亚洲飞蝗不同发育阶段取食习性的研究

为探明亚洲飞蝗食物选择机制及寄主植物对其生长发育的影响,基于对比称重法、取食频数测定和人工饲喂方式,对亚洲飞蝗不同龄期食量变化、对不同寄主植物喜食程度及主要寄主植物对其生长发育的影响进行研究。结果表明:雌性飞蝗4龄至成虫阶段日取食量分别为0.39±0.02、0.50±0.02、0.75±0.07 g/d。雄性飞蝗4龄至成虫阶段的日取食量分别为0.30±0.06、0.41±0.03、0.71±0.11 g/d。同性别亚洲飞蝗不同发育阶段日取食量间均存在极显著差异。选取小麦、玉米、芦苇、早熟禾、苜蓿、冷蒿等植物,进行取食频数测定。亚洲飞蝗3龄蝗蝻喜食小麦和芦苇,少食苜蓿和早熟禾,偶食玉米,不食冷蒿。4龄蝗蝻嗜食玉米,喜食小麦,少食芦苇,偶食早熟禾,不食苜蓿和冷蒿;5龄蝗蝻喜食小麦,少食芦苇、玉米和早熟禾,偶食苜蓿,不食冷蒿。成虫喜食小麦和玉米,少食芦苇和早熟禾,不食苜蓿和冷蒿。分别以小麦、玉米、芦苇及三者同比例混合物饲养亚洲飞蝗3龄、4龄、5龄蝗蝻后,不同龄期蝗蝻发育历期、交配次数、产卵次数均存在极显著差异。亚洲飞蝗随着年龄段的增长取食量逐渐增加,而亚洲飞蝗同一发育阶段雌性与雄性取食量之间没有显著差异。亚洲飞蝗在每个年龄段对不同的寄主植物具有选择性,主要取食的寄主植物为小麦、玉米和芦苇。与单种饲料饲养相比,以混合饲料饲养的亚洲飞蝗发育历期最短,交配次数最少,产卵次数最多。不同寄主植物对其生长发育有显著的影响。     

食物变化量对艾虎取食行为的影响

在室内条件下,通过双通道选择实验比较艾虎在不同饥饿条件下对固定食物量斑块和变化食物量斑块的利用程度,确定艾虎对食物变化量的敏感性,以验证风险敏感取食原理。研究结果表明,训练期实验中,艾虎对固定食物量斑块中的取食量和利用频次明显高于变化食物量斑块,而对两个斑块的利用时间基本相同;艾虎饥饿一天后对固定食物量斑块中的利用频次明显高于变化食物量斑块,而对两个斑块的利用时间和取食量基本相同;艾虎饥饿两天后对两个斑块利用程度与训练期的结果相同;同时,艾虎在两个斑块中的取食量均与饥饿程度无关,而对两个斑块的利用时间和利用频次均随饥饿程度明显降低。因此,艾虎对固定食物量斑块和变化食物量斑块的利用程度基本相同,食物变化量对艾虎的取食行为没有明显影响,艾虎对食物变化量是不敏感的。产生这种结果的主要原因可能是艾虎的能量代谢水平较低,在食物受到限制时主要采用降低活动使单位活动时间内所获得的能量值达到最大的取食对策增加自身的存活机率。     

食物变化量对艾虎取食行为的影响

在室内条件下,通过双通道选择实验比较艾虎在不同饥饿条件下对固定食物量斑块和变化食物量斑块的利用程度,确定艾虎对食物变化量的敏感性,以验证风险敏感取食原理。研究结果表明,训练期实验中,艾虎对固定食物量斑块中的取食量和利用频次明显高于变化食物量斑块,而对两个斑块的利用时间基本相同;艾虎饥饿一天后对固定食物量斑块中的利用频次明显高于变化食物量斑块,而对两个斑块的利用时间和取食量基本相同;艾虎饥饿两天后对两个斑块利用程度与训练期的结果相同;同时,艾虎在两个斑块中的取食量均与饥饿程度无关,而对两个斑块的利用时间和利用频次均随饥饿程度明显降低。因此,艾虎对固定食物量斑块和变化食物量斑块的利用程度基本相同,食物变化量对艾虎的取食行为没有明显影响,艾虎对食物变化量是不敏感的。产生这种结果的主要原因可能是艾虎的能量代谢水平较低,在食物受到限制时主要采用降低活动使单位活动时间内所获得的能量值达到最大的取食对策增加自身的存活机率。     

明纹柏松毛虫各龄幼虫取食量和排粪量

观察明纹柏松毛虫Dendrolimus suffuscus illustratus Lajonquiere各龄幼虫取食习性和排粪规律,测量各龄幼虫的取食量和排粪量.结果表明,1)明纹柏松毛虫幼虫多为8个龄期,幼虫全期取食,主要在夜间进食,取食量和排粪量随着幼虫龄期的增大而增加,其中第7龄和第8龄幼虫的平均取食量和排粪量...     

