不同取样方式在稻田节肢动物采集中的效率评估

水稻是我国主要粮食作物,每年都会因虫害造成大量的经济损失,为了挽回害虫造成的损失,必须对害虫进行防治。田间节肢动物群落调查是评价害虫防治效果的重要依据,取样方式对节肢动物群落调查的准确性具有重要的影响。另外,对转基因作物对稻田生物多样性安全性进行评价时,取样方式对多样性评价的准确性也具有重要的影响。本文采用吸虫器法、盆拍法和马氏网诱集法3种取样方式进行稻田节肢动物调查,并评估不同取样方式的采集效率。得到的结果有:1.采集到的节肢动物物种数:马氏网诱集法吸虫器法盆拍法;2.采集的节肢动物数量:盆拍法吸虫器法马氏网诱集法;3.吸虫器取样法在调查叶蝉科、秆蝇科、茧蜂科、姬蜂科、金小蜂科、缘腹细蜂科、蕈蚋科时,取样效率较高;4.盆拍取样法在调查叶蝉科、瘿蚊科、微蛛亚科、跳蛛科、狼蛛科、猫蛛科、弹尾虫目、飞虱科时,取样效率较高;5.马氏网诱集法在调查缟蝇科和毛蠓科时取样效率较高。马氏网诱集法善于采集具有飞行能力的节肢动物;吸虫器法对不同习性的节肢动物采集效果均较高;盆拍法适合采集活动于水稻基部的节肢动物。     

北京东北旺农田景观步甲群落结构的时空动态比较

2000年5～10月在北京海淀区东北旺实验基地,采用陷阱法对林地、农田边界和农田3类生境共14个处理的步甲进行了取样。并在此基础上分析了不同生境和不同季节步甲科昆虫群落的动态分布特征。结果表明,林地和农田边界类生境相对于农田类生境拥有更多的步甲个体数和物种数;无论是优势种还是稀有种都趋向于在林地和边界处生活;边界对相邻农田步甲群落的多样性有积极影响;对边界进行适度的干扰(秋季翻耕)有利于提高步甲群落的个体数量;农田生境中灌溉、施肥和秸秆还田对农田中步甲群落的个体数量和物种数量的空间分布均无显著影响。此外,还结合步甲的时空分布特性对步甲受威胁状况进行了初步的分析。     

农田节肢动物类群不同分类级别和个体数对物种数的替代效果

农田生物多样性评价中常采用指示类群基于物种鉴定水平的数据计算多样性指数,如果能用高级别的分类鉴定结果(如科)或直接用该指示类群个体数来代替该类群物种水平上的多样性指数,可以极大地节省鉴定的成本和降低鉴定难度。同时采用多个指示类群田间取样数据和多种分析方法验证这个问题有助于获得更为普适的结论。为研究农田节肢动物不同分类级别和个体数对于物种丰富度的替代效果,于2019年5-8月在浙江省宁波市的两片不同管理措施和多生境的农田景观区进行了节肢动物群取样调查,并对蜘蛛和蜂类两个类群进行了科级和物种级别的鉴定。通过分析目级和科级分类水平的数目、指示类群的个体数与物种丰富度之间的相关性;并基于这4个指数进行不同管理措施和生境间的双因素方差分析;同时基于目级、科级和物种级别数据,采用非度量多维尺度分析(NMDS)对比他们在不同管理措施和生境间的种类组成差异。结果显示:(1)将蜘蛛、蜂类分类至科级可分别拟合其物种水平数据63%和89%的变异性,并且比目级的数据相关性更大。(2)两个指示类群的个体数与物种数之间都有极为显著的相关性,且r≥0.7。(3)比起目级数,科级数和个体数在不同管理措施和生境间的差异结果和物种数更类似。(4)基于分科数据的NMDS在不同管理措施和生境间差异的结果也和物种级别数据的结果更类似。因此,在农田生物多样性的评估中,可以在一定程度上采用较高层次分类的数据,其中科级水平的数据作为首选,从而降低分类鉴定难度并提高工作效率。在需要快速进行蜘蛛和蜂类等基于大量标本数目的生物多样性评估时,可直接统计指示类群个体数量来替代物种数结果。     

