植物根际促生菌及丛枝菌根真菌协助植物修复重金属污染土壤的机制

植物修复是一种前景广阔的重金属污染土壤的主要修复技术,在微生物的协助下效果更为显著。植物根际促生菌可通过分泌吲哚-3-乙酸(IAA)、产铁载体、固氮溶磷等方式促进植物生长、改善植物重金属耐受性,从而有效提高重金属污染土壤的植物修复效率。菌根真菌是土壤-植物系统中重要的功能菌群之一,可侵染植物根系改变根系形态和矿质营养状况,通过菌丝体吸附重金属,也可产生球囊霉素、有机酸、植物生长素等次生代谢产物改变重金属生物有效性。植物根际促生菌与丛枝菌根真菌可对植物产生协同促生作用,在重金属污染土壤修复中具有一定应用潜力。目前,国内外关于植物根际促生菌和丛枝菌根真菌互作已有大量研究,而二者的相互作用机理仍处于探索阶段。本文综述了近年来国内外植物根际促生菌和丛枝菌根真菌在重金属污染土壤植物修复中的作用机制,并对其研究前景进行展望。     

菌根真菌对石油污染土壤修复作用的研究进展

生物修复技术是处理石油污染土壤最简单有效的方法之一。本文在系统概述土壤石油污染的环境危害及多种土壤修复技术的基础上,着重介绍了菌根生物修复技术,论述了菌根真菌对土壤中石油污染物的降解效果,探讨了菌根真菌降解污染物的可能机制：酶作用、根际作用、共代谢作用、基因调控;讨论了石油污染土壤的菌根生物修复前景和发展趋势。     

植物-菌根真菌联合修复重金属污染土壤

菌根是菌根真菌侵染植物根系后在植物根部形成的共生结构。菌根技术作为一种生物强化技术应用于重金属污染土壤的植物修复已引起研究者的广泛关注。目前大量研究表明菌根能强化植物对重金属的转运、富集及根系稳定化过程,并通过促进营养物质的吸收利用、稳定细胞内氧化还原平衡、调控抗逆性相关基因的表达以及改善根际微生态环境等方式提升寄主植物的抗逆性。本文在介绍菌根真菌在植物修复重金属污染的联合过程中的作用效应及机制的基础上,分析了目前限制该技术应用的瓶颈问题以及未来的研究方向,为植物-菌根真菌联合修复的推广应用提供理论基础。     

丛枝菌根真菌与深色有隔内生真菌生态修复功能与作用

生态修复是目前全球关注的热点问题,如何增加植被的覆盖度及生态修复效率是目前研究的重点。丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi,AMF)和深色有隔内生真菌(dark septate endophyte,DSE)均是自然界植物根际分布广泛的一类内生真菌,均能与植物形成菌根共生体,具有一定的促进植物生长、抵抗逆境及修复污染土壤等功能与作用,在生态修复中具有广泛的应用潜力。本文综述了AMF及DSE两种微生物的功能、作用及其在生态修复应用中的研究进展,并进一步对AMF和DSE在生态修复中存在的问题和前景进行展望。     

丛枝菌根对有机污染土壤的修复作用及机理

丛枝菌根(AM)是丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)与植物根系相互作用的互惠共生体,能改良土壤结构,增强植物抗性.自然界中已知的AMF有170多种,分布广泛,且可与大多数植物共生.利用AM修复有机污染土壤正成为一个崭新的研究方向.本文综述了AM对多环芳烃、酞酸脂、石油和农药等一些典型有机污染物污染土壤的修复作用.AM修复有机污染土壤的机理主要包括:AMF代谢有机污染物;AM分泌酶,降解污染物;AM影响根系分泌作用,并促进根际微生物对有机污染物的降解;AMF宿主植物吸收积累污染物.AM修复研究中,高效AMF的筛选、复合菌种效应、土壤老化、AM作用下植物对有机污染物的吸收积累等几方面仍有待于深入研究.     

