MSAP技术在植物抗逆性方面的应用

DNA甲基化在植物的生长发育中起着重要的作用。近年来,随着对DNA甲基化研究的重视,基于PCR方法检测DNA甲基化水平的甲基化敏感扩增多态性技术(MSAP)得到广泛的应用。综述了MSAP技术在植物的生物与非生物胁迫研究方面的应用。     

北京油鸡MSAP毛细管电泳荧光检测技术的建立

采用毛细管电泳荧光检测技术, 对北京油鸡肌肉组织基因组进行甲基化敏感扩增片段多态性(Methylation sensitive amplified polymorphism, MSAP)检测。通过对基因组DNA用量、预扩产物稀释倍数、选择性引物浓度、Mg2+浓度、dNTPs浓度和电泳内标量等6个主要参数进行分析和优化, 建立了适合北京油鸡基因组DNA甲基化分析的MSAP毛细管电泳荧光检测技术。重复实验表明, 建立的毛细管电泳荧光标记的MSAP检测技术能够自动地、高通量地分析北京油鸡基因组的DNA甲基化状态, 也适用于其他动植物基因组的DNA甲基化研究。     

MSAP技术及其在植物遗传学研究中的应用

DNA甲基化是表观遗传学的重要组成部分,在调节植物基因表达、生长发育和抵御逆境等方面起着重要作用.随着对DNA甲基化研究的不断深入,基于PCR检测DNA甲基化状态的技术DNA甲基化敏感扩增多态性(MSAP)由于其检测多态性高,操作简单等优点被广泛应用于植物种质资源鉴定、植物改良、种群遗传结构分析及植物进化研究等遗传学各个领域.该文综述了MSAP技术的原理、实验方法以及其在植物遗传学研究中的应用,并对其今后应用前景进行了展望.     

长白猪×蓝塘猪及其杂种基因组甲基化片段克隆与分析

应用甲基化敏感扩增多态性(MSAP)技术对6头长白公猪和50头蓝塘母猪及5头长白×蓝塘杂交F1代3个群体基因组DNA胞嘧啶甲基化位点进行检测,旨在克隆和分析父母代猪及其杂种F1代之间基因组DNA共同甲基化片段和差异片段,并找到其同源基因.结果显示,从MSAP条带中分离、克隆得到18条3个群体共同的甲基化片段、10条母代独有的甲基化片段和9条杂交一代独有的甲基化片段,其中有1条3个群体共有的甲基化片段通过EST拼接和电子延伸后在NCBI数据库中找到同源基因,即猪类酪氨酸蛋白激酶Lyn基因(GeneID:LOC100152890,序列号:XM_001926250).结果表明,长蓝杂交F1代与其父母代之间的基因组甲基化存在异同,为通过MSAP技术克隆猪基因组DNA甲基化片段及寻找其对应的甲基化基因提供可能,也会为将来研究这些甲基化基因表达调控机制奠定基础.     

镉胁迫下萝卜基因组DNA甲基化敏感扩增多态性分析

应用甲基化敏感扩增多态性(MSAP)技术分析了重金属镉(cd)胁迫处理后萝卜基因组DNA甲基化程度的变化。结果表明,经50、250和500mg/L CdCl_2处理后,MSAP比率分别为37%、43%和51%,均高于对照(34%);全甲基化率(双链C~mCGG)分别为23%、25%和27%,而其对照为22%,表明重金属CdCl_2胁迫后,某些位点发生了重新甲基化。萝卜叶片DNA中总甲基化水平的增加与CdCl_2处理浓度呈显著正相关。甲基化变异可分为重新甲基化、去甲基化、不定类型以及与对照相同的甲基化模式等类型,Cd胁迫处理引起的植株基因组DNA甲基化程度的提高主要是重新甲基化。     

组织培养导致的草莓DNA甲基化变异

以草莓品种‘丰香’和‘全明星’为材料,用甲基化敏感扩增多态性（MSAP）技术研究组织培养对草莓DNA甲基化的影响。结果表明,与普通苗相比,组织培养导致草莓试管苗的DNA甲基化水平下降,甲基化模式的变异以去甲基化为主。组织培养导致的DNA甲基化变异不稳定,在田间无性繁殖过程中,试管苗的无性繁殖后代DNA甲基化水平逐渐升高,仅部分变异的甲基化模式能够在试管苗的无性繁殖后代中稳定传递。两个品种之间,纽织培养对DNA甲基化变异程度的影响不同。     

