东北大豆种质群体在大庆的表现及其育种意义

表型评价是鉴别高产、优质和抗逆性优良大豆资源的必要步骤。为更好利用东北大豆种质资源,2012-2014年在大庆农科院将搜集到的东北地区各育种单位现存的361份大豆地方品种和育成品种(系)进行田间试验,采用重复内分组试验设计,对4类13个农艺、品质性状进行统计分析。结果表明:(1)东北大豆种质群体在大庆表现为:全生育期121 d(94~134 d)、蛋白质含量40.68%(36.66%~45.33%)、脂肪含量20.68%(15.77%~22.90%)、蛋脂总量61.36%(57.08%~65.45%)、百粒重17.48 g(9.69~28.42 g)、株高66 cm(33.1~96.2 cm)、主茎17节(9.76~24.00)、分枝1.25个(0.0~7.4)、倒伏1.4级(1.0~4.0)。(2)大庆地区适合熟期组(MG)为MG0和MGⅠ,更趋向于MGⅠ,两熟期组内品种的各性状平均值与东北大豆种质群体的总平均值相近。MG000~MG00组生育期较短,未能充分利用当地生态气候资源,品质性状与MG0~MGⅠ相差不大;而株高、产量性状表现较MG0~MGⅠ偏低(如株高低约20 cm,地上部生物量低约1.2 t/hm2)。MGⅡ~MGⅢ品种则大多未能充分成熟,导致其他性状表达不正常。大庆地区未来大豆改良的主要方向是适合的熟期组(MG0~MGⅠ)、高产、高蛋白兼顾高脂肪含量,应重视耐逆性。从资源群体中优选出一批用以改良大庆大豆性状的不同熟期组亲本,为育种工作者提供参考。     

中国大豆微核心种质光温综合反应敏感性的鉴定

大豆是典型的短日喜温作物,光温敏感性决定大豆品种的地理适应范围。为深入了解中国大豆品种主要生态类型的光温反应特性,以282份中国大豆微核心种质为材料在山东济宁进行春、夏两期播种,根据两个播期条件下开花期(R1)的差异,计算参试种质的光温综合反应敏感度(PCRS)。结果表明,中国大豆微核心种质光温综合反应差异较大,生育期性状变异丰富。随着供试种质生育期组的增加,光温综合敏感度增大。不同播期类型大豆光温综合反应敏感度大小顺序为:秋大豆夏大豆春大豆。根据光温综合反应敏感度的差异将我国大豆微核心种质分为敏感、中度敏感及钝感3种类型。春播、夏播材料以光温综合反应中度敏感材料居多,而在秋播品种中,敏感材料的比例达63.6%。从3种类型在不同生育期组(MG)中的分布情况看,光温综合反应敏感材料主要分布在晚于MGII的品种中,中度和钝感材料在大部分生育期组中均有分布。生育期组与大豆品种光温反应综合敏感度极显著相关,该性状可作为反映大豆品种的光温生态特性的简便和可靠指标。研究结果有助于全面了解我国大豆种质资源的光温反应特性,为挖掘、利用光温钝感资源,选育广适应大豆品种提供理论依据。     

云南割手密血缘F1创新种质的因子和聚类分析

对70份云南割手密血缘F1创新种质材料8个农艺性状进行了因子和聚类分析,因子分析中8个公因子保留前3个公因子,其累计贡献率达79.35%。第1公因子中载荷值较大的是单产、含糖量、有效茎数、出苗率和分蘖率等性状;第2公因子中起主导作用的性状是茎径和株高两个产量因子;第3公因子只有11月理论蔗糖分起主导作用。以70份创新材料3个公因子的因子得分为指标,采用系统聚类中的最长距离法进行聚类分析。在遗传距离2.4处,参试材料被聚为10类,其中占参试材料总数50%的第Ⅰ、Ⅳ、Ⅶ、Ⅷ、Ⅹ类材料,表现高产;占参试材料72.8%的第Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ、Ⅶ、Ⅸ类材料,表现高糖,特别是其中占参试材料38.6%的Ⅰ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ类材料,11月理论蔗糖分均高于12%;占参试材料总数38.6%的第Ⅰ、Ⅳ、Ⅶ类材料,表现高产、高糖。本结果为有针对性地利用这些材料,培育高产、高糖创新亲本提供了科学依据。     