AM真菌对重金属污染土壤生物修复的应用与机理

土壤重金属污染威胁人类健康和整个生态系统,而高效、低耗、安全的生物修复技术显示出了极大的应用潜力,特别是利用植物-微生物共生体增强生物修复效应的应用.丛枝菌根(Arbuscular Mycorrhizae,AM)真菌是一类广泛分布于土壤生态系统中的有益微生物,能与90％以上的陆生高等植物形成共生体.研究发现,AM真菌能够增强宿主植物对土壤中重金属胁迫的耐受性.当前,利用AM真菌开展重金属污染土壤的生物修复已经引起环境学家和生态学家的广泛关注.基于此,围绕AM真菌在重金属污染土壤生物修复作用中的最新研究进展,从物理性防御体系的形成、对植物生理代谢的调控、生化拮抗物质的产生、基因表达的调控等角度探究AM真菌在重金属污染土壤生物修复中的作用机理,以期为利用AM真菌开展重金属污染的生物修复提供理论依据,并对本领域未来的发展和应用前景进行了展望.     

菌根真菌的生理生态功能

菌根真菌是土壤中重要生物成员之一,不仅具有丰富的遗传多样性和物种多样性,其功能也是丰富多样,主要体现在：1）影响陆生植物起源、进化、演化与分布;2）促进植物的生长发育;3）提高植物的抗逆性;4）修复污染与退化土壤、改善土壤质量与健康状况;5）促进农林牧业的生产;6）保持生态平衡、稳定生态系统及其可持续生产力.随着技术发展和研究的深入,菌根真菌新功能将会不断被发现.     

菌根真菌与植物抗逆性研究进展

菌根真菌与逆境的互作及其对植物抗逆性的影响,一直是菌根学领域研究的重点内容之一而备受关注。针对不同类型菌根真菌缓解不同逆境胁迫的作用,国内外已有大量研究报告及述评,而综合、全面、系统的综述尚不多见。本文总结了最近几年如下研究:菌根真菌对植物非生物胁迫(干旱、水涝、高温、低温、盐害、金属与准金属毒害、有毒有机物毒害、雾害、强辐射伤害与机械损伤等)与生物胁迫(土壤微生物群落结构与功能紊乱导致的连作障碍、病害、虫害、草害与外来植物入侵等)抗性的影响;菌根真菌与其他生物协同或与非生物因子联合提高植物抗逆性的效应;菌根真菌与其他生物协同或与非生物因子联合分解有毒物质、改善土壤肥力、修复污染与退化生境的效应。文中探讨了菌根真菌提高植物抗逆性和修复污染退化土壤作用的分子机制;分析了当前该领域研究存在的不足与今后研究的方向,以期为促进该领域研究和绿色修复技术研发提供可借鉴的思路。     

菌根真菌的生理生态功能

菌根真菌是土壤中重要生物成员之一,不仅具有丰富的遗传多样性和物种多样性,其功能也是丰富多样,主要体现在：1）影响陆生植物起源、进化、演化与分布;2）促进植物的生长发育;3）提高植物的抗逆性;4）修复污染与退化土壤、改善土壤质量与健康状况;5）促进农林牧业的生产;6）保持生态平衡、稳定生态系统及其可持续生产力.随着技术发展和研究的深入,菌根真菌新功能将会不断被发现.     

根际圈在污染土壤修复中的作用与机理分析

根际圈以植物根系为中心聚集了大量的生命物质及其分泌物,构成了极为独特的“生态修复单元”。本文叙述了根在根际圈污染土壤修复中的生理生态作用,富集、固定重金属,吸收、降解有机污染物等功能;菌根真菌对根际圈内重金属的吸收、屏障及螯合作用,对有机污染物的降解作用;根际圈内细菌对重金属的吸附与固定,对有机污染物的降解作用以及根际圈真菌和细菌的联合修复作用等,同时对可能存在的机理进行了分析,认为根际圈对污染土壤的修复作用是植物修复的重要组成部分和主要理论基础之一,并指出利用重金属超富集植物修复重金属污染土壤具有广阔的应用前景;筛选对水溶性有机污染物高吸收富集及其根 发泌能力强的特异植物,同时接种利于有机污染物降解的专性或非专性真菌和细菌可能会成为有机污染土壤植物修复研究的重要方向之一。     

