿微囊藻生长的铵态氮浓度范围分别是0.5~2.0和5.0~20 mg·L~(-1);铜绿微囊藻是喜高铵(5.0~20 mg·L~(-1))的藻类,控制铵态氮浓度在一个较低水平(≤2.0 mg·L~(-1))可以作为防治微囊藻水华发生的策略。     

梭鱼草化感物质丁二酸对微囊藻和栅藻生长及竞争的影响

为了解梭鱼草(Pontederia cordata)根茎有机酸类化感物质对铜绿微囊藻(Micro-cystis aeruginosa,M)和斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus,S)生长和竞争关系的影响,将不同浓度丁二酸作用于两种藻的单种培养和共培养,即铜绿微囊藻与斜生栅藻初始比例为1∶0(100%M)、1∶1(50%M+50%S)、2∶3(40%M+60%S)、3∶2(60%M+40%S)、0∶1(100%S)。结果表明:丁二酸对铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻均有抑制作用,抑制能力与浓度呈正相关;无化感物质作用下,单种培养和共培养中铜绿微囊藻生长能力均强于斜生栅藻; 60mg·L-1丁二酸处理下,40%M+60%S、50%M+50%S培养组中β(斜生栅藻对铜绿微囊藻的抑制参数)0,60%M+40%S培养组中β0,表明藻类初始比例影响蓝绿藻之间竞争;丁二酸可改变蓝绿藻之间竞争关系,低浓度(20、40 mg·L-1)作用下,表现为铜绿微囊藻抑制斜生栅藻,斜生栅藻促进铜绿微囊藻,高浓度(60、80 mg·L-1)作用下,表现为两者相互抑制,表明两种藻之间竞争加强。     

光、温限制后铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻的超补偿生长与竞争效应

研究了铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)和斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)低温和低光照限制后的超补偿效应,以及共培养条件下的竞争效应。结果表明,低温和低光照均显著抑制微藻的生长发育,但低温对铜绿微囊藻的抑制效应更强,而斜生栅藻则对低光胁迫更敏感。经过低光和低温培养后,铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻在恢复正常培养时藻细胞密度短期内都表现出超补偿增长效应,但不同藻类超补偿模式不同,斜生栅藻补偿生长时间不超过1周,而铜绿微囊藻的补偿效应可以持续10天;此外,统计结果表明铜绿微囊藻细胞密度对低温限制解除表现出更显著的补偿生长,斜生栅藻则在低光解除后表现出更强的超补偿效应。微藻叶绿素a指标在光恢复条件下都表现出显著的补偿效应,但温度恢复过程中叶绿素a含量与藻密度增长不同步,低温胁迫对恢复正常培养后微藻叶绿素a的形成产生了一定的负效应;铜绿微囊藻产毒株(912)在两种恢复模式下脱氢酶活性显著高于对照,产毒株(912)脱氢酶活性的补偿响应明显高于其它两种材料。共培养实验结果表明斜生栅藻同铜绿微囊藻产毒株(912)相比处于竞争劣势,而在同无毒株(469)的共培实验中,尽管连续正常培养情况下两者竞争能力差异不显著,但在恢复培养条件下斜生栅藻竞争能力显著高于后者。因此产毒型铜绿微囊藻低温和低光后的补偿生长效应以及对斜生栅藻的竞争优势可能是蓝藻爆发的内源性机制之一。     