云南割手密血缘F1代创新种质的因子和聚类分析

本试验对70份云南割手密血缘F1代创新种质材料8个工农艺性状进行了因子和聚类分析。因子分析中8个公因子保留前3个公因子,其累计贡献率达79.35%。第1公因子中载荷值较大的是单产、含糖量、公顷有效茎数、出苗率和分蘖率等性状;第2公因子中起主导作用的性状是茎径和株高两个产量因子;第3公因子只有11月理论蔗糖分起主导作用。以70份创新材料3个公因子的因子得分为指标,采用系统聚类中的最长距离法进行系统聚类分析。在遗传距离2.4处,参试材料被聚为十类,其中占参试材料总数的38.6%的第Ⅰ、Ⅳ、Ⅶ、Ⅷ、Ⅹ五类材料,表现高产;占参试材料82.8%的第Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ、Ⅶ、Ⅸ七类材料,表现高糖,特别是其中占参试材料52.8%的Ⅰ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ四类材料,11月理论蔗糖分均高于12%;占参试材料总数30%的第I、Ⅳ、Ⅶ三类材料,表现高产、高糖。这个分类结果为有针对性的利用这些创新种质材料培育高产、高糖创新亲本提供了科学依据。     

中国大豆品种生态区划的修正Ⅱ.各区范围及主要品种类型

根据我国各地256份代表性大豆地方品种在南京分期播种,延长或缩短光照长度各处理条件下的生育期表现,结合供试材料来源地的地理与气候条件,播种季节类型,熟期组类型以及光温反应特性等因素,将我国大豆品种生态区划分为：北方一熟制春作大豆品种生态区（Ⅰ）,黄淮海二熟制春夏作大豆品种生态区（Ⅱ）,长江中下游二熟制春夏作大豆品种生态区（Ⅲ）,中南多熟制春夏秋作大豆品种生态区（Ⅳ）,西南高原二熟制春夏作大豆品种生态区（Ⅴ）,华南热带多熟制四季大豆品种生态区（Ⅵ）等六大区,10亚区,并阐述各区的一般生态条件及代表生态类型。     

甘肃省花尺蛾群落及区系特征

2006—2013年,采集到甘肃省花尺蛾(Geometridae:Larentiinae)标本1870号,鉴定出花尺蛾77属213种及亚种。其中游尺蛾属(Euphyia)和15种及亚种为甘肃新记录。7个优势属(Photoscotosia,Dysstroma,Rheumaptera,Xanthorhoe,Stamnodes,Eulithis,Epirrhoe)含58种,属占总数9.09%,种占总种数27.23%。不同采样区之间物种分布有明显差异。甘肃省花尺蛾群落结构复杂,物种多样性较为丰富,呈现出中段高(陇东、甘南地区)、两端较低(定西、河西地区)的现象,这与当地自然环境和气候因素有关。分析213种及亚种花尺蛾的区系特征,结果显示:古北界种类有107种及亚种,占总种数50.23%;东洋界种类有21种及亚种,占总种数9.86%;两界兼有种类有85种及亚种,占总种数39.91%,即古北界成分占优势,同时具有过渡性特征。     

新生儿大脑皮质含小白蛋白(Parvalbumin)神经元的免疫组织化学研究

小白蛋白(parvaibumin PV)是一种水溶性低分子量的钙结合蛋白,本实验用免疫疫组化法研究了新生儿大脑皮质含 PV 神经元的分布。PV 阳性神经元为非锥体型,主要分布于中央后回、听皮质及视皮质(17区),在中央前回,wernicke's 区与海马 PV 阳性神经元的数目较少,前额叶很少见到 PV 阳性神经元。在听皮质及中央后回,阳性神经元主要集中于Ⅳ层,少数在Ⅴ、Ⅵ层;在视皮质则分布在Ⅴ、Ⅵ、层及ⅣB 层;wernieke's 区深层(Ⅴ、Ⅵ层)及海马锥体细胞层可见部分阳性神经元。在上述皮质区第Ⅰ层亦可观察到阳性纤维与散在阳性神经元.此外,在中央后回及听皮质的白质内有许多 PV 阳性纤维和终末样结构.     