半自然农田边界与相邻农田步甲和蜘蛛的时空分布

分别于小麦、玉米收获前后,采用陷阱法调查了华北地区典型农业景观中具有不同植被结构的农田边界及其相邻农田中两类重要天敌类群步甲和蜘蛛的多样性.通过比较农田生境及相邻农田边界间两类天敌群落的时空分布格局及其与相邻半自然生境植被群落的相关关系,探讨半自然农田边界对两类天敌类群的保护作用.结果表明: 整个取样季节农田边界处蜘蛛的多度显著高于农田内部;而步甲多样性在农田与边界间无显著性差异,仅呈现不同的群落结构;作物收获后蜘蛛分科数在边界处的增加以及在农田的减少,显示了蜘蛛在农田和边界之间的迁移活动.边界植被结构对蜘蛛和步甲多样性有不同影响:边界较高的草本层盖度和较低的乔木层盖度有利于增加农田中某些步甲优势种的多样性;而较高的草本层盖度有利于增加皿蛛科蜘蛛的多样性.因此,半自然生境的存在可以通过天敌在农田和边界之间的迁移运动促进农田天敌多样性的维持;但不同类型半自然生境植被群落结构可能影响其对不同天敌群落多样性的维持和保护作用.为促进农业景观对天敌的保护作用,提高其害虫控制功能,需要深入了解不同天敌的生境需求及食物需求,精心设计有利于天敌多样性维持的半自然生境.     

湖北潜江农田景观中步甲和蜘蛛的群落结构

1995年6～10月在湖北省潜江市郊用陷阱法研究了不同农田景观元素中步甲和蜘蛛的群落结构,结果表明：10类农田景观元素中的五类景观元素,即稻田边缘,农林间作地,不打药的滩田,少打药的旱田和植被丰富的庭院菜地分别在步甲和蜘蛛的贮存上有重要意义。1)稻田边缘步甲和蜘蛛物种的多样性指数和物种数均最高。2)农林间作地步甲和蜘蛛的均匀度居首位,多样性指数位居第二。3)不打药的滩田步甲和蜘蛛的发生数量多,步甲的主要物种为爪哇屁步甲Pheropsophus javanus和耶屁步甲.Jessoensis。蜘蛛的主要物种为星豹蛛Pardosa astrigera。4)少打药的旱田发生的步甲数量多,主要物种为大劫步甲Lesticus magnus。5)植被丰富的庭园菜地发生的蜘蛛数量多,主要蜘蛛物种为沟渠豹蛛Pardosa laura。步甲或蜘蛛物种和景观元素的对应分析表明了优势步甲大劫步甲,爪哇屁步甲,耶屁步甲和优势蜘蛛沟渠豹蛛,星豹蛛,雾豹蛛Pardosa nebulosa,拟环纹豹蛛 P.Pesudoannulata和类水狼蛛Pirata piratoides各自的适生环境,同时也表明了这些景观元 素与常规管理农田(如水稻田,商业性菜地和棉田)之间在步甲、蜘蛛物种上的联系,这为农田景观的合理设计,保证农业的持续发展提供了参考。     