温度对两种蓝藻种间竞争的影响

通过室内实验研究了不同温度条件下主要水华藻类——铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginisa)和巨颤藻(Oscillatoria princeps)的生长和种间竞争。结果表明:无论在纯培养体系还是混合培养体系中,微囊藻在25℃下生长最好,颤藻在30℃下生长最好;温度对藻类的种间竞争抑制参数能够产生明显影响,在20℃、25℃、30℃3个温度下,颤藻对微囊藻的竞争抑制参数随温度的升高而升高,30℃时颤藻对微囊藻的竞争抑制参数分别是20℃和25℃时的1.42倍和1.13倍,微囊藻对颤藻的竞争抑制参数则表现为25℃>30℃>20℃,25℃时微囊藻对颤藻的竞争抑制参数分别是20℃和30℃时的1.54倍和1.21倍,在20℃、25℃、30℃3个温度下,微囊藻对颤藻的竞争抑制参数均大于颤藻对微囊藻的竞争抑制参数,说明在各试验温度下,微囊藻对颤藻的抑制能力均大于颤藻对微囊藻的抑制能力;根据Lotka-Volterra竞争模型中的两物种竞争结果可初步判断,20℃和25℃温度下,微囊藻在竞争中取胜,30℃下,微囊藻和颤藻可以实现不稳定共存。     

铜绿微囊藻和四尾栅藻在不同温度下的生长特性及竞争参数计算

在实验室条件下,对铜绿微囊（Microcystis aeruginosa）和四尾栅藻（Scendesmus quadricauda）分别在温度22℃、26℃和30℃下进行了纯培养和混合培养,实验结果显示温度对两种藻类的生长和竞争都有显著影响。微囊藻在22℃、26℃和30℃纯培养下的最大生物量及平均特定增长率（μ）分别为444、1180和998（×104cells/mL）及0.33、0.38和0.37/d,说明微囊藻在26℃和30℃下生长较好;混合培养下的最大生物量及平均特定增长率分别为270、778和647（×104cells/mL）及0.34、0.43和0.46/d,显示微囊藻在混合培养下受到了栅藻一定程度的竞争抑制。栅藻在22℃、26℃和30℃纯培养下的最大生物量及平均特定增长率分别为830、984和464（×104cells/mL）及0.36、0.34和0.32/d;混合培养下的最大生物及平均特定增长率分别为538、554和387（×104cells/mL）及0.43、0.40和0.39/d,说明栅藻在温度22℃、26℃下生长较好,混合培养下栅藻的生长受微囊藻影响较大。各温度下两种藻类的生长都可以用Logistic方程拟合。微囊藻对栅藻的抑制参数α分别为1.68（22℃）、0.65（26℃）和0.76（30℃）,而栅藻对微囊藻的抑制参数β依次为0.43（22℃）、0.51（26℃）和0.25（30℃）,三个温度下α均大于β,产生这一结果的原因可能是由于微囊藻与栅藻在竞争过程中不仅表现为资源竞争,同时还存在着明显的他感作用,且可推测微囊藻对栅藻的他感作用大于栅藻对微囊藻的,且在22℃时为最大。     

岩兰草油对淡水藻类的抑制作用

利用植物分泌的化感物质进行藻类控制已成为国内外生态环境领域研究的热点之一。首次探讨了岩兰草油的抑藻效应,建立了岩兰草油对铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻两种藻共培养时抑制作用的数学模型,采用GC-MS分析方法对岩兰草油中主要成分进行了鉴定。结果表明:岩兰草油对铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻在单独和共培养状态下均有良好的抑制作用,对单独培养的铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻抑制作用的EC50分别为0.20和0.30 m L/L,说明岩兰草油对蓝藻(铜绿微囊藻)的抑制效果明显好于对绿藻(斜生栅藻)。岩兰草油的主要成分为具有良好抑藻作用的倍半萜类物质,而所建立的岩兰草油对两藻共培养状态下抑制作用的数学模型可以求出在任何时间节点上铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻的种群密度以及要达到抑藻最佳状态的岩兰草油浓度。该研究对水华藻类的控制有较重要的理论与应用价值。     

基于感光色素吸收信号的太湖藻类识别

铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻是太湖"水华"的主要藻种,基于室内纯铜绿微囊藻、斜生栅藻组成色素的吸收系数,通过四阶微分、标准化系数等方法对太湖水体浮游植物中铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻进行识别,并确定其组成比例。结果表明,纯藻组成色素的吸收系数应用于其在太湖水体浮游植物中比例的确定和识别中,能够全面考虑辅助色素的识别作用,较好地避免非色素物质吸收信号的干扰,具有较好的识别效果。太湖水体浮游色素中铜绿微囊藻比例最高,斜生栅藻次之,由夏季向冬季过度中,铜绿微囊藻比例不断减小,斜生栅藻的比例逐渐升高,但铜绿微囊藻比例仍略高于斜生栅藻;铜绿微囊藻的区域分布差异性较小,但时间差异性相对较大,而斜生栅藻恰恰相反,空间分布差异性较大而时间分布差异性较小。       