麦长管蚜有翅成蚜母代饥饿对其后代发育和繁殖的影响

【目的】分析麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae有翅成蚜饥饿胁迫下的母性效应,为迁飞性有翅蚜在新栖息地的成功定殖和种群延续研究提供依据。【方法】以正常取食个体为对照,观察麦长管蚜有翅成蚜饥饿24, 48, 72, 96, 120和144 h后的存活率以及恢复取食后24 h之内初产后代数、个体大小和随后生长发育与繁殖情况,评价母代饥饿胁迫对后代的潜在影响。【结果】在同一处理时间,饥饿组麦长管蚜有翅成蚜的存活率均低于正常取食对照,且在饥饿胁迫期间很少产仔,但恢复取食后24 h之内初产后代数高于正常取食对照。随母代饥饿时间延长,恢复取食后24 h之内初产后代的个体大小随饥饿时间延长而减小,当饥饿时间≥96 h,有翅成蚜初产后代的个体大小显著小于同一时间取食个体的初产后代。将恢复取食后24 h之内的初产后代在正常取食条件下单头饲养,发现随母代饥饿胁迫时间延长,其后代的若虫历期显著延长,其中母代经120 h和144 h饥饿胁迫后,相比于同一时间取食有翅成蚜的后代若虫历期,分别延长了15.1%和15.8%,差异达显著水平。但母代饥饿时间并不影响恢复取食后24 h之内所产后代的若虫存活率、无翅蚜率以及成虫寿命和产仔量。【结论】麦长管蚜有翅成蚜母代饥饿可使其存活率降低,但恢复取食后24 h之内初产后代数高于同一时间正常取食个体;母代饥饿时间延长,恢复取食后24 h之内初产后代的个体大小减小,若虫历期延长,而对恢复取食后24 h之内所产后代的若虫存活率、无翅蚜率以及成虫寿命和产仔量并无影响,这种适应性反应可能是迁飞性有翅蚜在新栖息地成功定殖的重要因素之一。     

空心莲子草叶甲成虫取食量和耐饥饿能力的研究

空心莲子草叶甲是空心莲子草重要的专食性天敌昆虫。本文研究了在室温条件下,空心莲子草叶甲成虫对空心莲子草的取食量以及耐饥饿能力。结果表明：雌虫日取食量为47．0～104．0mm^2（12．2-27．0mg）,雄虫日取食量为14．0～48．0mm^2（3．6～12．5mg）。雌虫日平均取食量为72．1mm^2（18．7mg）,是雄虫的日平均取食量27．6mm^2（7．2mg）的2．61倍。雌虫耐饥饿能力比雄虫强。     

不同饥饿程度的拟小食螨瓢虫成虫摄食朱砂叶螨前后的运动格局变化

【目的】对比分析饥饿和未饥饿的拟小食螨瓢虫Stethorus parapauperculus成虫取食朱砂叶螨Tetranychus cinnabarinus前后的运动格局变化,为探明其搜索行为的生态学机制提供参考。【方法】基于Nakamuta装置原理,跟踪并绘制拟小食螨瓢虫成虫取食前后的运动轨迹,采用ArcGIS空间分析模块对运动轨迹进行处理,获取其统计参数,对比分析该瓢虫在两种状态下取食前后的搜索距离、搜索速度、搜索角度变化等特征,并阐述其搜索行为特性。【结果】饥饿24 h和未饥饿瓢虫取食单头朱砂叶螨所需时间分别为(5.99±0.91)min和(2.25±0.58)min。饥饿24 h的瓢虫在取食前多呈直线或锐角行走,运动轨迹主要分布于试验区域近边缘处,且各停点间曲线距离、搜索速度均大于取食后;取食后掉头次数频繁,活动角度转换增大,运动轨迹主要在猎物附近区域进行搜索,且在取食后60~75 s的搜索距离、搜索速度与取食前均存在显著差异。未饥饿状态瓢虫取食前后运动轨迹角度波动较大,无明显规律,且各停点间的曲线长度、搜索速度经t检验无显著差异。【结论】拟小食螨瓢虫成虫对猎物的搜索行为受其饥饿状态的影响。饥饿状态下,取食前为广域型搜索,取食后一段时间内为地域集中型搜索;未饥饿状态下的瓢虫取食前后的搜索行为则无明显规律,其搜索类型兼有广域和地域集中型搜索特征,具有一定随机性。     

