基于生态地理分区的大兴安岭植被物候时空变化

植被与气候的关系十分密切,植被物候可作为全球气候变化的指示器.大兴安岭位于我国最北部,对气候变化较为敏感,研究该区植被物候的时空变化对评估全球变化对陆地生态系统的影响具有重要意义.依据中国生态地理区划图,将大兴安岭划分为4个生态研究区域,本文利用GIMMS NDVI 3g遥感数据集分析1982—2012年大兴安岭整体及各生态地理分区植被物候变化.结果表明: 研究期间,所有分区植被生长季开始日期均表现为提前趋势,生长季结束日期均表现为推迟趋势.植被物候对气候因子变化敏感,尤其是对气温的敏感程度高于降水,其中,北段山地落叶针叶林区植被生长季开始日期与春季温度呈显著负相关;除南段草原区外,其他3个分区植被生长季结束日期均与秋季降水呈显著负相关.从整体来看,植被物候随海拔、纬度的变化趋势明显.     

东北地区植被物候期遥感模拟与变化规律

使用1982—2003年GIMMS-NDVI数据,借助GIS空间分析功能,提取东北地区不同植被NDVI时间序列数据,使用分段式Logistic函数模拟了东北地区不同植被物候期,分析了1982—2003年不同植被物候期的变化趋势。结果表明:针叶林、阔叶林、草丛、草甸和沼泽植被生长季开始日期提前,生长季延长,其中沼泽植被生长季开始日期提前和生长季延长的趋势明显,针叶林次之;结束日期的变化趋势表现不一,针叶林和沼泽植被生长季结束日期推迟,阔叶林、草丛和草甸植被呈现微弱提前趋势;针阔混交林、灌丛、草原和农田植被生长季开始日期推迟,生长季缩短,其中农田植被生长季开始日期推迟和生长季缩短的趋势明显,草原次之;针阔混交林、灌丛、草原和农田4种植被生长季结束日期呈现提前的变化趋势,其中灌丛结束日期的提前趋势明显。     

东北地区植被物候对气候变化的响应

使用1982—2003年GIMMS-NDVI数据和气候数据,借助GIS空间分析和统计分析方法,分析了东北地区不同植被物候期与气候变化的关系。结果表明:22年东北地区年均温度以升高趋势为主,年降水量以减少趋势为主;针叶林、针阔叶混交林、阔叶林、草甸和沼泽植被生长季开始日期提前受春季温度升高影响显著(P<0.05)。春季降水对植被生长季开始日期变化影响较小,仅对针叶林生长季开始日期的推迟有显著的影响(P<0.05)。植被生长季结束日期受温度变化影响较小,仅草原植被生长季结束日期提前受秋季温度降低影响显著(P<0.05)。降水对东北地区植被生长季结束日期的变化影响高于温度。随着秋季降水量的减少,针阔叶混交林、草原和农田植被生长季结束日提前(P<0.05)。草丛生长季结束日期提前受夏季降水减少的影响显著(P<0.05);农田生长季结束日期提前亦受夏季和9月降水量减少的显著影响(P<0.05)。阔叶林和沼泽植被生长季延长受春季温度升高影响显著(P<0.05);灌丛植被生长季缩短受春季降水量减少影响显著(P<0.05);草丛和农田植被生长季延长受夏季降水量增加影响显著(P<0.05)。     

利用NOAA NDVI和MSAVI遥感监测中国北方不同纬度带植被生长季变化

将中国北方13个省按纬向划分为5个区域：32°～36°N（区域Ⅰ）、36°～40°N（区域Ⅱ）、40°～44°N（区域Ⅲ）、44°～48°N（区域Ⅳ）和48°～52°N（区域Ⅴ）,然后利用Savitzky-Golay滤波算法平滑了1982～1999年NOAA/AVHRR NDVI和MSAVI时间序列影像,基于经验正交函数（EOF）分析提取了不同区域植被NDVI和MSAVI主分量,估测了1982～1999年中国北方不同纬度带的植被生长季开始、结束和长度,最后对1982～1999年不同区域的生长季参数进行了线性拟合,分析了不同区域的植被生长季变化趋势.研究表明,不同纬度带的植被生长季开始日期均表现出不同程度的提前趋势,区域Ⅳ的植被生长季开始提前趋势最大;生长季结束日期呈现推迟的趋势,区域Ⅱ的植被活动结束日期的推迟趋势最大,而区域Ⅲ最小.整个生长季长度呈延长趋势,延长日期在10 d以上.     