Plant acquisition of organic nitrogen in boreal forests

Research on plant nitrogen (N) uptake and metabolism has more or less exclusively concerned inorganic N, particularly nitrate. Nevertheless, recent as well as older studies indicate that plants may have access to organic N sources. Laboratory studies have shown that ectomycorrhizal and ericoid mycorrhizal plants can degrade polymeric N and absorb the resulting products. Recent studies have also shown that some non‐mycorrhizal plants are able to absorb amino acids. Moreover, amino acid transporters have been shown to be present in both plant roots and in mycorrhizal hyphae. Although both mycorrhizal and non‐mycorrhizal plants appear to have a capacity for absorbing a range of organic N compounds, is this capacity realized in the field? Several lines of evidence show that plants are outcompeted by microorganisms for organic N sources. Such studies, however, have not addressed the issue of spatial and temporal separation between plants and microorganisms. Moreover, competition studies have not been able to separate uptake by symbiotic and non‐symbiotic microorganisms. Qualitative assessment of organic N uptake by plants has been performed with dual‐labelled glycine in several studies. These studies arrive at different conclusions: some indicate that plants do not absorb this organic N source when competing with other organisms in soil, while others conclude that significant fractions of amino acid N are absorbed as intact amino acid. These variable results may reflect species differences in the ability to absorb glycine as well as differences in experimental conditions and analytical techniques. Although theoretical calculations indicate that organic N might add significant amounts of N to plant N uptake, direct quantitative assessment of the fraction of plant N derived from uptake by organic N sources is a challenge for future research.     

Processes of organic carbon in mangrove ecosystems

In addition to carbon accumulation in plants, processes of organic carbon in mangrove ecosystems include origins of sediment organic carbon, carbon fluxes between mangroves and their adjacent systems (coastal waters and atmosphere), and cycling processes. Sediment organic carbon originates from suspending solids in coastal waters, mangrove plants and benthic algae. In mangroves with low organic carbon content in sediments, tidal seawater is the main origin of sediment organic carbon, while in mangroves with high sediment organic carbon contents, sediment organic carbon mainly originates from mangrove plants. Due to tidal flush, there is large material exchange between mangrove ecosystems and their adjacent coastal waters. In China, exports of organic carbon in litter falls and dissolved organic carbon from mangroves to their adjacent coastal waters have not been documented. Processes of mangrove litter falls, including production, decomposition, export and animal consumption, determine linkages among organic carbon among mangrove plants, secondary production and coastal ocean. Consumers especially benthic animals may influence organic carbon in mangrove ecosystems, because (1) their consumption rates are high, and their selective feeding on some food sources will change the relative quantities of export, bury and mineralization of organic carbon from different origins; (2) their consumption is much more than assimilation, resulting in the changes in sizes, forms and qualities of non-assimilated organic matters, and then the changes in availability of export, consumption or mineralization of organic carbon. Respiration and sulfate reduction are important mineralization processes of organic carbon in mangrove sediments. Mineralization rates of organic carbon in mangrove sediments are influenced by quantities, activities and particle sizes of organic matters, and other factors such as forest ages, root activities and animal burrowing activities. Researches on processes of mangrove organic carbon should be based on open systems, and ecological processes of organic carbon should be coupled with vegetation restoration.     