捕食风险对不同饥饿状态下艾虎取食行为的影响

在室内条件下,将大鵟作为艾虎的天敌动物,通过双通道选择实验确定6 只成体艾虎在3 个捕食风险水平和4 种饥饿状态条件下的取食行为,探讨艾虎在取食过程中对饥饿风险与捕食风险的权衡策略。研究结果表明:在无捕食风险存在时,艾虎被剥夺食物0 d 和1 d 后对食物量不同的两个斑块中的取食量和利用频次均无明显不同(P > 0. 05),但对高食物量斑块的利用时间均明显高于低食物量斑块的(P <0.05),而艾虎被剥夺食物2 d和3 d后对高食物量斑块中的取食量和利用时间均明显高于低食物量斑块中的(P < 0.05),但在利用频次上均无明显差异(P > 0.05)。在面临低风险时,艾虎在4 种饥饿状态下均只利用无天敌动物存在的低食物量斑块,而基本不利用有天敌动物存在的高食物量斑块。在面临高风险时,艾虎不得不利用有天敌动物存在的食物斑块,被剥夺食物0 d 时艾虎对无风险、无食物量斑块的利用时间基本相同于对高风险、有食物量斑块的利用时间(P>0.05),而被剥夺食物1d、2 d 和3 d 后艾虎对高风险、有食物量斑块的利用时间明显高于无风险、无食物量斑块的(P< 0. 05)。在相同风险条件下,随着饥饿程度增加,艾虎在斑块中的取食量均明显增加(P< 0.05),而对斑块的利用时间和利用频次明显降低(P<0.05)。在相同的饥饿状态下,不同风险水平时,艾虎在斑块中的取食量无明显的差异(P>0.05),但在低风险和高风险时对斑块的利用时间和频次均明显低于无风险时的(P <0.05)。以上结果说明艾虎能够根据食物摄取率和自身的能量需求在捕食风险和饥饿风险之间做出权衡,当饥饿风险小于捕食风险时,艾虎趋于躲避捕食风险,当饥饿风险大于捕食风险时,艾虎趋于面对捕食风险,所采用的取食策略是减少活动时间和能量消耗,最大程度地提高单位时间内获得的能量。     

印度四种蝗科农业害虫的取食量定量测定及据此推测的亲缘关系

【目的】害虫的取食潜力反映了其生态学和经济学特性,这些知识有助于扩展其控制措施。能否将害虫物种按亲缘关系的远近进行分组,对它们在发育或成熟期的取食量进行定量排序？了解不同害虫种类的取食模式有助于这一问题的解答。 【方法】对印度4种蝗科农业害虫--等岐蔗蝗Hieroglyphus banian (Fab.), 暗翅剑角蝗Acrida exaltata (Walk.), 中华板胸蝗Spathosternum prasiniferum prasiniferum (Walk.) 和 Oxya fuscovittata (Mars.)的取食量进行了定量测定,估测了4种害虫雌雄各若虫龄期及整个成虫期的每日取食量和总取食量。【结果】基于其多食性特征和存在多种食物来源的情况,所有测试中均只提供最为偏好的寄主植物。在研究的4种害虫中,观察到相同的取食率模式,取食率随着若虫龄期的增加而逐步增加。4种害虫的雌虫取食量均显著高于雄虫,且成虫期害虫的取食量显著高于幼期。各龄若虫和成虫的取食量与对应的若虫或成虫历期明显相关。就整个生活期的取食量和平均存活率而言,暗翅剑角蝗A. exaltata 和中华板胸蝗S. pr. prasiniferum 的亲缘关系比其他两种昆虫略近。就整个生活期的取食量和平均存活率而言,单化性害虫（等岐蔗蝗H. banian）和二化性害虫（暗翅剑角蝗A. exaltata) 比另外两种近缘的多化性害虫（中华板胸蝗S. pr. prasiniferum 和 O. fuscovittata）的亲缘关系更近一些。【结论】寿命长的物种(每年可完成1~2个世代)在取食潜力方面比寿命短的物种（每年完成2代以上的世代）更具有可比性。通过对多个不同化性的害虫物种的研究,使我们在这方面能达到更全面的认识。     