基于NOAA NDVI和MSAVI研究中国北方植被生长季变化

利用1982～1999年的NOAA／AVHRRNDVI和MSAVI指数监测了中国北方植被生长季变化规律，主要内容包括：（1）不同植被类型的生长季变化监测。提取植被的1982～1999年NDVI和MSAVI时间序列，利用阈值法和滑动平均法逐年估测植被类型的生长季的开始、结束日期及长度。对估测的生长季开始、结束时间和长度进行一次线性拟合，得到了18a中植被生长季的开始、结束日期和长度的线性变化趋势；（2）不同区域的植被生长季变化监测。将中国北方13省、区按纬向划分为32～36°N，36～40°N，40～44°N，44～48°N，48-52°N等5个区域。基于最大变化斜率法估测了不同年份的生长季开始、结束和长度；（3）研究区域植被生长季的空间变化监测。利用曲线拟合出1982～1999年像元对应的空间位置的植被平均生长季变化，然后讨论了多年平均的植被生长季的空间分异规律，并利用一次线性拟合分析了这18a的植被生长季的变化趋势。结果表明：部分植被类型生长季的开始日期提前，结束日期推迟，而生长季长度延长，提前或推迟的天数不一，如典型草原、荒漠草原、寒温带山地落叶针叶林。而一些植被类型的生长季并没有表现出这样的趋势，而是开始日期延迟或结束日期推迟，如温带落叶阔叶林。不同纬度带的植被生长季变化监测表明，大部分纬度带植被生长季开始日期都表现出不同程度的提前趋势，生长季结束日期表现出推迟的趋势，整个生长季长度表现出延长的趋势。中国北方植被生长季空间变化研究表明，青海、甘肃、陕南地区的植被生长季开始较早。新疆天山、东北北部、青海、甘肃的部分地区植被生长季结束较早。东北、青海、新疆的大部分地区的植被生长季有明显的延长趋势，整个研究区内有一部分地区的植被生长季长度表现出缩短的趋势。     

我国东部温带植物群落的季相及其时空变化特征

 植物群落季相阶段的划分,对于诊断地方、区域和全球尺度上生态系统对气候变化的快速响应和进行遥感植被生长季节的地面检验,具有重要 的科学意义。该文利用物候累积频率拟合法对我国东部温带地区7个站点1982～1996年的植物群落季相阶段进行划分,并分析了植物群落季相的 空间差异和年际变化及其与气候因子的关系。结果表明：1）各站点多年平均变绿期和旺盛光合期初日随纬度的升高而推迟,凋落期和休眠期初 日随纬度的升高而提前;多年平均变绿期、旺盛光合期和凋落期长度随纬度的变化不甚明显,而休眠期则随纬度的升高明显延长;2）在研究期 间内,站点平均变绿期初日以0.6 d&;#8226;a^－1的平均速率显著提前,且长度以0.7 d&;#8226;a^－1的平均速率显著延长;旺盛光合期初日呈不显著推迟,长 度呈不显著缩短;凋落期初日呈微弱提前,长度呈微弱延长;休眠期初日呈微弱提前,但长度却以0.9 d&;#8226;a^－1的平均速率显著缩短;3）站点平 均变绿期初日与当月平均气温的负相关显著,平均气温每升高1 ℃,初日提前约4.3 d;站点平均旺盛光合期初日与初日前第二个月到初日当月 平均气温的负相关显著,平均气温每升高1 ℃,初日提前约4.4 d;站点平均凋落期和休眠期初日与气温的相关均不显著。     