普生轮藻浸提液对两种淡水藻类的化感抑制作用及其数学模型

利用大型水生植物的化感作用抑制水华藻类是水域生态学研究的热点课题之一。探讨了不同浓度普生轮藻浸提液对产毒铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻(单纯以及混合藻类)的抑制作用,并根据实验过程中得到的数据和数据特征,在传统的Logistic模型和Lotka-Volterra模型基础上,通过微元法建立了普生轮藻浸提液对单纯产毒铜绿微囊藻、单纯斜生栅藻抑制的数学模型以及两藻混合时抑制的数学模型。结果表明,(1)普生轮藻浸提液无论对单独的毒性铜绿微囊藻或斜生栅藻还是共生状态的毒性铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻均有很强抑制作用,且对毒性铜绿微囊藻的抑制作用要显著高于对斜生栅藻;(2)所建立的抑藻模型可有效表征和预测在一定范围内的产毒铜绿微囊藻、斜生栅藻及其混合藻在普生轮藻浸提液胁迫下藻密度随时间变化的规律;通过这些模型可方便地计算出实验期间任何时间节点上普生轮藻浸提液的半抑制浓度(EC50)、最小有效浓度(MIC)等指标的预测值、混合藻在小生境中相对稳定时的预测值等等。该研究可为实际抑藻的方案制定和实施提供有价值的数据支撑和参考,具有一定的理论与应用意义。     

密云水库的浮游植物群落结构与密度

 1998年的调查研究显示,密云水库库区水体的浮游植物群落为硅藻(Bacillariophyta)—绿藻(Chlorophyta)型,细胞密度为358.76×104·L-1。湖泊的营养特征为浮游植物响应型。1988～1998年库区水体总氮增长48.7％,总磷增长31.2％,浮游植物细胞密度增长41.7％,库区水体已为中营养,并出现了富营养型浮游植物指示种类,例如斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus(Turp)．Kütz．),铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa Kütz．),湖泊色球藻(Chroococcus limneticus Lemm．)。水体向富营养化发展趋势明显。应加强水环境保护,增加密云水库流域植被覆盖度,净化、涵养水源,以保证密云水库向北京市供水的质量和数量。     

SCHIZOMERIS—A GROWTH FORM OF STIGEOCLONIUM TENUE (CHLOROPHYTA:CHAETOPHORACEAE)1

Schizomeris leibleinii Kütz. was found as an ecophene of Stigeoclonium tenue (Ag.) Kütz. in Centennial Lake, Palmerston North, New Zealand. The Schizomeris form occurred in autumn when the water was polluted by a large number of ducks. Sampling of the plant population of the lake and culture work showed that S. tenue has a high degree of polymorphism. Other forms of it which developed both in the lake and in culture were indistinguishable from Protoderma Kütz. emend. Borzi, from Uronema Lagerheim, or from Pearsoniella Fritsch and Rich, respectively.     

Determination of oligopeptide diversity within a natural population of Microcystis spp. (cyanobacteria) by typing single colonies by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry.