豚草和苍耳上广聚萤叶甲的寄主选择和取食量比较

为探究豚草与苍耳上的广聚萤叶甲种群是否存在分化,对来自这两种植物上的叶甲(分别称为"豚草叶甲"和"苍耳叶甲")进行了选择性试验,并测定了其对5种近缘植物的取食量.选择性试验结果表明,两群来源不同的叶甲对豚草和苍耳的选择偏好存在显著差异,表现为豚草叶甲更偏好豚草,而苍耳叶甲相对更偏好苍耳.对广聚萤叶甲成虫取食量的测定结果表明,对不同测试植物的取食量随来源寄主植物不同而存在显著差异,两群叶甲对向日葵的取食量存在显著差异,但对其他植物的取食量均无显著差异.豚草叶甲对豚草的取食量显著大干对其他测试植物的取食,24h平均取食量达51.27 mm2,而对其他4种植物的取食量无显著差异,均低于40 m2;苍耳叶甲取食豚草的量为52.24mm2(24 h),与取食向日葵和三裂叶豚草量无显著差异,但显著大干取食苍耳和菊芋的量,取食后两种植物的量没有显著差异.研究结果说明,苍耳属植物可能是广聚萤叶甲除豚草外的另一潜在寄主植物.     

Circadian rhythms in disaccharidases of rat small intestine and its relation to food intake.

The activities of maltase and sucrase of the small intestine were low at night and high in the daytime in rats which had been fed from 09.00 h to 15.00 h for 2 weeks. A remarkable rise of enzyme activities was observed at 08.00 h, 1 h before the start of feeding. The rhythmic changes in disaccharidase activities continued for at least 2 days after starvation, but completely disappeared after 5 days of starvation. It was suggested that the disaccharidase rhythms are not a direct consequence of food intake, but that anticipation of food intake acts as a trigger for initiation of the disaccharidase rhythms.     

食物和温湿度对二点委夜蛾幼虫取食和为害玉米苗的影响

【目的】调查显示,二点委夜蛾Athetis lepigone在田间的虫口密度与玉米被害率之间无明显的相关性,田间虫口密度并不能准确预测玉米苗被害率。为了探索二点委夜蛾幼虫发生量与玉米苗被害程度之间的关系,解释田间调查遇到的幼虫即使有时大量发生玉米苗却受损轻微的现象,本研究室内检测了外部环境条件如温度和湿度对二点委夜蛾幼虫取食为害玉米的影响以及昆虫自身的相关取食习性。【方法】将3龄末、4龄初二点委夜蛾幼虫分别置于下述8种温湿度和食物组合条件下进行处理：低温低湿无食物(15℃, 30%RH, 饥饿)、低温干燥无食物(15℃, 0%RH, 饥饿)、低温低湿有食物［15℃, 30%RH, 饲喂人工饲料(AD)］、低温干燥有食物(15℃, 0%RH, AD)、高温高湿有食物(36℃, 90%RH, AD)、高温干燥有食物(36℃, 0%RH, AD)、高温高湿无食物(36℃, 90%RH, 饥饿)、高温干燥无食物(36℃, 0%RH, 饥饿);处理4 h后,评价其对盆栽玉米苗的为害程度,并测定幼虫在4个不同温度(15℃, 24℃, 28℃和33℃)下对玉米叶片的取食量。分别用8种食物(马齿苋、紫苏、甘薯、白菜、大豆、南瓜和玉米叶叶片以及麦秸)将初孵幼虫驯化饲喂至3龄后,检测经过驯化处理后的幼虫对初始驯化食物、麦秸和和玉米叶片的选择性。【结果】在干燥条件下,无论是否经过饥饿处理,幼虫对玉米苗的为害程度均较高,尤其是高温干燥处理后,对玉米苗的平均为害级别达3.1级;低温干燥处理组和高温干燥处理组为害级别在4级以上(含4级)的幼苗数分别占幼苗总数的50%和40%。在15-33℃,二点委夜蛾幼虫的取食量随温度的升高而逐渐增加,48 h校正取食量分别为12.8, 31.8, 38.0和60.0 mg。用甘薯、白菜、大豆和南瓜叶片驯化的幼虫对初始驯化食物的选择率显著高于对玉米和麦秸的选择率;初始取食紫苏叶片的幼虫对紫苏和麦秸的选择率显著高于对玉米的选择性,初始取食玉米叶片、麦秸的幼虫分别对玉米、麦秸的选择性更高。【结论】干燥是二点委夜蛾幼虫增加对玉米摄入量的一个主要因素;二点委夜蛾适应短时高、低温的能力较强,在一定的温度范围(15-33℃),短时间内的取食量随温度升高而增加。作为干燥的一个辅助因素,温度通过影响二点委夜蛾幼虫的取食量而决定其为害玉米苗的程度;二点委夜蛾倾向于选择初孵幼虫最先接触的食物;二点委夜蛾在玉米苗上的发生为害在很大程度上取决于其自身食性。     