2003-2018年米仓山地区植被物候时空变化及对气候的响应

植被物候直接反映了植被对环境变化响应的动态过程,对研究植被与气候的关系具有重要意义。基于遥感植被时序数据,探讨秦巴山区典型山地-米仓山地区植被物候变化及其对气候的响应。利用MODIS NDVI时序数据,采用动态阈值法获取米仓山地区植被物候参数;借助于Theil Sen斜率、Mann Kendall趋势检验方法结合植被类型数据分析研究区物候时空变化;采用偏相关方法分析物候变化与气温和降水之间的关系。结果表明：（1）米仓山地区植被生长季始期（SOS）主要集中在第80-110d,海拔每上升100m,SOS大约推迟0.6d;生长季末期（EOS）主要集中在第250-300d;生长季长度（LOS）主要集中在130-210d。除低海拔区域受人类活动影响物候波动较大外,EOS和LOS随海拔变化存在2000m分界线,其下物候随海拔升高物候明显推迟或缩短,其上物候变化趋于平缓。（2）16a来植被SOS呈提前趋势,提前幅度为0.47d/a,提前的像元占74.03%,其中,达到显著提前的像元占12.21%（P<0.1）;EOS整体呈提前趋势,提前幅度为0.22d/a;LOS略有延长,延长幅度为0.26d/a。（3）区域常绿型森林植被SOS晚于同垂直带的落叶型森林植被;草地、常绿阔叶灌木林SOS提前趋势最明显,变化率分别为-0.80、-0.71d/a;EOS提前趋势最明显的是针阔混交林和落叶阔叶林。（4） SOS主要受3月平均气温和4月降水的影响,3月平均气温升高以及4月降水增加导致SOS提前;EOS主要受10月降水的负向影响。     

甘肃河东地区植被物候及其对气候变化的响应

探究中纬度地区的植被物候及其对气候变化的响应,对理解生态系统对气候变化的响应以及预测区域生态系统的碳循环至关重要。本文基于2000—2018年MODIS EVI数据,利用非对称高斯函数(A-G)与动态阈值法提取森林与草地物候参数,结合气象数据探究河东地区植被物候与气候变化的响应关系。结果表明：森林与草地物候参数存在显著差异,两者生长季始期(start of growing season, SOS)的趋势均提前,生长季末期(end of growing season, EOS)的趋势分别提前和推迟,其中整体SOS呈提前趋势的面积占比61%,EOS呈推迟趋势的面积占比41%,生长季长度(length of growing season, LOS)呈延长趋势的面积占比53%;随着海拔和纬度的上升,植被SOS、EOS和LOS分别呈推迟、提前和缩短的趋势发展,但这种趋势正在减弱;季前气候对SOS和EOS存在不同程度、方向的影响,秋冬季高温推迟SOS,春季高温则提前SOS,春夏季降水增加提前EOS,秋季高温推迟EOS,且对于河东地区而言,最低气温影响更为显著;森林与草地之间对于气候变化的响应程度存...     

滇中城市群植被物候时空变化及其对城市化的响应

植被物候是响应外界环境变化的重要感应器，本文基于MOD13Q1 EVI数据，采用动态阈值法提取滇中城市群2001—2020年的植被物候参数，即生长季开始期、生长季结束期和生长季长度，揭示植被物候时空变化特征及城乡差异。结果表明：2001—2020年，滇中城市群植被总体呈现生长季开始期推迟、生长季结束期推迟(每年推迟0.66 d)和生长季长度延长的现象；相较于郊区和乡村地区，城区植被近20年的生长季开始期提前(每年1.05 d),生长季结束期推迟(每年0.91 d),生长季长度延长(每年1.79 d)。在城区-郊区-乡村梯度上，植被物候表现出显著的差异性，城区植被平均每年生长季开始期最早，结束期最早，且生长季长度最长，尤其在城区及向外0～2 km范围内变化最明显。随人口密度、人均GDP和建成区面积占比的增大，城区植被物候生长季开始期显著提前，生长季结束期显著推迟，生长季长度显著延长。植被各物候期及其持续时间在城区-郊区-乡村梯度上对环境变化的敏感度不同，研究区人口密度和建成区面积占比对滇中城市群植被生长季结束期的推迟有重要影响。     

