《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》中有关水生生物物种的提案和对策研究

气候变化、生物多样性及生物资源等方面的热点研究越来越多地涉及到水生生物,<濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约>(CITES)也日益关注水生野生动物的贸易管理问题.自CITES第九届缔约国大会以来,CITES附录物种的讨论中越来越多地出现水生生物种类,有关的管理机制正在不断完善之中.中国是水生生物的利用大国,CITES对水生生物贸易的管理将会对我国产生深远影响.本文对CITES中水生生物的管理情况进行了回顾,同时结合公约第十四届缔约国人会的最新信息,分析了目前的热点问题,探讨了其对我国水生生物管理的影响.分析结果表明,CITES对水生生物的管理正在不断扩展,力度不断增强,CITES正趋于参与商业开发水生物种的管理.有鉴于此,建议加强水生生物资源利用及管理方面的基础性研究,为资源保护、可持续利用及国家制订公约履约策略提供依据.     

《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》“海上引进”管理的回顾与展望

《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》(CITES)将"海上引进"定义为海洋生物国际贸易形式。CITES近年来一直致力于海洋物种资源的管理,"与专业渔业组织的合作"、"海上引进"管理及"非致危性判定"是CITES推进海洋物种管理进程的3个重要步骤。2006年,CITES与联合国粮农组织就海洋物种管理签订了合作备忘录;2013年,CITES第十六次缔约国大会表决通过了海洋物种"海上引进"管理框架。本文以CITES及相关国际渔业组织的会议记录为依据,系统回顾了CITES海洋物种管理议题,总结了"海上引进"管理提案在CITES缔约国大会获得通过的过程,分析并展望了CITES参与海洋物种管理的未来趋势。作者认为,"海上引进"管理为CITES参与和推进海洋渔业资源管理创造了有利条件,并因此对公海渔业资源利益分配产生深刻影响。建议我国有关部门关注CITES海洋物种管理进展,积极参与CITES海洋物种管理政策及技术规则的制定,提高并完善海洋渔业资源保护利用管理能力。     

冰川及雪线后退对河流水生生物影响的研究进展

冰川影响下的河流形成了独特的冷水生态系统, 为水生生物提供了多样的栖息地。然而在全球气候变暖的背景下, 冰川和积雪不断退缩、甚至加速消融, 破坏了原有的水生生态系统。文章综述了国内外有关冰川积雪融水对河流水生生物及环境因子影响的研究现状, 探讨了冰川流域水生生物研究存在的问题及未来相关的方向。冰川积雪融水对河流水生生物的群落结构及遗传多样性产生了不同程度的影响。同时某些水生生物在形态、生活史和行为适应能力等方面也产生了抵抗极端环境的进化。笔者提出应重点关注水生生物对冰川和积雪退化的响应机制与变化趋势, 以期为冰川流域水生生物多样性及保护提供一定依据。     

《水生生物学报》征稿简则

《水生生物学报》是由中国科学院水生生物研究所、中国海洋湖沼学会主办的水生生物学领域的综合性学术刊物,代表了中国淡水生物学的最高学术水平,现任主编桂建芳院士。本刊创刊于1955年,现16开本双月刊,国内外公开发行。主要刊登与水生态的评价与治理,水生物的生化、遗传、病理、毒理和分类区系,水生物的育种、培养、开发利用和病害防治,渔业生物学及湖沼学的综合调查与研究等相关的中、英文研究论文及综述。     

《水生生物学报》征稿简则

正《水生生物学报》是由中国科学院水生生物研究所、中国海洋湖沼学会主办的水生生物学领域的综合性学术刊物,现任主编桂建芳院士。本刊创刊于1955年,现16开本双月刊,国内外公开发行。主要刊登与水生态的评价与治理;水生物的生化、遗传、病理、毒理和分类区系;水生物的育种、培养、开发利用和病害防治;渔业生物学报及有关湖沼学的综合调查与研究等相关的中、英文研究论文和综述。     

《水生生物学报》2016年期刊征订启事

<正>欢迎订阅《水生生物学报》,本刊是由中国科学院水生生物研究所、中国海洋湖沼学会主办的水生生物学领域的综合性学术刊物,现任主编桂建芳院士。本刊创刊于1955年,大16开本双月刊,国内外公开发行。主要刊登水生态的评价与治理,水生物的生化、遗传、病理、毒理和分类区系,水生物的育种、培养、开发利用和病害防治,渔业生物学及有关湖沼学的综合调查与研究等相关的中、英文研究论文、研究简报及综述。     