Increased food intake after starvation enhances sleep in Drosophila melanogaster

Feeding and sleep are highly conserved,interconnected behaviors essential for survival.Starvation has been shown to potently suppress sleep across species;however,whether satiety promotes sleep is still unclear.Here we use the fruit fly,Drosophila melanogaster,as a model organism to address the interaction between feeding and sleep.We first monitored the sleep of flies that had been starved for 24 h and found that sleep amount increased in the first 4 h after flies were given food.Increased sleep after starvation was due to an increase in sleep bout number and average sleep bout length.Mutants of translin or adipokinetic hormone,which fail to suppress sleep during starvation,still exhibited a sleep increase after starvation,suggesting that sleep increase after starvation is not a consequence of sleep loss during starvation.We also found that feeding activity and food consumption were higher in the first 10-30 min after starvation.Restricting food consumption in starved flies to 30 min was sufficient to increase sleep for 1 h.Although flies ingested a comparable amount of food at differing sucrose concentrations,sleep increase after starvation on a lower sucrose concentration was undetectable.Taken together,our results suggest that increased food intake after starvation enhances sleep and reveals a novel relationship between feeding and sleep.     

Starvation induced stress and the susceptibility of the Colorado potato beetle,Leptinotarsa decemlineata,to infection by Beauveria bassiana

Starvation of second instar Colorado potato beetle larvae for 24h immediately after treatment with Beauveria bassiana conidia increased susceptibility to the pathogen and subsequent sporulation of cadavers but decreased time to larval death. In feeding studies, B. bassiana-treatment had no effect on subsequent larval development, and mortality occurred 5-6 days after treatment. Twenty-four hours of starvation alone retarded subsequent larval development but did not affect mortality. Mortality of B. bassiana-treated starvation stressed larvae occurred 4-5 days after treatment. Both B. bassiana treatment and 24h starvation significantly reduced total foliage consumption and daily weight gains. On the day of treatment, B. bassiana had no effect on the efficiency with which food was converted to biomass (ECI). ECI was not affected by B. bassiana or starvation alone on the day following treatment but was significantly affected by a combination of both. When larvae were exposed to a range of limited food quantities, ECI decreased with decreasing food availability but only extreme stress (starvation for 24h) increased susceptibility to B. bassiana. Topical application of Dacryodes excelsa resin (an antifeedant) to potato leaves caused a concentration dependent reduction in foliage consumption and weight gain by second instar larvae but did not affect larval mortality. When larvae were exposed to a fixed concentration of B. bassiana and a range of antifeedant concentrations there were significant linear relationships between 24h larval weight gain and mortality and 24h larval weight gain and sporulation. The interaction between starvation stress and the susceptibility to B. bassiana infection is discussed and its possible implications in pest management considered.     