我国东部北亚热带植物群落季相的时空变化

研究我国东部亚热带植物群落物候与气候变化的关系,对于揭示东部季风区生态系统对气候变化响应的整体特征和空间分异,具有重要的科学意义。作者利用物候累积频率拟合法对盐城、武汉、合肥、屯溪1982-1996年的植物群落季相阶段进行划分,并分析了季相阶段的时空变化及其与气温的统计关系。结果表明：（1）各站多年平均变绿期、旺盛光合期和休眠期初日均有随海拔升高而推迟的倾向,而多年平均季相阶段长度的空间分异特征不明显。休眠期初日随海拔升高而推迟的事实表明,树木秋季叶变色和落叶除受到气温的影响外,还可能与光照和霜等其它环境因素有关,从而使得海拔升高对秋季物候期提早的影响有所削弱,其生态机制有待进一步研究。（2）各站变绿期初日以提前为主,长度以延长为主;旺盛光合期和凋落期初日均以提前为主,长度延长与缩短参半;休眠期初日提前与推迟参半,长度以缩短为主。（3）各站变绿期和旺盛光合期初日与前期平均气温多呈显著负相关,而凋落期和休眠期初日与前期平均气温相关不显著。利用最佳时段气温-物候回归模型重建的1982-2006年季相阶段初日的时间序列显示,盐城、武汉和屯溪的变绿期初日呈显著提前的趋势,盐城、合肥和武汉旺盛光合期初日也呈显著提前的趋势。值得注意的是,在2002-2006年期间,各站变绿期和旺盛光合期初日均表现出明显推迟的倾向,与各地该时段前期平均气温呈下降的倾向一致。（4）从北亚热带各站到温带北部的哈尔滨,平均每向北1个纬度,多年平均变绿期和旺盛光合期初日分别显著推迟2.7-4.0 d和1.8-2.8 d,而长度则多呈不显著缩短的趋势;凋落期初日提前不显著,但长度显著缩短1.8-2.6 d;休眠期初日显著提前2.9-3.3 d,且长度显著延长5.8-7.0 d。总体上看,上述观测事实符合植物物候空间变化的一般规律,即在生长季节前半段,低纬地区的植物物候早于高纬地区;在生长季节后半段,高纬地区的植物物候早于低纬地区。     

Spatial and temporal variation of phenological growing season and climate change impacts in temperate eastern China

Using phenological and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data from 1982 to 1993 at seven sample stations in temperate eastern China, we calculated the cumulative frequency of leaf unfolding and leaf coloration dates for deciduous species every 5 days throughout the study period. Then, we determined the growing season beginning and end dates by computing times when 50% of the species had undergone leaf unfolding and leaf coloration for each station year. Next, we used these beginning and end dates of the growing season as time markers to determine corresponding threshold NDVI values on NDVI curves for the pixels overlaying phenological stations. Based on a cluster analysis, we determined extrapolation areas for each phenological station in every year, and then implemented the spatial extrapolation of growing season parameters from the seven sample stations to all possible meteorological stations in the study area. Results show that spatial patterns of growing season beginning and end dates correlate significantly with spatial patterns of mean air temperatures in spring and autumn, respectively. Contrasting with results from similar studies in Europe and North America, our study suggests that there is a significant delay in leaf coloration dates, along with a less pronounced advance of leaf unfolding dates in different latitudinal zones and the whole area from 1982 to 1993. The growing season has been extended by 1.4–3.6 days per year in the northern zones and by 1.4 days per year across the entire study area on average. The apparent delay in growing season end dates is associated with regional cooling from late spring to summer, while the insignificant advancement in beginning dates corresponds to inconsistent temperature trend changes from late winter to spring. On an interannual basis, growing season beginning and end dates correlate negatively with mean air temperatures from February to April and from May to June, respectively.     

An analysis of relationships among plant community phenology and seasonal metrics of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index in the northern part of the monsoon region of China

This study focuses on relationships between the phenological growing season of plant communities and the seasonal metrics of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) at sample stations and pixels overlying them, and explores the procedure for determining the growing season of terrestrial vegetation at the regional scale, using threshold NDVI values obtained by surface–satellite analysis at individual stations/pixels. The cumulative frequency of phenophases has been calculated for each plant community and each year in order to determine the growing season at the three sample stations from 1982 to 1993. The precise thresholds were arbitrarily set as the dates on which the phenological cumulative frequency reached 5% and 10% (for the beginning) and 90% and 95% (for the end). The beginning and end dates of the growing season were then applied each year as time thresholds, to determine the corresponding 10-day peak greenness values from NDVI curves for 8-km² pixels overlying the phenological stations. According to a trend analysis, a lengthening of the growing seasons and an increase of the integrated growing season NDVI have been detected in the central part of the research region. The correlation between the beginning dates of the growing season and the corresponding threshold NDVI values is very low, which indicates that the satellite-sensor-derived greenness is independent of the beginning time of the growing season of local plant communities. Other than in spring, the correlation between the end dates of the growing season and the corresponding threshold NDVI values is highly significant. The negative correlation shows that the earlier the growing season terminates, the larger the corresponding threshold NDVI value, and vice versa. In order to estimate the beginning and end dates of the growing season using the threshold NDVI values at sites without phenological data from 1982 to 1993, we calculated the spatial correlation coefficients between NDVI time-series at each sample station and other contiguous sites year by year. The results provide the spatial extrapolation area of the growing season for each sample station. Thus, we can use the threshold NDVI value obtained at one sample station/pixel for a year to determine the growing season at the extrapolation sites with a similar vegetation type for the same year. Received: 25 October 2000 / Revised: 19 June 2001 / Accepted: 19 June 2001     