基于黑土农田生物多样性监测样地的地表大型节肢动物群落特征

农田生态系统是陆地生态系统的重要组成部分,是全球生态与环境研究的关键区之一.为了研究农田生物群落构建过程,探索其多样性维持机理,本研究于2015年在东北典型黑土区建立了16 hm²的农田生物多样性监测样地,按照作物生长期,于玉米生长大喇叭口期(8月初)、抽穗期(9月初)和成熟期(10月初)对陷阱法获取的地表大型节肢动物进行了统计分析.结果表明: 3次调查共获得地表大型节肢动物5284只,隶属于节肢动物门3纲12目32科47种.调查中优势类群3类,常见类群11类.节肢动物营养功能群中植食性和杂食性节肢动物所占比重较大.地表大型节肢动物物种数量和个体数量随作物生长期有显著变化.9月初节肢动物的Shannon多样性指数、Margalef丰富度指数、Pielou均匀度指数相对较高,8月初Simpson优势度指数较高.从不同物种的变异系数(CV)及群落空间插值可以看出,节肢动物群落在水平方向上存在异质性.在与土壤环境因子关系上,双变量相关分析表明,不同月份地表大型节肢动物总个体数与土壤pH值、有机质、全氮、含水量的相关性均未达到显著性水平;典范对应分析(CCA)进一步表明,优势类群和常见类群对环境因子具有较强的适应能力,在研究区内分布广泛.农田生物多样性监测样地内地表节肢动物物种组成丰富,在作物不同生长时期地表节肢动物群落组成及空间分布格局具有明显的变化过程.农田生物多样性监测样地通过大尺度、长时间对样地内土壤动物空间过程进行监测,可以为解决群落生物多样性形成和维持机制提供重要手段.     

东北黑土区耕作措施对地表节肢动物多样性的影响

【目的】调查不同耕作措施下东北黑土地表节肢动物群落类群多样性以及营养功能群结构, 有利于揭示地表节肢动物多样性对土地管理措施的响应。【方法】本研究于2012年7－9月在黑龙江海伦中国科学院海伦农田生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站采用陷阱法对东北典型黑土区免耕、 少耕、 平翻、 旋耕和组合5种耕作措施长期定位试验区的地表节肢动物群落组成、 类群多样性以及功能群结构进行调查, 计算各处理地表节肢动物类群相对多度、 类群丰富度、 Shannon Wiener多样性指数、 Pielou均匀度指数、 Simpson优势度指数、 Cody指数和Srensen指数。【结果】本次调查共收集黑土农田地表节肢动物个体数为2 942, 隶属7目18科。免耕样地收集节肢动物15科, 占所有类群83.34%; 少耕和组合样地均为11科, 占61.12%。所有耕作措施下鞘翅目和蜘蛛目类群相对多度最高, 步甲科为黑土农田优势地表节肢动物类群。免耕样地节肢动物类群丰富度和多样性指数最高, 少耕样地最低。除旋耕样地外, 其他耕作样地地表节肢动物功能群均以捕食性为主。群落相似性指数分析表明, 不同耕作措施间群落相似性不同, 免耕与组合之间相似性较高, 而平翻与组合之间较低。【结论】步甲科是黑土农田地表节肢动物群落中的优势类群。不同耕作措施影响近地表土壤以及植被微生境, 进而影响地表节肢动物群落组成、 数量和营养功能群。免耕样地具有较高节肢动物类群丰富度和捕食性动物类群, 有利于维持黑土农田地表节肢动物多样性。     

胜山阔叶红松林蚂蚁巢穴对其他地表节肢动物多样性的影响

为了阐明蚂蚁巢穴对其他地表节肢动物群落组成和多样性的影响,于2019年在胜山自然保护区的原始阔叶红松林内开展实验,并采用陷阱法收集地表节肢动物.共捕获地表节肢动物92266只,分别为蜈蚣目、盲蛛目、马陆目、蜘蛛目,大头蚁属和步甲科、隐翅虫科、葬甲科这8个类群;蚂蚁巢穴存在及到蚂蚁巢穴的不同距离对其他地表节肢动物个体数量...     

农业景观步甲多样性时间格局及其与景观结构的关系

于2009年5-9月在北京密云县采用陷阱法对玉米地、花生地、果园和林地4种生境中步甲群落进行取样,并采用逐步线性回归分析了景观中优势生境类型——玉米地中步甲群落及其捕食性步甲功能群多样性的季节分布,及其与周围100、250和500 m半径范围内景观格局指数的关系.结果表明:不同生境下,8月步甲群落、捕食性步甲类群的个体数和物种数均达到最大;5月玉米地中步甲群落的物种数与取样点100 m半径范围内的景观连接度呈正相关,8月步甲群落个体数和500 m半径范围内的景观连接度呈负相关;5月玉米地中捕食性步甲群落不论是个体数还是物种数均与取样点100 m半径范围内景观连接度呈正相关,而8月捕食性步甲的物种数则与100 m尺度范围内的半自然生境的类型数呈负相关.可见,景观连接度、半自然生境的类型数对步甲及其中捕食性步甲群落动态的关键季节的多样性状况有显著影响,合理规划农田半自然用地类型组成、增加景观连接度可促进步甲群落多样性保护及其害虫生物控制功能的发挥.     