Age differences in food intake and dietary selection of wild male Japanese macaques

Age differences in food intake and dietary selection were studied for 8 months among wild male Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) under non-predatory situations. Juveniles' feeding time was longer than adult males' in some months, in particular in mating seasons, but did not differ in the other months. Juveniles' feeding speed was slower than that of adult males. However, the age difference in average feeding speed was smaller (90%) than that in expected daily energy expenditure (62–58%). The extent of age difference in feeding speed varied with the food type: the difference was large for fibrous foods, but small for fruits or seeds. As a consequence of the age differences in time spent feeding and feeding speed, the age difference in daily food intake was smaller than expected from metabolic demands. Thus, the hypothesis that juveniles are more vulnerable to starvation than adults was not supported among male Japanese macaques in predator-free Yakushima. Juveniles ate more animal matter, while adult males ate more fibrous foods.     

新烟碱类杀虫剂拌种对马铃薯甲虫幼虫食物利用和生长发育的影响

为研究马铃薯甲虫Leptinotarsa decemlineata（Say）幼虫取食新烟碱杀虫剂噻虫嗪和吡虫啉处理（有效成分18 g/100 kg种薯拌种）播种90 d后马铃薯叶片的消化吸收和生长发育情况,在室内采用重量法测定了幼虫取食量、体重增加量、食物利用率,近似消化率以及蛹重等营养指标。 结果表明：70%噻虫嗪种子处理可分散粉剂拌种后,马铃薯甲虫幼虫的取食量、体重增加量、食物利用率、食物转化率、近似消化率和相对生长率以及蛹重显著低于10%吡虫啉可湿性粉剂拌种和空白对照（P＜0.05）,发育历期显著长于10%吡虫啉可湿性粉剂拌种和空白对照（P＜0.05）;而10%吡虫啉可湿性粉剂拌种后,马铃薯甲虫幼虫的取食量和3～4龄期的体重增加量与空白对照差异显著（P＜0.05）,蛹重、1～2龄幼虫的体重增长量、食物利用率、食物转化率、近似消化率、相对生长率和生长发育历期与空白对照差异不显著（P＞0.05）。 说明70%噻虫嗪种子处理可分散粉剂拌种对马铃薯甲虫幼虫的取食有显著抑制作用,不能很好地满足其生长发育营养物质的需要,幼虫取食其叶片后,近似消化率和相对生长速率显著降低,生长发育历期显著延长。 这有利于减少当季世代数,降低危害。     

Change in significance of feeding during larval development in the yellow-spotted longicorn beetle, Psacothea hilaris

Larvae of the west-Japan type yellow-spotted longicorn beetle, Psacothea hilaris (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), show a long-day type photoperiodic response at 25 degrees C; under long-day conditions, larvae pupate after the fourth or fifth instar, while under short-day conditions, they undergo a few nonstationary supernumerary molts and eventually enter diapause. In the present study, the effect of food on the development and photoperiodic response of the larvae was examined with special reference to molting and pupation. Although the pupal body size was greatly affected by the food quality and the length of feeding, the critical day length for induction of metamorphosis at 25 degrees C was always between 13.5 and 14 h. Exposure to starvation of larvae reared on the standard diet revealed that the capability to pupate is acquired after a few days of feeding in the fourth instar. In the larvae that had acquired the capability to pupate, premature pupation was induced by exposure to starvation, indicating that feeding becomes dispensable long before it is normally terminated.     

Instar duration, adult consumption, oviposition and nitrogen utilization efficiencies of leafhoppers feeding on different quality food (Auchenorrhyncha: Homoptera)

Abstract. 1. Plant material of Holcus lanatus L. removed from an artificially fertilized trial was used to rear leafhoppers of three feeding types: Dicrano-tropis hamata Boheman and Ebmana sulphurella Zetterstedt, (phloem feeders), Eucelis incisus Kirschbaum (xylem feeder) and Zyginidia scutellaris Herrich-Schaeffer (mesophyll feeder).
2. In the laboratory, leafhopper instar durations, adult consumption rate, oviposition rate, and nitrogen utilization efficiency were influenced by the quality of the food consumed. Adult longevity was unaffected by the level of food quality normally found in plants.
3. Z.scutellanis consumed mesophyll contents equivalent to 72% of its body weight each day but only digested about 30% of its intake. Eincicus had a low dry weight consumption rate (12% body weight/day) but digested its food more efficiently (60%) than the other feeding types. The two phloem feeders consumed mounts equivalent to 25% of their body weight each day and digested 40–50% of their intake.
4. Each species reached maximum nitrogen utilization efficiencies at different plant nitrogen levels. This suggests that leafhopper species may be associated with a particular nitrogen concentration in the grasses.