甲基化敏感扩增多态性技术(MSAP)在生态学中的应用

DNA甲基化是生物体内最为重要的表观遗传修饰形式之一,在生态学上的应用越来越广泛。在收集、整理生态表观遗传学相关文献的基础上,介绍了甲基化敏感扩增多态性技术(MSAP)的原理、优势与局限性及其在生态学上的应用和展望。MSAP因其应用广泛、操作简便等优点成为研究DNA甲基化水平的有力工具,特别是在探究生物体如何快速适应生境变化以及外来入侵生物如何突破遗传瓶颈等问题上。MSAP技术能够很好地揭示生物种群内部或种群之间的表观遗传差异,是对遗传多样性、遗传变异研究的有力补充。     

利用 MSAP 分析18个芥蓝齐口期的表观遗传多样性

本研究利用MSAP检测18个芥蓝齐口期DNA甲基化水平,分析了表观遗传多样性,探讨DNA甲基化模式对齐口期的影响。结果表明,18个芥蓝齐口期平均为50d,叶片数平均为10片,齐口期和叶片数不相关(相关系数为0.296);变异系数分别为21%和18%;遗传距离分布在0~40,平均值为12.2276,在10.62处分为3类。MSAP分析表明,5对引物组合扩增得到432条多态性条带,201条片段表现出多态性,多态性比率为47%;Nei遗传距离分布在0.004~0.467,平均值为0.0958,表明遗传多样性水平较低;在0.04处分为3类。Mantel测验表明两种分析的遗传距离相关系数为-0.1366,显示齐口期、叶片数与DNA甲基化多态性没有相关性。DNA甲基化模式分析表明,非甲基化片段为110条,甲基化多态性片段为322条,分为3种带型,类型一为非甲基化带型(110条),类型二为甲基化带型(110条),类型三为半甲基化带型(152条),非甲基化片段和半甲基化片段在不同品种之间呈现多态性,甲基化片段在不同品种之间呈现多态性与单态性相差不大,显示MSAP多态性主要来源于非甲基化和半甲基化片段,芥蓝甲基化模式以半甲基化为主。本文推测DNA甲基化水平降低参与芥蓝齐口期调控,MSAP分析既可用于基因组结构研究,又可用于基因组水平上性状的功能研究。     

病毒侵染对西伯利亚百合DNA甲基化的影响

采用基于AFLP的甲基化敏感扩增多态性(MSAP)技术,用10对引物对侵染百合花叶病毒和丛簇病毒的西伯利亚百合植株和无毒植株进行DNA甲基化水平和模式分析.结果发现,西伯利亚百合无毒植株和病毒侵染植株的平均甲基化水平分别为40.1%和31.5%;平均全甲基化率分别为13.0%和9.7%;半甲基化率分别为27.1%和21.8%.研究表明,百合DNA甲基化多以半甲基化的形式存在;病毒侵染导致百合植株DNA甲基化水平降低,且对整体甲基化水平、全甲基化水平和半甲基化水平均产生了影响;说明病毒侵染百合后植株出现的症状在一定程度上与DNA甲基化存在关联.     

叶锈菌胁迫下的小麦基因组MSAP分析

内源DNA甲基化是真核生物表观遗传调控的重要组成部分, 在真核生物的基因表达调控中具有重要的作用。生物胁迫为植物提供一种内在的表观遗传进化动力。研究生物胁迫下DNA甲基化的变异模式, 有助于全面理解DNA甲基化的表观调控生物学功能。小麦近等基因系TcLr19、TcLr41及其感病亲本Thatcher在苗期对叶锈菌生理小种THTT、TKTJ分别表现为小种特异性抗病反应和感病反应。文章利用甲基化敏感扩增多态性(Methylation-sensitive amplified polymorphism, MSAP)技术分析了小麦的甲基化水平, 同时比较了苗期在生物胁迫前后基因组DNA胞嘧啶甲基化模式。用60对MSAP引物对接种前后的小麦DNA进行全基因组筛选, 没有直接分离得到接菌前后的甲基化模式的差异, 结果初步表明, 叶锈菌并没有诱导稳定且特异的植物基因组DNA胞嘧啶位点的甲基化模式变化, 但发现TcLr41及其感病亲本Thatcher之间存在表观遗传学差异。     

Analysis of Cytosine Methylation Pattern in Response to Water Deficit in Pea Root Tips

Abstract: The correlation between environmental stress and DNA methylation has been studied by following the methylation status of cytosine residues in the DNA of pea root tips exposed to water deficit. DNA methylation was evaluated by two complementary approaches: (i) immunolabelling by means of a monoclonal antibody against 5-methylcytosine; (ii) MSAP (Methylation-Sensitive Amplified Polymorphism) to verify if methylation and de-methylation in response to water deficit may be related to specific DNA sequences. Immunolabelling showed that water stress induces cytosine hypermethylation in the pea genome. Regarding the CCGG target sequence, an increase in methylation specifically in the second cytosine (about 40 % of total site investigated) was revealed by MSAP analyses. In addition, MSAP band profile detected in three independent repetitions was highly reproducible suggesting that, at least for the CCGG target sequence, methylation was addressed to specific DNA sequences.     