苜蓿邻作麦田地表步甲和蜘蛛种群动态及其对苜蓿刈割的响应

设计苜蓿-麦邻作与麦-麦邻作的农田界面捕食性天敌空间分布对比试验,在距离交接界面3、6、9、12、15、18、21、24和27 m处设诱集小区,采用陷阱法诱集调查地表步甲和蜘蛛种类与数量.结果表明: 不同界面麦田边缘地表步甲和蜘蛛物种多样性和多度都表现出一定的边际效应.苜蓿 麦界面15～18 m范围内边际效应明显,超过20 m, 边际效应逐渐消失.麦-麦界面的边缘效应明显弱于苜蓿 麦界面.苜蓿的刈割使苜蓿田中的天敌向邻作麦田迁移,苜蓿刈割后10 d内,邻作小麦田20 m内地表步甲和蜘蛛种类和个体数都有所增加,其中个体数的增长幅度大、速度快.绘制了苜蓿-麦界面地表步甲和蜘蛛的物种多样性和优势种(毛青步甲和星豹蛛)种群数量空间动态分布图,能直观地看出天敌由苜蓿向小麦田的迁移过程.     

Effects of the Conversion of Native Vegetation to Farmlands on Soil Microarthropod Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning in a Desert Oasis

Increased demand for food due to the rapidly growing human population has led to extensive conversion of native steppes at the margins of oases in arid lands of northwest China into intensively managed farmlands. However, the consequences of this land-use change for soil microarthropod biodiversity and ecosystem functioning remain unknown. Here we assessed how conversion of a native steppe to irrigated farmlands of different ages affects the abundance and composition of soil microarthropods and how changes in soil microarthropod biodiversity could scale up to influence soil carbon and nitrogen stocks. We sampled microarthropod communities over two growing seasons from native steppes and cultivated soils of a 27-year-old irrigated farmland and a 90-year-old irrigated farmland, both of which were converted from the native steppe. Topsoil properties and bulk and labile pools of carbon and nitrogen, including soil organic carbon, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), total nitrogen (TN), inorganic nitrogen (IN), and microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN), were also measured. The conversion of native steppe to either of the two farmlands significantly increased the abundance and taxa richness of three taxonomic groups (mites, collembolans, and others) and four trophic groups (herbivores, predators, detritivores, and fungivores); this effect was greater in the 90-year-old farmland for the abundance of all taxonomic and trophic groups except for herbivores and was similar between the two farmlands for the richness of all taxonomic and trophic groups. Taxonomic and trophic composition of the microarthropod community showed strong shifts in response to conversion of native steppe to either of the two farmlands. Compositional changes were largely mediated by changes in soil environments. Changes in soil carbon and nitrogen stocks due to conversion of native steppe to farmlands followed similar patterns to soil microarthropod biodiversity, but the greater storage of DOC, MBC, TN, IN, and MBN occurred in the 90-year-old farmland. Our results suggest that soil microarthropod communities are affected positively by native steppe conversion to farmland and farmland age, and that increased microarthropod biodiversity significantly improved the ability of soils to retain carbon and nitrogen.     

Factors determining vegetation recovery after abandonment of coal-mining villages

Landscape and Ecological Engineering - There have been many earlier studies of the biodiversity and ecosystem services of abandoned farmlands, but studies of abandoned villages are limited,...     