Remote sensing of larch phenological cycle and analysis of relationships with climate in the Alpine region

This research aims at developing a remote sensing technique for monitoring the interannual variability of the European larch phenological cycle in the Alpine region of Aosta Valley (Northern Italy) and to evaluate its relationships with climatic factors. Phenological field observations were conducted in eight test sites from 2005 to 2007 to determine the dates of completion of different phenological phases. MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) 250 m 16‐days normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) time series were fitted with double logistic curves and the dates corresponding to different features of the curves were determined. Comparison with field data showed that the features of the fitted NDVI curve that allowed the best estimate of the start and end of the growing season were the zeroes of its third derivative (MAE of 6 and 4 days, respectively). The start and end of season were also estimated with the spring warming (SW) and growing season index (GSI) phenological models. MODIS start and end of season dates generally agreed with those obtained by the SW and GSI climate‐driven phenological models. However, phenological models provided erroneous results when applied in years with anomalous meteorological conditions. The relationships between interannual variability of the larch phenological cycle and climate were investigated by comparing the mean start and end of season yearly anomalies with air temperature anomalies. A strong linear relationship (R²=0.91) was found between mean spring temperatures and mean start of season dates, with an increase of 1 °C in mean spring temperature leading to a 7‐day anticipation of mean larch bud‐burst date. Leaf coloring dates were found to be best related with mean September temperature (R²=0.77), but with higher spring temperatures appearing to lead to earlier leaf coloring.     

Determining the growing season of land vegetation on the basis of plant phenology and satellite data in Northern China

The objectives of this study are to explore the relationships between plant phenology and satellite-sensor-derived measures of greenness, and to advance a new procedure for determining the growing season of land vegetation at the regional scale. Three phenological stations were selected as sample sites to represent different climatic zones and vegetation types in northern China. The mixed data set consists of occurrence dates of all observed phenophases for 50–70 kinds of trees and shrubs from 1983 to 1988. Using these data, we calculated the cumulative frequency of phenophases in every 5-day period (pentad) throughout each year, and also drew the cumulative frequency distribution curve for all station-years, in order to reveal the typical seasonal characteristics of these plant communities. The growing season was set as the time interval between 5% and 95% of the phenological cumulative frequency. Average lengths of the growing season varied between 188 days in the northern, to 259 days in the southern part of the research region. The beginning and end dates of the surface growing season were then applied each year as time thresholds, to determine the corresponding 10-day peak greenness values from normalized difference vegetation index curves for 8-km² pixels overlying the phenological stations. Our results show that, at the beginning of the growing season, the largest average greenness value occurs in the southern part, then in the northern, and finally the middle part of the research region. In contrast, at the end of the growing season, the largest average greenness value is measured in the northern part, next in the middle and lastly the southern part of the research region. In future studies, these derived NDVI thresholds can be applied to determine the growing season of similar plant communities at other sites, which lack surface phenological data. Received: 29 November 1999 / Revised: 14 March 2000 / Accepted: 15 March 2000     

Greater phenological sensitivity to temperature on higher Scottish mountains: new insights from remote sensing