Processes of organic carbon in mangrove ecosystems

In addition to carbon accumulation in plants, processes of organic carbon in mangrove ecosystems include origins of sediment organic carbon, carbon fluxes between mangroves and their adjacent systems (coastal waters and atmosphere), and cycling processes. Sediment organic carbon originates from suspending solids in coastal waters, mangrove plants and benthic algae. In mangroves with low organic carbon content in sediments, tidal seawater is the main origin of sediment organic carbon, while in mangroves with high sediment organic carbon contents, sediment organic carbon mainly originates from mangrove plants. Due to tidal flush, there is large material exchange between mangrove ecosystems and their adjacent coastal waters. In China, exports of organic carbon in litter falls and dissolved organic carbon from mangroves to their adjacent coastal waters have not been documented. Processes of mangrove litter falls, including production, decomposition, export and animal consumption, determine linkages among organic carbon among mangrove plants, secondary production and coastal ocean. Consumers especially benthic animals may influence organic carbon in mangrove ecosystems, because (1) their consumption rates are high, and their selective feeding on some food sources will change the relative quantities of export, bury and mineralization of organic carbon from different origins; (2) their consumption is much more than assimilation, resulting in the changes in sizes, forms and qualities of non-assimilated organic matters, and then the changes in availability of export, consumption or mineralization of organic carbon. Respiration and sulfate reduction are important mineralization processes of organic carbon in mangrove sediments. Mineralization rates of organic carbon in mangrove sediments are influenced by quantities, activities and particle sizes of organic matters, and other factors such as forest ages, root activities and animal burrowing activities. Researches on processes of mangrove organic carbon should be based on open systems, and ecological processes of organic carbon should be coupled with vegetation restoration.     

Competition for nitrogen between plants and soil microorganisms

Experiments suggest that plants and soil microorganisms are both limited by inorganic nitrogen, even on relatively fertile sites. Consequently, plants and soil microorganisms may compete for nitrogen. While past research has focused on competition for inorganic nitrogen, recent studies have found that plants/mycorrhizae in a wide range of ecosystems can use organic nitrogen. A new view of competitive interactions between plants and soil microorganisms is necessary in ecosystem where plant uptake of organic nitrogen is observed.     

转基因植物对有机污染物的吸收、转化和降解

有机污染物是土壤、水体和大气环境的重要污染物.利用和加强植物修复作用是控制环境污染的有效途径.近年来,一些具有修复功能的外源基因被陆续引入到植物中,使转基因植物的生物修复能力大大增强.文章介绍了植物对污染环境中有机污染物,尤其是持久性有机污染物(POPs)的吸收、转化和降解作用,阐述了转基因植物用于被污染环境修复方面的研究进展和应用前景.     

Influence of living plants on immobilization of nitrogen in permanent pastures

Summary The presence of plants has a negative effect on the net nitrogen mineralization rate in samples of turf from permanent grassland. This effect is probably caused by root excretions and dead roots which lead to the immobilization of mineralized nitrogen. When the plants of a turf sample have been killed by repeated cutting and removal of the shoots the mineral nitrogen immobilized due to the presence of plants is subsequently more readily mobilized than that immobilized in the greater part of the soil organic matter. The constant presence of plants is responsible for the accumulation of nitrogen in the organic matter of the soil of permanent grassland.     

Varying responses of insect herbivores to altered plant chemistry under organic and conventional treatments

The hypothesis that plants supplied with organic fertilizers are better defended against insect herbivores than those supplied with synthetic fertilizers was tested over two field seasons. Organic and synthetic fertilizer treatments at two nitrogen concentrations were supplied to Brassica plants, and their effects on the abundance of herbivore species and plant chemistry were assessed. The organic treatments also differed in fertilizer type: a green manure was used for the low-nitrogen treatment, while the high-nitrogen treatment contained green and animal manures. Two aphid species showed different responses to fertilizers: the Brassica specialist Brevicoryne brassicae was more abundant on organically fertilized plants, while the generalist Myzus persicae had higher populations on synthetically fertilized plants. The diamondback moth Plutella xylostella (a crucifer specialist) was more abundant on synthetically fertilized plants and preferred to oviposit on these plants. Glucosinolate concentrations were up to three times greater on plants grown in the organic treatments, while foliar nitrogen was maximized on plants under the higher of the synthetic fertilizer treatments. The varying response of herbivore species to these strong differences in plant chemistry demonstrates that hypotheses on defence in organically grown crops have over-simplified the response of phytophagous insects.     