Impact of cocoa farming on vegetation in an agricultural landscape in Ghana

Cocoa production occurs almost wholly within areas identified as biodiversity hotspots in West Africa and it has been noted as a major contributor to deforestation at the forest‐agriculture interface. This study investigated the impact of cocoa farming on vegetation in relation to three land‐use types of increasing cocoa production intensity from remnant native forest through shaded to unshaded cocoa farmlands in Ghana. The study used transects and forty‐two 25 m × 25 m vegetation plots. The overall noncocoa plant species richness decreased significantly (95% CI) from the remnant native forest through shaded to the unshaded cocoa farmlands. Significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) were also found in the mean density and basal area of noncocoa plants per hectare with the remnant native forest recording the highest values and the unshaded cocoa farmlands the lowest. The relative density of about 44.7% out of the 41 most abundant plant species declined in cocoa farmlands. The results of this study showed that cocoa farming could result in a drastic forest plant species loss with subsequent recruitment of nonforest species, forest plant species population decline as well as changes in the structural characteristics of the vegetation. This impact increases with increasing cocoa production intensity.     

Harnessing the biodiversity value of Central and Eastern European farmland

A large proportion of European biodiversity today depends on habitat provided by low‐intensity farming practices, yet this resource is declining as European agriculture intensifies. Within the European Union, particularly the central and eastern new member states have retained relatively large areas of species‐rich farmland, but despite increased investment in nature conservation here in recent years, farmland biodiversity trends appear to be worsening. Although the high biodiversity value of Central and Eastern European farmland has long been reported, the amount of research in the international literature focused on farmland biodiversity in this region remains comparatively tiny, and measures within the EU Common Agricultural Policy are relatively poorly adapted to support it. In this opinion study, we argue that, 10 years after the accession of the first eastern EU new member states, the continued under‐representation of the low‐intensity farmland in Central and Eastern Europe in the international literature and EU policy is impeding the development of sound, evidence‐based conservation interventions. The biodiversity benefits for Europe of existing low‐intensity farmland, particularly in the central and eastern states, should be harnessed before they are lost. Instead of waiting for species‐rich farmland to further decline, targeted research and monitoring to create locally appropriate conservation strategies for these habitats is needed now.     

Areas of Increasing Agricultural Abandonment Overlap the Distribution of Previously Common,Currently Threatened Plant Species

Human-driven land-use changes increasingly threaten biodiversity. In agricultural ecosystems, abandonment of former farmlands constitutes a major land-use shift. We examined the relationships between areas in which agriculture has been abandoned and the distribution records of threatened plant species across Japan. We selected 23 plant species that are currently identified as threatened but were previously common in the country as indicators of threatened plant species. The areas of abandoned farmlands within the distribution ranges of the indicator species were significantly larger than the proportion of abandoned farmland area across the whole country. Also, abandoned farmland areas were positively correlated with the occurrence of indicator species. Therefore, sections of agricultural landscape that are increasingly becoming abandoned and the distribution ranges of indicator species overlapped. These results suggest that abandoned farmland areas contain degraded or preferred habitats of threatened plant species. We propose that areas experiencing increased abandonment of farmland can be divided into at least two categories: those that threaten the existence of threatened species and those that provide habitats for these threatened species.     

农业活动对生物多样性的影响

农业生产活动如土地的农业利用、耕作、作物间套种植方式、放牧、农药化肥的使用以及农业动植物遗传改良（包括外来种引入）等是农业生产力提高的重要途径,同时也是影响生物多样性的重要因素之一。土地的不合理开发利用易导致生境破碎、生物多样性下降;大规模的机械耕作导致土壤动植物区系的变化,甚至某些物种的消失;农药（除草剂、杀虫剂等）的高度使用使非靶标动植物受到伤害;品种改良、外来种的引入以及远缘外源遗传物质的利用（如远缘杂交和ＤＮＡ导入分子育种）在丰富了遗传多样性的同时导致农作物类型和品种的简单化、一些古老的地方种和农家种等传统资源丢失等;而一些合理的农业措施（间套作、实行有机农场等）将有利于生物多样性的保持。农业活动注重的是农业生产力的提高而往往忽视其对农业系统中野生动植物（包括有害和无害）的影响以及野生动植物在维持系统稳定和平衡的作用。本文论述农业活动对生物多样性的影响以及生物多样性保护对提高农业生产力的作用,启示人们采取合理的农业活动方式,合理管理有害生物,减少农业活动对生物多样性的负面影响。     