Besides the most prominent peptide toxin, microcystin, the cyanobacteria Microcystis spp. have been shown to produce a large variety of other bioactive oligopeptides. We investigated for the first time the oligopeptide diversity within a natural Microcystis population by analyzing single colonies directly with matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). The results demonstrate a high diversity of known cyanobacterial peptides such as microcystins, anabaenopeptins, microginins, aeruginosins, and cyanopeptolins, but also many unknown substances in the Microcystis colonies. Oligopeptide patterns were mostly related to specific Microcystis taxa. Microcystis aeruginosa (Kütz.) Kütz. colonies contained mainly microcystins, occasionally accompanied by aeruginosins. In contrast, microcystins were not detected in Microcystis ichthyoblabe Kütz.; instead, colonies of this species contained anabaenopeptins and/or microginins or unknown peptides. Within a third group, Microcystis wesenbergii (Kom.) Kom. in Kondr., chiefly a cyanopeptolin and an unknown peptide were found. Similar patterns, however, were also found in colonies which could not be identified to species level. The significance of oligopeptides as a chemotaxonomic tool within the genus Microcystis is discussed. It could be demonstrated that the typing of single colonies by MALDI-TOF MS may be a valuable tool for ecological studies of the genus Microcystis as well as in early warning of toxic cyanobacterial blooms.     

Accumulation,degradation and biological effects of lindane on Scenedesmus obliquus (Turp.) Kütz

A study was made of accumulation, degradation and biological effects of lindane (r-BHC) on Scenedesmus obliquus (Turp.) Kütz. The work was conducted in a sewage reservoir in Han-Ku, Tianjin. Experimental results show that at 0.1–10 mgl⁻¹ concentration of lindane, the growth, chlorophyll and carotene content in S. obliquus do not differ much from the control. At concentrations of 50–100 mgl⁻¹, however, growth is inhibited, and chlorophyll and carotene content is low. From the beginning of the experiment until the fifth day, growth rate and pigment content increase constantly. On the seventh day, they start to decrease. Spectrographic analysis shows that pigment content decreases, but pigment structure is not changed even at high concentration of lindane. At 1–10 mgl⁻¹ of lindane, amino acids remain unchanged, with the exception of aspartine, arginine, methionine and phenylalanine. Scenedesmus obliquus (Turp.) Kütz possesses a certain accumulating capacity for r-BHC, which is higher at 1 mgl⁻¹ than at 10 mgl⁻¹. Accumulation is enhanced with time and is better under turbulent conditions. Gas chromatograms show that after treatment for 24 h, there are two more peaks at retention time 1′32″ and 1′53″, respectively, suggesting that a certain degree of lindane degradation occurs. The nature of these degradation products awaits further study. As a conclusion S. obliquus (Turp.) Kütz holds promise in the treatment of lindane-containing wastewaters in the range of 1–10 mgl⁻¹.     

STIMULATION OF GROWTH IN SCENEDESMUS OBLIQUUS (CHLOROPHYCEAE) BY HUMIC ACIDS UNDER IRON LIMITED CONDITIONS1,2

Stimulatory affects of humic acids of molecular weight 30,000 or greater on iron-starved Scenedesmus obliquus (Turp.) Kütz. in association with bacteria were studied by growth and Fe uptake experiments. Humic acids stimulated growth of Fe-starved cells by decreasing the lag phase and extending the growth phase. Humic acids stimulated increased algal growth in medium containing EDTA as well as in medium containing no EDTA, indicating humic acids are not stimulating algal growth under Fe limiting conditions by creating a soluble Fe pool. Humic acids decreased Fe availability to Fe-starved S. obliquus. Iron bound to humic acids is unavailable for uptake by Fe-starved cells indicating growth stimulation is not due to chelation effects alone. Stimulation of growth is not a membrane phenomenon as humic acids show the same stimulatory effect when in contact with cells or separated by dialysis membrane. Humic acids also stimulate growth in the dark, with and without aeration, indicating use as a heterotrophic substrate. A photoheterotrophic mechanism is indicated by increased algal growth caused by illuminating cultures, containing humic acids but excluding CO₂.     