陕棉抗病种质及其衍生品种的遗传多样性与群体结构研究

通过72个分布于棉花全基因组的SSR标记,对54份陕棉抗病种质及其衍生品种的遗传多样性与群体结构进行了分析。结果表明:(1)54份陕棉种质间的遗传相似系数在0.733 3~0.987 2之间,其中材料间相似系数≤0.90的占11.1%,相似系数≥0.95的占55.6%,相似系数在0.90~0.95的占33.3%。(2)72个SSR标记等位基因变异的多态性信息含量(PIC值)在0.04~0.68,平均为0.33。(3)基于遗传距离的UPGMA聚类分析显示,在遗传相似系数为0.877时将54个品种分为5类,第Ⅰ类44个品种,第Ⅲ类7个品种,第Ⅱ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ类各1个品种。(4)基于数学模型的聚类和群体结构分析显示,54份种质归属于4个组群。研究认为,54份材料间遗传相似系数较大,遗传基础比较狭窄,多样性很低。     

秦岭典型林分土壤活性有机碳及碳储量垂直分布特征

采用野外调查结合室内分析的方法,2013年8月分析了秦岭典型林分锐齿栎(马头滩林区,Ⅰ)、油松(Ⅱ)、华山松(Ⅲ)、松栎混交林(Ⅳ)、云杉(Ⅴ)、锐齿栎(辛家山林区,Ⅵ)土壤剖面上活性有机碳及碳储量的分布规律.结果表明: 研究区各林分土壤的有机碳、微生物生物量碳、水溶性碳、易氧化态碳含量均随着土层深度的增加而不断减小;在整个土壤剖面(0～60 cm)上,云杉和松栎混交林的土壤有机碳和水溶性碳含量明显高于其余林分,不同林分的土壤有机碳和水溶性碳含量的平均值大小均为Ⅴ＞Ⅳ＞Ⅰ＞Ⅱ＞Ⅲ＞Ⅵ;各林分不同土层的微生物生物量碳在71.25～710.05 mg·kg^-1,不同林分的土壤微生物生物量碳大小依次为Ⅰ＞Ⅴ＞Ⅳ＞Ⅲ＞Ⅱ＞Ⅵ;整个土壤剖面上,松栎混交林的土壤易氧化态碳含量降幅最大,不同林分土壤易氧化态碳含量的平均值大小为Ⅳ＞Ⅴ＞Ⅰ＞Ⅱ＞Ⅲ＞Ⅵ.3种活性有机碳占有机碳的比例在不同林分类型中没有表现出一致的规律性.各林分0～60 cm土层的有机碳储量大小为Ⅴ＞Ⅰ＞Ⅳ＞Ⅲ＞Ⅵ＞Ⅱ.各林分的土壤微生物生物量碳、水溶性碳、易氧化态碳两两之间均表现为极显著相关,各林分的土壤微生物生物量碳、水溶性碳、易氧化态碳与土壤有机碳、全氮之间的相关性均表现为显著或极显著水平,与碳氮比、pH、土壤水分、土壤容重的相关关系不显著.     

西洋梨枝化学成分的研究

从西洋梨的枝中分离鉴定了8个化合物,它们分别是正二十九烷(Ⅰ)、羽扇豆醇(Ⅲ)、β-谷甾醇(Ⅳ)、白桦脂醇(Ⅴ)、白桦脂酸(Ⅵ)、胡萝卜甙(Ⅶ)、氢醌(Ⅷ)、和熊果甙(Ⅸ)。初步药理实验表明,化合物Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ、Ⅷ和Ⅸ有一定的抑菌作用,Ⅷ对S-180有一定抑瘤活性。     

Superoxide Dismutase (SOD)Zymogram Patterns and Their Geographical Distribution of Wild (Glycine soja) and Cultivated Soybean (G. max) in China

The purpose of this study was to examine the superoxide dismutase (SOD) zymogram patterns, their frequency and geographical distribution of wild (Glycine soja) and cultivated soybean (G. max) in China. Seeds of 226 wild soybean germplasms and 104 cultivated soybean cultivars (land races) were collected from all provinces and autonomous regions in China except Taiwan, Xinjiang and Qinghai provinces About 50 embryos per wild soybean germplasm and I0 embryos per cultivated soybean cultivars were used for test. Vertical polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and a stainning system modified after Luo (1984)were used. The Japanese GS- 930 Scanner was used in gel-plate scanning. In program scanning the maximum and minimum absorption wavelength were 700 and 550 nm respectively. The results showed that: 1. Six zymogram patterns were found in soybean (Fig. 1, 2). Wild soybean displayed five patterns (Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅳ Ⅴ, Ⅵ), while the cultivated soybean displayed only two patterns (Ⅱ, Ⅲ). 2. Fourty six percent of wild germplasms gave an 7-band zymogram (Table Ⅰ) (pattern Ⅰ), fourty nine percent had a 6th and 7th band with faster mobility (pattern Ⅱ), about two percent produced a 6-band zymogram which lacked the SODc4 band (pattern Ⅳ), about two percent had a 5-band pattern which lacked the SODc,c4 bands (pattern Ⅴ), and only one germptasm displayed a 5-band zymogram which lacked SODb2b3 bands (pattern Ⅵ). 3. More than ninty eight percent of cultivated cultivars belonged to pattern Ⅱ, only about two percent belonged to pattern Ⅲ. 4. The geographical distribution of frequency of pattern Ⅱ between wild and cultivated soybean was most close in 36–51º N area. The difference of zymograms between G. soja and G. max, and the problems of the origional area and evolution of soybean were discussed.     