Pollinators and Other Flying Insects inside and outside the Fukushima Evacuation Zone

Following the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plants in 2011, a large evacuation zone was imposed in an area where residents had historically managed forests and farmlands. Thus, the human activities that had maintained biodiversity and ecosystem services in the zone were discontinued. Such change can affect insects, a biodiversity component that is relatively tolerant to radiation exposure. In this study, we investigated flying insects, including pollinators, important ecosystem providers inside and outside the zone, using Malaise traps. The results showed that the number of individuals of Xylocopa appendiculata, the largest Apidae species in the region, was significantly lower inside the evacuation zone than outside it, whereas those of other insects were not lower significantly. Although we suggest that flying insects and their ecosystem services (i.e., benefits from them such as pollination) 3 years after the disaster were not critically impacted, it is important to monitor the long-term effects of the evacuation in the future.     

Biodiversity conservation and agricultural sustainability: towards a new paradigm of 'ecoagriculture' landscapes

The dominant late twentieth century model of land use segregated agricultural production from areas managed for biodiversity conservation. This module is no longer adequate in much of the world. The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment confirmed that agriculture has dramatically increased its ecological footprint. Rural communities depend on key components of biodiversity and ecosystem services that are found in non-domestic habitats. Fortunately, agricultural landscapes can be designed and managed to host wild biodiversity of many types, with neutral or even positive effects on agricultural production and livelihoods. Innovative practitioners, scientists and indigenous land managers are adapting, designing and managing diverse types of 'ecoagriculture' landscapes to generate positive co-benefits for production, biodiversity and local people. We assess the potentials and limitations for successful conservation of biodiversity in productive agricultural landscapes, the feasibility of making such approaches financially viable, and the organizational, governance and policy frameworks needed to enable ecoagriculture planning and implementation at a globally significant scale. We conclude that effectively conserving wild biodiversity in agricultural landscapes will require increased research, policy coordination and strategic support to agricultural communities and conservationists.     

卧龙自然保护区野生动物肇事农地特征及影响机制

野生动物肇事是保护区内部和周边地区的普遍现象,严重影响了保护区生物多样性保护的有效性,是当前保护区管理面临的新问题。以四川卧龙国家级自然保护区为例,于2014年7—8月以问卷调查方式获取了170个农地的野生动物肇事信息,建立了野生动物肇事与不同农地特征之间的二元logistic回归模型,并通过赤池信息量准则筛选出3个拟合优良的回归模型。研究结果表明,野生动物肇事与农地特征之间存在密切关系,其中农地种植作物类型、农地与森林、公路的距离、围栏的使用等农地特征意义显著(P值均小于0.01)。进而探讨了上述农地特征对野生动物肇事的影响机制及原因,并据此结果提出了野生动物肇事地的评价和管理、调整作物种植结构、统一规划和管理防护措施、减轻当地居民对农业的依赖等缓解人与野生动物冲突的对策。     

中国农业生物多样性保护进展概述

农业生物多样性是农业安全生产的基础条件和农业可持续发展的战略资源。中国自20世纪50年代就开始重视农业生物多样性的保护, 建立了较为完善的法律法规等保障体系, 并在农业生态系统、物种和遗传多样性3个层面采取了一系列保护措施, 基本形成了异位保存和原生境保护相互补充的保护体系, 取得了显著的保护成效。本文概述了中国近70年来农业生物多样性保护在法律法规和保护机制、保护规划、保护体系和能力建设方面取得的进展, 指出我国农业生物多样性保护面临着未与国际国内发展战略相适应、保护体系不完整、保护能力不足等问题, 并提出完善我国农业生物多样性保护体系、促进农业生态系统服务功能系统化、加快农业生物多样性主流化进程以及加强能力建设等相关建议。