High potential, but low actual, glycine uptake of dominant plant species in three Australian land-use types with intermediate N availability

The traditional view of the nitrogen (N) cycle has been challenged since the discovery that plants can compete with microbes for low molecular weight (LMW) organic N. Despite a number of studies that have shown LMW organic N uptake by plants, there remains a debate on the overall ecological relevance of LMW organic N uptake by plants across ecosystems with different N availabilities. We here report patterns of glycine N uptake by plants from three different Australian land-use types with intermediate N availability and low inherent glycine concentrations in the soil. Using ¹⁵N labeled tracers, we tested the potential of these plants to acquire glycine in ex-situ laboratory experiments and attempted to validate these results in the field by determining actual uptake of glycine by plants directly from the soil. We found in the ex-situ experiments that plants from all three land-use types were able to take up significant amounts of glycine. In contrast, glycine uptake directly from the soil was minimal in all three land-use types and ¹⁵N tracers were largely immobilized in the soil organic N pool. Our study confirms that the potential for LMW organic N uptake by plants is a widespread phenomenon. However, our in-situ experiments show that in the three land-use types tested here plants are inferior competitors for LMW organic N and rely on NH ₄ ⁺ as their main N source. In contrast to several previous studies in arctic, alpine and even temperate ecosystems, our study suggests that in ecosystems with intermediate N availability, mineral N is the plants’ main N source, while LMW organic N is of less ecological relevance to plant N nutrition.     

雷竹克隆系统出笋期有机碳分布变化规律

植物光合碳同化物为植物的生长提供所需的物质和能量。目前,对植物有机碳分布虽已展开了大量研究,但对竹类植物出笋期有机碳转移机制的研究还比较缺乏。测定了分株数量为单株、双株和三株的雷竹克隆系统出笋期分株各器官的有机碳含量,以期进一步了解雷竹克隆系统出笋期有机碳转移变化规律。研究发现:雷竹分株不同器官有机碳含量差异显著,且在出笋期发生显著变化,出笋前:枝(52.64%)叶(47.18%)秆(40.98%)鞭(40.13%)根(35.14%),出笋完成后:枝(48.20%)秆(47.84%)叶(45.53%)鞭(45.52%)根(44.29%),枝、叶有机碳含量呈先下降后上升趋势,根、秆、鞭有机碳含量呈"N"型变化规律;单株、多株系统雷竹分株各器官有机碳含量降幅与出笋量成反比,随分株数量增加,出笋量增加,而各器官有机碳含量降幅减小;双株系统中1年生雷竹各器官有机碳含量降幅大于2年生竹,三株系统中3年生雷竹各器官有机碳含量降幅大于1年、2年生竹。这些结果表明:出笋影响雷竹各器官有机碳分配格局,出笋时各器官间有机碳资源发生转移,其中枝、叶有机碳含量降低而根、秆、鞭有机碳含量增加;各器官间源-汇关系发生变化,分株间有机碳资源存在共享,分株数量增加出笋量增加且系统内分株的损耗减小;分株年龄是影响雷竹不同器官出笋期有机碳含量变化的影响因素之一。因此,调整雷竹林年龄结构对提高雷竹林出笋量及经济效益有十分重要的现实意义。     

Warming decreased and grazing increased plant uptake of amino acids in an alpine meadow

Organic nitrogen (N) uptake by plants has been recognized as a significant component of terrestrial N cycle. Several studies indicated that plants have the ability to switch their preference between inorganic and organic forms of N in diverse environments; however, research on plant community response in organic nitrogen uptake to warming and grazing is scarce. Here, we demonstrated that organic N uptake by an alpine plant community decreased under warming with ¹³C–¹⁵N‐enriched glycine addition method. After 6 years of treatment, warming decreased plant organic N uptake by 37% as compared to control treatment. Under the condition of grazing, warming reduced plant organic N uptake by 44%. Grazing alone significantly increased organic N absorption by 15%, whereas under warming condition grazing did not affect organic N uptake by the Kobresia humilis community on Tibetan Plateau. Besides, soil NO₃–N content explained more than 70% of the variability observed in glycine uptake, and C:N ratio in soil dissolved organic matter remarkably increased under warming treatment. These results suggested warming promoted soil microbial activity and dissolved organic N mineralization. Grazing stimulated organic N uptake by plants, which counteracted the effect of warming.