The influence of Al<Superscript>3+</Superscript> on DNA methylation and sequence changes in the triticale (× <Emphasis Type="Italic">Triticosecale</Emphasis> Wittmack) genome

Abiotic stressors such as drought, salinity, and exposure to heavy metals can induce epigenetic changes in plants. In this study, liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), methylation amplified fragment length polymorphisms (metAFLP), and methylation-sensitive amplification polymorphisms (MSAP) analysis was used to investigate the effects of aluminum (Al) stress on DNA methylation levels in the crop species triticale. RP-HPLC, but not metAFLP or MSAP, revealed significant differences in methylation between Al-tolerant (T) and non-tolerant (NT) triticale lines. The direction of methylation change was dependent on phenotype and organ. Al treatment increased the level of global DNA methylation in roots of T lines by approximately 0.6%, whereas demethylation of approximately 1.0% was observed in NT lines. DNA methylation in leaves was not affected by Al stress. The metAFLP and MSAP approaches identified DNA alterations induced by Al³⁺ treatment. The metAFLP technique revealed sequence changes in roots of all analyzed triticale lines and few mutations in leaves. MSAP showed that demethylation of CCGG sites reached approximately 3.97% and 3.75% for T and NT lines, respectively, and was more abundant than de novo methylation, which was observed only in two tolerant lines affected by Al stress. Three of the MSAP fragments showed similarity to genes involved in abiotic stress.     

Analysis of DNA methylation during the germination of wheat seeds

DNA methylation is known to play a crucial role in regulating plant development and organ or tissue differentiation. Here, we focused on the DNA methylation dynamics during the germination of wheat seeds using the adapted AFLP technique so called methylation-sensitive amplified polymorphism (MSAP). The MSAP profiles of genomic DNA in embryo and endosperm tissues of germinating seeds, as well as dry seeds were characterized and notable changes of cytosine methylation were detected. Comparisons of MSAP profiles in different tissues tested showed that the methylation level in dry seeds is the highest. The alteration analysis of cytosine methylation displayed that the number of demethylation events were three times higher than that of de novo methylation, which indicated that the demethylation was predominant in germinating wheat seeds, though the methylation events occurred as well. Sixteen differentially displayed DNA fragments in MSAP profiles were cloned and the sequencing analysis confirmed that nine of them contained CCGG sites. The further BLAST search showed that four of the cloned sequences were located in coding regions. Interestingly, three of the sixteen candidates were homologous to retrotransposons, which indicated that switches between DNA methylation and demethylation occurred in retrotransposon elements along with the germination of wheat seeds.     

MSAP markers and global cytosine methylation in plants: a literature survey and comparative analysis for a wild‐growing species

Methylation of DNA cytosines affects whether transposons are silenced and genes are expressed, and is a major epigenetic mechanism whereby plants respond to environmental change. Analyses of methylation‐sensitive amplification polymorphism (MS‐AFLP or MSAP) have been often used to assess methyl‐cytosine changes in response to stress treatments and, more recently, in ecological studies of wild plant populations. MSAP technique does not require a sequenced reference genome and provides many anonymous loci randomly distributed over the genome for which the methylation status can be ascertained. Scoring of MSAP data, however, is not straightforward, and efforts are still required to standardize this step to make use of the potential to distinguish between methylation at different nucleotide contexts. Furthermore, it is not known how accurately MSAP infers genome‐wide cytosine methylation levels in plants. Here, we analyse the relationship between MSAP results and the percentage of global cytosine methylation in genomic DNA obtained by HPLC analysis. A screening of literature revealed that methylation of cytosines at cleavage sites assayed by MSAP was greater than genome‐wide estimates obtained by HPLC, and percentages of methylation at different nucleotide contexts varied within and across species. Concurrent HPLC and MSAP analyses of DNA from 200 individuals of the perennial herb Helleborus foetidus confirmed that methyl‐cytosine was more frequent in CCGG contexts than in the genome as a whole. In this species, global methylation was unrelated to methylation at the inner CG site. We suggest that global HPLC and context‐specific MSAP methylation estimates provide complementary information whose combination can improve our current understanding of methylation‐based epigenetic processes in nonmodel plants.     