《水生生物学报》2014年期刊征订启事

<正>欢迎订阅《水生生物学报》,本刊是由中国科学院水生生物研究所、中国海洋湖沼学会主办的水生生物学领域的综合性学术刊物,现任主编桂建芳院士。本刊创刊于1955年,为大16开本双月刊,国内外公开发行。主要刊登水生态的评价与治理,水生物的生化、遗传、病理、毒理和分类区系,水生物的育种、培养、开发利用和病害防治,渔业生物学及有关湖沼学的综合调查与研究等相关的中、英文研究论文、研究简报及     

《水生生物学报》征稿简则

<正>《水生生物学报》是由中国科学院水生生物研究所、中国海洋湖沼学会主办的水生生物学领域的综合性学术刊物,现任主编桂建芳院士。本刊创刊于1955年,现16开本双月刊,国内外公开发行。主要刊登与水生态的评价与治理;水生物的生化、遗传、病理、毒理和分类区系;水生物的育种、培养、开发利用和病害防治;渔业生物学报及有关湖沼学的综合调查与研究等相关的中、英文研究论文、研究简报     

哈萨克斯坦的生物多样性保护及中哈合作的对策建议

哈萨克斯坦位于欧亚大陆腹地, 地处丝绸之路经济带的重要位置。中国与哈萨克斯坦开展生物多样性保护合作, 有助于解决地区生态环境问题和推动“一带一路”倡议的顺利实施。目前国内尚缺乏对哈萨克斯坦生物多样性及其保护状况的了解。本文在文献的基础上通过定量和定性分析方法, 从地理环境特征、生物多样性状况、保护成效和需求等维度对哈萨克斯坦生物多样性及其保护的总体情况进行了分析。分析结果表明, 哈萨克斯坦的生物多样性丰富, 但也存在着较严重的丧失问题; 哈萨克斯坦政府重视生物多样性保护, 积极承担相关国际履约义务; 在保护管理方面实行多级管理体制, 并与社会经济发展需求相结合, 取得了一定成效。     

盐城滩涂生物多样性保护及其可持续利用

论述了盐城滩涂的自然概况和动植物资源,分析了生物多样性保护和利用过程中取得的成绩和存在的不足,针对所存在的问题提出了盐城滩涂生物多样性保护及其可持续利用的对策,包括深入开展生物多样性资源的调查和研究,注重滩涂湿地生态环境的保护和改造,加强自然保护区的建设和管理,以科技进步促进生物多样性的保护和利用,围绕资源保护和持续利用实施滩涂开发。     

Possible interpretation problems for the current CITES listing criteria in the context of marine fish species under commercial harvest

The current criteria for listing species on CITES Appendices are summarized briefly. A précis is given of problems with these criteria in a marine species context, as identified by an FAO ad hoc Expert Group meeting in November 1998. Three aspects of the criteria that are of concern to the author are discussed briefly. These are the definition of a "decline," specifications for taking account of uncertainty, and the desirability of using existing stock-recruitment data for marine fish species to estimate the spawning biomass level at which critical depensation might occur. This last would provide guidance in specifying resource levels at which there is a threat of extinction when reformulating the CITES criteria. Received: May 6, 1999 / Accepted: December 11, 1999     

The effect of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species on scientific collections

The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) was conceived in the spirit of cooperation, with the aim of ensuring that the international trade in wild animals and plants, including all parts and derivatives, did not threaten their survival. However, concerns have been raised by scientists that CITES hinders the cross-border movement of scientific specimens. To our knowledge, no empirical analysis has been undertaken to demonstrate the existence of this effect. We test for a CITES effect on the collection record of orchids from Brazil and Costa Rica using the collection records of bromeliads, which are not covered by CITES, as a control. Highly significant effects are found in both countries.     

CITES and the sustainable management of Swietenia macrophylla King

The merits and applicability of CITES to the management of mahogany ( Swietenia macrophylla King) are assessed. Emphasis is placed on the necessity for trade regulation in order to encourage the sustainable management of S. macrophylla , including the protection of adequate population and genetic resources throughout its range.     