Maturity Group Classification and Maturity Locus Genotyping of Early-Maturing Soybean Varieties from High-Latitude Cold Regions

Background

With the migration of human beings, advances of agricultural sciences, evolution of planting patterns and global warming, soybeans have expanded to both tropical and high-latitude cold regions (HCRs). Unlike other regions, HCRs have much more significant and diverse photoperiods and temperature conditions over seasons or across latitudes, and HCR soybeans released there show rich diversity in maturity traits. However, HCR soybeans have not been as well classified into maturity groups (MGs) as other places. Therefore, it is necessary to identify MGs in HCRs and to genotype the maturity loci.

Methods

Local varieties were collected from the northern part of Northeast China and the far-eastern region of Russia. Maturity group reference (MGR) soybeans of MGs MG000, MG00, and MG0 were used as references during field experiments. Both local varieties and MGR soybeans were planted for two years (2010-2011) in Heihe (N 50°15′, E 127°27′, H 168.5 m), China. The days to VE (emergence), R1 (beginning bloom) and R7 (beginning maturity) were recorded and statistically analyzed. Furthermore, some varieties were further genotyped at four molecularly-identified maturity loci E1, E2, E3 and E4.

Results

The HCR varieties were classified into MG0 or even more early-maturing. In Heihe, some varieties matured much earlier than MG000, which is the most early-maturing known MG, and clustered into a separate group. We designated the group as MG0000, following the convention of MGs. HCR soybeans had relatively stable days to beginning bloom from emergence. The HCR varieties diversified into genotypes of E1, E2, E3 and E4. These loci had different effects on maturity.

Conclusion

HCRs diversify early-maturing MGs of soybean. MG0000, a new MG that matures much earlier than known MGs, was developed. HCR soybean breeding should focus more on shortening post-flowering reproductive growth. E1, E2, E3, and E4 function differentially.     

小叶黄杨化学成分的研究

小叶黄杨氯仿组分通过硅胶柱色谱分离纯化,从中分离得到9个化合物,分别鉴定为:β-谷甾醇(β-Sitosterol,Ⅰ)、豆甾醇(Stigmasterol,Ⅱ)、胡萝卜甙(daucosterol,Ⅲ)、水杨酸(salicylis acid,Ⅳ)、香草酸(vanillicacid,Ⅴ)、5,4′-二羟基-3,3′,7-三甲氧基-黄酮(5,4′-dihydroxy-3,3′,7-trimethoxy-flavone,Ⅵ)、5,4′-二羟基-3,3′,6,7-四甲氧基-黄酮(5,4′-dihydroxy-3,3′,6,7-tetramethoxy-flavone,Ⅶ)、Cleomiscosin A(Ⅷ)、3,5-二羟基-4′,6,7-三甲氧基-黄酮-3′-O-β-D-葡萄糖甙(3,5-dihydroxl-4′,6,7-trimethoxyl-flavone-3′-O-β-D-glucopyranoside,Ⅸ),其中化合物Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ、Ⅶ均首次从该属植物中分离得到。     

Studies on the Chemical Constituents of Pyrus Communis

An aqueous extract of the twigs of Pyrus communis L. var. sativa (DC) DC. showed inhibitory effect against S-180. Compounds were isolated from the twigs of P. communis and eight of them were identified as nonacosane (Ⅰ), lupeol (Ⅲ), β-sitosterol (Ⅳ), betulin (Ⅴ), betulinic acid (Ⅵ), daucosterol (Ⅶ), hydroquinone (Ⅷ) and arbutin (Ⅸ) by MS, NMR, IR, UV and some chemical techniques. It was showed that the compounds Ⅲ, Ⅳ, Ⅴ, Ⅵ, Ⅷ and Ⅸ possessed some bacteriostatic activities on Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Shigclla flexneri and Staphylococus aureus. Primary pharmacology tests showed that Ⅷ had inhibitory effect against S-180 (47.5%).     