Mountain plants are considered among the species most vulnerable to climate change, especially at high latitudes where there is little potential for poleward or uphill dispersal. Satellite monitoring can reveal spatiotemporal variation in vegetation activity, offering a largely unexploited potential for studying responses of montane ecosystems to temperature and predicting phenological shifts driven by climate change. Here, a novel remote‐sensing phenology approach is developed that advances existing techniques by considering variation in vegetation activity across the whole year, rather than just focusing on event dates (e.g. start and end of season). Time series of two vegetation indices (VI), normalized difference VI (NDVI) and enhanced VI (EVI) were obtained from the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer MODIS satellite for 2786 Scottish mountain summits (600–1344 m elevation) in the years 2000–2011. NDVI and EVI time series were temporally interpolated to derive values on the first day of each month, for comparison with gridded monthly temperatures from the preceding period. These were regressed against temperature in the previous months, elevation and their interaction, showing significant variation in temperature sensitivity between months. Warm years were associated with high NDVI and EVI in spring and summer, whereas there was little effect of temperature in autumn and a negative effect in winter. Elevation was shown to mediate phenological change via a magnification of temperature responses on the highest mountains. Together, these predict that climate change will drive substantial changes in mountain summit phenology, especially by advancing spring growth at high elevations. The phenological plasticity underlying these temperature responses may allow long‐lived alpine plants to acclimate to warmer temperatures. Conversely, longer growing seasons may facilitate colonization and competitive exclusion by species currently restricted to lower elevations. In either case, these results show previously unreported seasonal and elevational variation in the temperature sensitivity of mountain vegetation activity.     

Phenological responses of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ulmus pumila</Emphasis> (Siberian Elm) to climate change in the temperate zone of China

Using Ulmus pumila (Siberian Elm) leaf unfolding and leaf fall phenological data from 46 stations in the temperate zone of China for the period 1986–2005, we detected linear trends in both start and end dates and length of the growing season. Moreover, we defined the optimum length period during which daily mean temperature affects the growing season start and end dates most markedly at each station in order to more precisely and rationally identify responses of the growing season to temperature. On average, the growing season start date advanced significantly at a rate of −4.0 days per decade, whereas the growing season end date was delayed significantly at a rate of 2.2 days per decade and the growing season length was prolonged significantly at a rate of 6.5 days per decade across the temperate zone of China. Thus, the growing season extension was induced mainly by the advancement of the start date. At individual stations, linear trends of the start date correlate negatively with linear trends of spring temperature during the optimum length period, namely, the quicker the spring temperature increased at a station, the quicker the start date advanced. With respect to growing season response to interannual temperature variation, a 1°C increase in spring temperature during the optimum length period may induce an advancement of 2.8 days in the start date of the growing season, whereas a 1°C increase in autumn temperature during the optimum length period may cause a delay of 2.1 days in the end date of the growing season, and a 1°C increase in annual mean temperature may result in a lengthening of the growing season of 9 days across the temperate zone of China. Therefore, the response of the start date to temperature is more sensitive than the response of the end date. At individual stations, the sensitivity of growing season response to temperature depends obviously on local thermal conditions, namely, either the negative response of the start date or the positive response of the end date and growing season length to temperature was stronger at warmer locations than at colder locations. Thus, future regional climate warming may enhance the sensitivity of plant phenological response to temperature, especially in colder regions.     

祁连山不同植被类型的物候变化及其对气候的响应

基于1982—2006年GIMMS NDVI和2000—2014年MODIS NDVI遥感数据,利用double logistic拟合方法提取了1982—2014年祁连山区不同植被的生长季始期、生长季末期和生长季长度3个重要的物候参数,分析了不同植被物候期的时间变化趋势、空间分异特征及对气候因子的响应。结果表明:(1)祁连山区不同植被的生长季始期和生长季末期随年际变化表现出波动提前或推迟,其中沼泽植被的变化波动最大;草甸植被、灌丛植被、阔叶林植被和栽培植被生长季长度出现延长趋势;(2)祁连山区植被生长季始期集中在5月初,其中阔叶林植被生长季开始最早,荒漠植被生长季开始最晚,植被生长季末期集中在9月,栽培植被生长季结束较早,荒漠植被、沼泽植被生长季结束较晚,植被生长季长度集中在110—140 d,其中阔叶林植被、针叶林植被生长季长度较长,而荒漠植被、高山植被生长季长度较短;(3)祁连山植被物候期变化趋势的空间分布表明植被生长季始期、生长季末期主要表现为提前不明显和推迟不明显,生长季长度主要表现为缩短不明显和延长不明显;(4)物候要素与气候要素相关性表明前期温度的积累有利于植被的开始生长,但当年3月的降水量对植被生长季始期同样有重要作用,不同植被生长季末期与8月、9月温度相关性较大,而与10月、11月降水的相关性较大。     