《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》与我国遗传资源管理对策

遗传资源是21世纪的战略资源之一, 是当代国际谈判中的热点问题。本文首先分析了《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》(Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, CITES)的运作机制、该公约涉及的遗传资源管理的条款及其对我国遗传资源管理的影响, 简要回顾了我国在CITES履约与遗传资源方面的立法和管理现状, 指出我国遗传资源管理领域亟待解决管理部门过多、立法不足、缺少明确的对外政策和国家战略、资源本底情况不详、产权划分不清、没有建立有利于野生动植物遗传资源保护与利用的经济调控机制等问题。最后, 我们提出了制定国家战略、建立遗传资源的协调管理机制、将遗传资源保护问题纳入相关法规、开展野生动植物遗传资源状况调查、建立有利于遗传资源保护的经济机制等解决对策。     

Revisiting Green Data species lists

The management and active enforcement of the increasing number of conservation-related instruments (e.g. the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), The World Conservation Union (IUCN) Red Data Lists and pending invasive species regulations), and the number of listed plant and animal taxa that they are likely to incorporate, are already straining national regulatory, enforcement and border control agencies. Against the backdrop of increasing capacity constraints (financial and logistic) and uncertainty faced by these authorities, we support calls for a radical shift in the traditional approach to the management of threatened species (either Red Data List or CITES listed) and the maintenance of the integrity of biological systems (viz. the control of potentially invasive species). This entails the establishment of National Green Data Species Lists (proposed by Imboden (1989) in World Birdwatch 9:2). The Green List would be a reciprocal list of species that are not threatened (not Red Data listed), not affected by trade (not CITES listed) or pose little threat of invasion according to importing authorities. This reciprocal list does not require negotiation of new international treaties and will simply piggy-back on existing treaties. In addition, it will shift the 'burden of proof', including the financial investment required for species Green Data listing, the verification of origins, taxonomic and conservation status determination, from regulating authorities to traders.     

Elements for a non-detriment finding of Cedrela spp. in Bolivia—A CITES implementation case study

Cedrela odorata and C. fissilis are two tropical tree species that have been widely harvested for their timber. In response to this heavy exploitation, the species have been listed in Appendix III of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). The aim of this study was to provide important elements necessary for the making of CITES Non-Detriment Findings for Cedrela spp. in Bolivia using a wide variety of sources of information on its distribution, population structure, and management at multiple spatial scales. A national large-scale database of forest inventories was created, including information about trees of certain species with diameter at breast height (dbh) ≥20. These data were used to make non-detriment findings (NDFs) following CITES guidance for timber species. Spatial prediction of Cedrela habitat revealed a consistent pattern of habitat probability across Bolivia. The genus occurs in areas formerly or currently occupied by ten of the twelve forest types described as habitat for Cedrela odorata and C. fissilis, with a density ranging from 0.4 to 159 trees > 60 cm dbh per 100 ha. Based on these data, the annual export quota for Cedrela in Bolivia should be 3513.1 m³ of timber. This country-level case study could provide a roadmap for other studies that may eventually lead to uplisting the genus. Including Cedrela in CITES Appendix II may help to ensure that its harvest to supply international markets is conducted in a sustainable manner, without damaging the target species or their ecosystem.     

Wildlife trade,CITES and the protection of marine molluscs in Indonesia

ABSTRACT

Indonesia is a significant trader in marine molluscs and has a comprehensive legislative framework in place to protect and use molluscs sustainably. The recent inclusion of nautilus in Appendix II of CITES and the general lack of understanding of the level of protection and regulation Indonesia's marine molluscs receive necessitates a review of current laws and agreements. The most relevant are two legally binding international agreements, CITES and the CBD, and Law No 5, and Regulations 8 and 20, dealing with protection, preservation and exploration, respectively. Over the last 30 years, 12 species of mollusc have been legally protected in Indonesia and 7 are included in CITES Appendix II. Species that are not protected can be traded, provided quotas have been set for their commercial exploitation. Seizure data suggest that the illegal trade is considerable – on average almost 10,000 shells/year are confiscated. Seizures do not lead to prosecutions. It is recommended that (a) those involved in the trade of Indonesian marine molluscs need to familiarise themselves better with current legislation and regulation, (b) monitoring of domestic and international trade in marine molluscs needs to be better coordinated and intensified and (c) prosecutions for those trading illegally in marine molluscs need to increase.     