Genetic and epigenetic status of triple exotic consanguinity cotton introgression lines

Introgression lines are some of the most important germplasm for breeding applications and other research conducted on cotton crops. The DNA methylation level among 10 introgression lines of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) and three exotic parental species (G. arboreum, G. thurberi and G. barbadense) were assessed by methylation-sensitive amplified polymorphism (MSAP) technology. The methylation level in the introgression lines ranged from 33.3 to 51.5%. However, the lines PD0111 and PD0113 had the lowest methylation level (34.6 and 33.3%, respectively) due to demethylation of most non-coding sequences. Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) was used to evaluate the genetic polymorphism in the cotton introgression lines. A high degree of polymorphism was observed in all introgression lines (mean 47.2%) based on AFLP and MSAP analyses. This confirmed the effects of genetic improvement on cotton introgression lines. The low methylation varieties, PD0111 and PD0113 (introgression lines), clustered outside of the introgression lines based on MSAP data, which was incongruent with an AFLP-based dendrogram. This phenomenon could be caused by environmental changes or introgression of exotic DNA fragments.     

不同生理年龄毛竹DNA甲基化的MSAP分析

为分析竹子年龄变化与基因组DNA甲基化之间的相关性,以5年、31年和>60年起源(从种子萌发年龄算起)的毛竹当年生叶片为材料,采用35对引物对其进行MSAP检测。结果表明:3个年龄段的总甲基化率和全甲基化率分别为24.44%、28.21%、32.12%和16.57%、19.41%、21.23%;发生DNA甲基化的变异位点为52.3%,去甲基化变异位点为10.3%。可以看出,随着年龄的增加,毛竹基因组DNA甲基化敏感多态性呈上升趋势。总甲基化率单因素方差分析的结果表明相同年龄的毛竹个体间没有差异(P=0.307>0.05),而不同年龄间的差异达极显著水平(P<0.001)。同时,对所用引物组合进行分析后发现有6对引物(E3/HM2、E3/HM6、E3/HM7、E4/HM5、E4/HM6和E5/HM5)扩增出的位点与总趋势显著相关,为进一步开展深入研究奠定基础。     

Musa methylated DNA sequences associated with tolerance toMycosphaerella fijiensis toxins

DNA methylation is an epigenetic phenomenon associated with gene silencing in transgenic plants, retrotransposons and virus infection. Expression analysis of specific genes in Arabidopsis methylation mutants showed an association between DNA methylation and gene expression. To determine whether DNA methylation is associated with resistance to black Sigatoka (BS) andMycosphaerella fijiensis (MF), we used anin vitro assay of mesophyll cell suspensions of reference cultivars with known resistance to BS. Methylation of CC^mGG sequences was evaluated by methylation-sensitive amplification polymorphism (MSAP) markers of reference cultivars and somaclonal variants to identify molecular markers associated with resistance to MF toxins and BS. Four MSAP markers were associated with resistance (MAR) to MF toxins. The MSAP markers show a high degree of sequence similarity with resistance gene analog and with retrotransposon sequences. The MSAP markers are useful as molecular indicators of tolerance to MF toxins and resistance to BS.     

Utility of the methylation-sensitive amplified polymorphism (MSAP) marker for detection of DNA methylation polymorphism and epigenetic population structure in a wild barley species (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hordeum brevisubulatum</Emphasis>)

We report here that by using a modified scoring criterion, the methylation-sensitive amplified polymorphism or MSAP marker can be used effectively to detect polymorphism in DNA methylation patterns within and among populations of a perennial wild barley species, Hordeum brevisubulatum. Twenty-four selected individual genotypes representing four natural populations of H. brevisubulatum distributed in the Songnen Prairie in northeastern China were studied. The utility of MSAP was evidenced by its detection of high levels of polymorphism in DNA methylation patterns between individuals within a given population, and the clear inter-population differentiation in methylation patterns (methylation-based epigenetic population structure) revealed among the four populations. The resolving power of MSAP to detect DNA methylation polymorphism was found to be comparable with that of a retrotransposon-based sequence-specific amplified polymorphism marker, or SSAP, to detect genetic polymorphism in the same set of plants, suggesting that MSAP with a modified scoring criterion can be used efficiently to detect DNA methylation polymorphism and assess epigenetic population structure in natural plant populations. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.