BENTHIC MARINE DIATOM ASSOCIATIONS: UPPER FLORIDA BAY (FLORIDA) AND ASSOCIATED SOUNDS1

Models of the diatom associations found in upper Florida Bay and adjoining sounds have been constructed utilizing Q modal factor-vector analysis and ecologic diversity indices (Shannon index, number of species, evenness). Four distinct associations were defined using Q-mode factor-vector analysis. Two associations were epiphytic, occurring on Thalassia testudinum König—Association I was characterized by Cocconeis placentula Ehr., Association III by Cylindrotheca closterium (Ehr.) Reim. & Lewin and Cocconeis placentula Ehr. The other two associations were epipelic, occurring on the carbonate mud substratum—Association II was characterized by Cyclotella striata (Kütz.) Grun., Rhopalodia gibberula (Ehr.) O. Müller and Surirella fastuosa (Ehr.) Kütz., Association IV by Fragilaria crotonensis Kitton and Cyclotella striata (Kütz.) Grun. The majority of the 161 species identified were present in both the epiphytic and epipelic assemblages. Only 33 species were restricted to the epiphyton, and 18 species restricted to the epipelon. The epipelic assemblage was significantly more diverse than was the epiphytic assemblage. A general trend of increased diversity away from terrestrial environs toward more open areas of water in both the epipelon and epiphyton was also found.     

NOTES ON CLADOPHORA (CHLOROPHYCEAE). II. CLADOPHORA CATENATA (LINNAEUS) KÜTZ., 1843, EMEND. V. D. HOEK, 1963

The species name Cladophora catenata (L.) Kütz. emend, van den Hoek has priority over Cladophora fuliginosa Kütz.     

SEQUENCE ANALYSIS OF THE ITS-2 REGION: A TOOL TO IDENTIFY STRAINS OF SCENEDESMUS (CHLOROPHYCEAE)

The genetic distances between several strains of Scenedesmus obliquus (Turp.) Kütz., S. acutus Hortobagyi, and S. naegelii Chod. calculated from ITS-2 sequences were found to be smaller than the genetic distances within other strains of Scenedesmus —that is, in S. acuminatus (Lagerh.) Chod. and S. pectinatus Meyen. These results confirm that the studied strains were not properly identified and should be renamed S. obliquus , as already suggested in other studies.     

In vitro studies on bacterial colonization. The effects of beta-lactam antibiotics on the growth of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in mixed culture.

Many cases of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection are considered to be secondary superinfections, resulting from bacterial colonization. Such cases of superinfection with P. aeruginosa developing after administration of cephalosporin or penicillin are offering serious clinical problems. To make a fundamental analysis of the development of such superinfections, attempts were made to compare the growth patterns of Escherichia coli and P. aeruginosa in pure and mixed cultures and to determine the effects of cephalothin, cefazolin, cephalexin, and ampicillin on the growth patterns. In mixed cultures, the growth of P. aeruginosa was markedly inhibited by E. coli. The higher the concentration of each of the cephalosporins and ampicillin added to the mixed culture, the smaller the population of E. coli sensitive to these agents. When the population of E. coli became smaller than that of P. aeruginosa, which is resistant to these agents, the latter was restored to the same population level as that in pure cultures. Experimental bacterial colonization, by which the predominant population of E. coli was replaced by that of P. aeruginosa in mixed culture, was brought about more efficiently with the cephalosporins than with ampicillin. This might be accounted for by the difference in minimal inhibitory concentration for P. aeruginosa between ampicillin and the other three agents.     

微囊藻碳酸酐酶活性在不同环境因素下的调节与适应

测定了3种微囊藻水华中的优势种类,即铜锈微囊藻（Microcystis aetlzginosa Kutz．）,绿色微囊藻（Microcystis viridis（A．Br．）Lemm）,惠氏微囊藻（Microcystis wesenbergii（Kom．）Kom．）,以及微囊藻573（Microcystis sp．573）的碳酸酐酶活性;研究了无机碳、pH、温度、光强、NIP比等环境因素和外源葡萄糖对铜锈微囊藻碳酸酐酶活性的影响,发现微囊藻碳酸酐酶活性受环境中碳酸氢根浓度的调节,故推断碳酸氢根是铜锈微囊藻利用的主要无机碳形式;相比添加葡萄糖进行混合营养培养的细胞,无外源葡萄糖和暗饥饿培养的微囊藻细胞会产生高约6倍的碳酸酐酶活性;光强的改变也会影响碳酸酐酶的活性。