A case study of stakeholder perspective and experience with wild American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) conservation efforts in Pennsylvania, U.S.A.: limitations to a CITES driven, top-down regulatory approach

Following its inclusion in Appendix II of Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), the harvest, sale and trade of wild ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) for international commerce has been restricted by law in Pennsylvania since the late 1980s. Since then, exports from the state have declined driving the need to better understand the impact of CITES listing and related state and federal laws. Between 2004 and 2010, we conducted a mixed-methods study in Pennsylvania of stakeholder perspectives on state and federal government conservation efforts and experiences relating to enforcement of harvest and trade restrictions. Results from a survey, key informant interviews, and facilitated group discussions indicate widespread support for ginseng conservation efforts but, not with the CITES driven, top-down regulatory approach. It was widely asserted that ginseng stewardship has been, and will continue to be, governed by personal experience, family teachings, and industry norms and not CITES driven restrictions per se. Moreover, study participants were unable to cite instances where prosecution for ginseng-related “crimes” had occurred within their networks and most believed laws are an ineffective deterrent to “bad behavior.” This emic is externally validated by the fact that agency enforcement is constrained by limited personnel and jurisdictional boundaries, not least of which is an inability to enforce on private lands in the state. These findings suggest that a CITES driven regulatory approach has limitations in actually conserving wild ginseng in Pennsylvania, and suggests that this approach should be complemented by stakeholder supported “bottom-up” partnerships involving greater stakeholder participation, such as government-sponsored or supported ginseng planting programs to counter over-exploitation by collectors and/or extirpation resulting from habitat loss.     

Testing the Effectiveness of an International Conservation Agreement: Marketplace Forensics and CITES Caviar Trade Regulation

Background

The international wildlife trade is a key threat to biodiversity. Temporal genetic marketplace monitoring can determine if wildlife trade regulation efforts such as the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) are succeeding. Protected under CITES effective 1997, sturgeons and paddlefishes, the producers of black caviar, are flagship CITES species.

Methodology/Principal Findings

We test whether CITES has limited the amount of fraudulent black caviar reaching the marketplace. Using mitochondrial DNA-based methods, we compare mislabeling in caviar and meat purchased in the New York City area pre and post CITES listing. Our recent sampling of this market reveals a decrease in mislabeled caviar (2006–2008; 10%; n = 90) compared to pre-CITES implementation (1995–1996; 19%; n = 95). Mislabeled caviar was found only in online purchase (n = 49 online/41 retail).

Conclusions/Significance

Stricter controls on importing and exporting as per CITES policies may be having a positive conservation effect by limiting the amount of fraudulent caviar reaching the marketplace. Sturgeons and paddlefishes remain a conservation priority, however, due to continued overfishing and habitat degradation. Other marine and aquatic species stand to benefit from the international trade regulation that can result from CITES listing.     

‘Skullduggery’: Lions Align and Their Mandibles Rock!

South Africa has legally exported substantial quantities of lion bones to Southeast Asia and China since 2008, apparently as part of the multinational trade substituting bones and body parts of other large cats for those of the tiger in wine and other health tonics. The legal sale of lion bones may mask an illegal trade, the size of which is only partially known. An observed component of the illegal trade is that quantities of skeletons are sometimes declared falsely/fraudulently on CITES export permits. Furthermore, there are emerging concerns that bones from tigers reared in captivity in South Africa and elsewhere are being laundered as lion bones using CITES Appendix II permits. There is therefore a need for tools to monitor the trade in lion body parts and to distinguish between lions and tigers. Our research indicates that it is possible to use skeletons, skulls and cranial sutures to detect misdeclarations in the lion bone trade. It is also possible to use the average mass of a lion skeleton to corroborate the numbers of skeletons declared on CITES permits, relative to the weight of the consolidated consignments stated on the air waybills. When the mass of consolidated consignments of skeletons destined for export was regressed against the number of skeletons in that consignment, there was a strong correlation between the variables (r² = 0.992) that can be used as a predictor of the accuracy of a declaration on a CITES permit. Additionally, the skulls of lions and tigers differ: two cranial sutures of lions align and their mandibles rock when placed on a flat surface, whereas the cranial sutures of tigers are not aligned and their mandibles rest naturally on two contact points. These two morphological differences between the skulls of tigers and lions are easy to observe at a glance and provide a method for distinguishing between the species if illegal trade in the bones is suspected and the skulls are present. These identifications should ideally be confirmed by a DNA test to provide rigorous evidence to prosecute offenders violating CITES regulations.