藏北高原植被物候时空动态变化的遥感监测研究

利用遥感数据提取的植被物候格局及时空变化特征能很好地反映区域尺度上植被对全球变化的响应。目前关于青藏高原地区植被物候的少量报道基本上是基于物候站点的观测记录展开分析的。该文基于非对称高斯拟合算法重建了藏北高原2001-2010年的MODIS EVI (增强型植被指数)时间序列影像, 然后利用动态阈值法提取整个藏北高原2001-2010年植被覆盖的重要物候信息, 包括植被返青期、枯黄期与生长季长度, 分析了植被物候10年间平均状况的空间分异特征以及年际变化情况, 并结合站点观测记录分析了气温和降水对植被物候变化的影响, 结果表明: (1)藏北高原植被返青期在空间上表现出从东南到西北逐渐推迟的水平地带性与东南高山峡谷区的垂直地带性相结合的特征, 近60%区域的植被返青期提前, 特别是高山地区; (2)植被枯黄期的年际变化不太明显, 大部分地区都表现为自然的年际波动; (3)生长季长度的时空变化特征由植被返青期和枯黄期二者决定, 但主要受返青期提前影响, 大部分地区生长季长度延长; (4)研究区内不同气候区划植被物候的年际变化以那曲高山谷地亚寒带半湿润区和青南高原亚寒带半干旱区的植被返青期提前和生长季延长程度最为明显; (5)基于气象台站数据分析气候变化对物候的影响发现, 返青期提前及生长季延长主要受气温升高的影响, 与降水的关系尚不明确。     

Variations in satellite-derived phenology in China's temperate vegetation

The relationship between vegetation phenology and climate is a crucial topic in global change research because it indicates dynamic responses of terrestrial ecosystems to climate changes. In this study, we investigate the possible impact of recent climate changes on growing season duration in the temperate vegetation of China, using the advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR)/normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) biweekly time-series data collected from January 1982 to December 1999 and concurrent mean temperature and precipitation data. The results show that over the study period, the growing season duration has lengthened by 1.16 days yr⁻¹ in temperate region of China. The green-up of vegetation has advanced in spring by 0.79 days yr⁻¹ and the dormancy delayed in autumn by 0.37 days yr⁻¹. The dates of onset for phenological events are most significantly related with the mean temperature during the preceding 2–3 months. A warming in the early spring (March to early May) by 1°C could cause an earlier onset of green-up of 7.5 days, whereas the same increase of mean temperature during autumn (mid-August through early October) could lead to a delay of 3.8 days in vegetation dormancy. Variations in precipitation also influenced the duration of growing season, but such influence differed among vegetation types and phenological phases.     

Climate change and extension of the Ginkgo biloba L. growing season in Japan

To understand the effects of climate change on the growing season of plants in Japan, we conducted trend analysis of phenological phases and examined the relationship between phenology and air temperatures. We used phenological data for Ginkgo biloba L., collected from 1953 to 2000. We defined the beginning and the end of the growing season (BGS and EGS) as the dates of budding and leaf fall, respectively. Changes in the air temperature in the 45 days before the date of BGS affected annual variation in BGS. The annual variation in air temperature over the 85 days before EGS affected the date of EGS. The average annual air temperature in Japan has increased by 1.3°C over the last four decades (1961–2000), and this increase has caused changes in ginkgo phenology. In the last five decades (1953–2000), BGS has occurred approximately 4 days earlier than previously, and EGS has occurred about 8 days later. Consequently, since 1953 the length of the growing season (LGS) has been extended by 12 days. Since around 1970, LGS and air temperatures have shown increasing trends. Although many researchers have stated that phenological events are not affected by the air temperature in the fall, we found high correlations not only between budding dates and air temperatures in spring but also between leaf‐fall dates and air temperatures in autumn. If the mean annual air temperature increases by 1°C, LGS could be extended by 10 days. We also examined the spatial distribution of the rate of LGS extension, but we did not find an obvious relationship between LGS extension and latitude.