Alkaloidal Constituents of the Root of Aeonitum pseudogeniculatum

From the root of Aconitum pseudogeniculatum W. T. Wang, collected from the west of Sichuan province, six diterpenoid alkaloids were isolated and identified as denudatine ( Ⅰ ), chasmanine ( Ⅱ ), talatisamine (Ⅲ), yunaconitine (Ⅳ), crassicauline Ⅰ (Ⅴ) and vilmorrinianine C (Ⅵ). Yunaconitine, the major alkaloid of the plant, and its chemically transformed products pseudaconine and tetraacetylpseudaconine, showed antiinflammatory activities.     

Studies on the Alkaloids of Stephania lincangensis

Eight alkaloids have been isolated from the roots of Stephania lincangensis H. S. Lo. et M. Yang which is a novel species growing in Lincang district of Yunnan province. The structures of these compounds were identified as 1-tetrahydropalmatine (Ⅰ), capaurine (Ⅱ) isocorydine (Ⅲ), corydine (Ⅳ), roemerine (Ⅴ) and palmatine (Ⅵ) by means of spectral and chemical methods. Two others, namely lincangenine [4-hydroxy-2,3,9,10-pentamethoxyprotoberberine (Ⅶ)] and l-l,2,3,9,10-pentamethoxytetrahydroprotoberberine (Ⅷ), are new alkaloids, l-tetrahydropalmatine is the main alkaloid with 2.39% yield.     

Studies on the Alkaloids of Stephania succifera Lo. et Tsoong

Eleven alkaloids were isolated from roots of Stephania succifera Lo et Tsoong. They were identified as crebanine (Ⅰ), tetrahydropalmatine (Ⅱ), dehydrocrebanine (Ⅲ), palmatine (Ⅳ). dehydrocorydalmine (Ⅴ), crebanine nitrate (Ⅵ), oxocrebanine (Ⅶ), corydalmine (Ⅷ), phanostenine (Ⅸ), discretamine (Ⅹ) and corypalmine (Ⅺ) by means of TLC. UV, NMR MS spectral analyses and the fact that no depression of MP. with authentic samples was observed. Compounds Ⅳ, Ⅴ, Ⅵ, Ⅶ, Ⅸ, Ⅹ and Ⅺ were first reported from this plant.     

Chemical Constituents in Inula salsoloides (Turcz.) Ostenf.

Nine known compounds, taraxasterol(Ⅰ), taraxasteryl acetate (Ⅱ), taraxasteryl palmitate (Ⅲ), daucosterol (Ⅳ), luteolin(Ⅴ), stigmastanol(Ⅵ), β-sitosterol(Ⅶ), melissic acid(Ⅷ) and eupatolide(Ⅳ), were isolated from lnula salsoloides for the first time. Their structures were determined from spectra date and chemical evidence. (Ⅲ) and (Ⅸ) exhibited cytotoxic effects.     

近30年辽宁玉米水分适宜度时空演变特征及农业干旱评估

引入农业气象干旱指标建立发育期尺度的玉米水分适宜度模型,利用1981-2010年辽宁52个气象站玉米发育期及常规气象数据,采用气候趋势分析和突变分析方法对玉米水分适宜度时空演变特征及农业干旱进行分析和评估.结果表明: 不同发育期水分适宜度变化趋势不同,出苗至七叶期(Ⅱ)、拔节至抽雄期(Ⅳ)及乳熟至成熟期(Ⅵ)分别在1994、1996和1999年发生气候突变,在30年内播种至出苗期(Ⅰ)、七叶至拔节期(Ⅲ)、Ⅳ和抽雄至乳熟期(Ⅴ)水分适宜度呈不显著增大趋势,Ⅱ和Ⅵ期呈减小趋势,其中Ⅵ期达到显著水平.水分适宜度气候趋势存在空间差异,不同等级干旱在各发育期发生的概率不同,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅵ期辽宁仅部分地区水分适宜度增大或减小趋势显著,这4个时期辽西北和辽南地区是水分适宜度高变异性区域,也是中、重度干旱的高发地区,而Ⅳ和Ⅴ期干旱发生频率较低,仅在相应地区发生轻、中度干旱.区域平均的水分适宜度能够对区域尺度上的农业干旱进行很好的评价.