一株假单胞菌(Pseudomonas sp.)石油脱有机氮分析

为了探讨咔唑降解菌在石油中的脱氮性能, 从研究咔唑降解菌Pseudomonas sp. XLDN4-9在双液相系统中降解咔唑的性能出发, 分别考察了XLDN4-9休止细胞体系对原油、润滑油及柴油的脱氮效果, 并借助于GC-MS分析了柴油中咔唑及其衍生物的降解状况。结果表明, 正十四烷-水系统有利于咔唑的降解; 以低氮柴油代替正十四烷, 2 g/L咔唑可在15 h内降解95.2%; XLDN4-9休止细胞体系对原油、润滑油、柴油均有显著脱氮效果。在柴油脱氮过程中, 发现3 天后, 99%的咔唑被降解, 四种单甲基咔唑的降解率为63.4%~87.6%, 二甲基咔唑共降解了15%。     

草酸对铜绿假单胞菌NY3降解烃的作用研究

研究了草酸对NY3菌(Pseudomona aeruginosa NY3)降解烷烃的影响作用。研究发现,草酸能促进菌体降解十四烷,且最佳投加浓度在1 g/L左右。投加草酸8 h内对十四烷去除率最大,可提高约15.2%。草酸促进降解主要是其改变菌体胞外液分泌成分。紫外光谱结果表明,共存草酸使胞外液中吩嗪-羧酸PCA分泌量大大提高。从气相和液质测定结果看,NY3菌代谢体系中,胞外液中PCA分泌量与十四烷的同步降解率呈正相关。体外实验表明,将试剂级PCA投加在NY3菌以"十六烷+草酸"为碳源生长的胞外液中,发现PCA投加量与其对十四烷的降解效果也呈正相关。与未投加PCA相比,PCA投加2μmol/L,12 h内胞外液对十四烷的去除率提高了约13.1%。结果表明,草酸能促进NY3菌降解十四烷主要是由于其可使菌体胞外液中PCA的分泌量大大提高。本文研究了共存草酸在铜绿假单胞菌NY3降解烃类污染物过程中的作用及其作用机理,为后续优化设计铜绿假单胞菌NY3处理实际烃类污染物的应用提供参考。     

铜绿假单胞菌NY3胞外分泌物对降解烃类的影响作用

为了研究铜绿假单胞菌Pseudomonas aeruginosa NY3胞外分泌物对烃类降解的作用,对胞外分泌物影响烃类降解的效率进行了研究。研究发现,NY3菌以LB培养基和以烃类为唯一碳源的无机盐培养基培养得到的种子液,离心并洗涤菌体后,菌细胞代谢烃类效率明显下降。分别利用盐析和溶剂萃取法,提取种子液上清液中胞外大分子和小分子,且投加在NY3菌(离心后的菌细胞)降解十四烷的无机盐培养基中,发现24 h内外加胞外大分子化合物,使NY3菌对十四烷去除率可提高约14%,而投加小分子化合物使NY3菌24 h内对十四烷去除率提高约6%。利用SDS-page聚丙烯酰氨凝胶电泳分离胞外大分子,结果发现主要是该菌胞外所分泌的蛋白或多肽类,主要有3个条带,它们的分子量约在35~55 k D范围内,其对烃降解促进作用机理有待进一步验证。利用飞行质谱(LCMS-IT-TOF)鉴定胞外小分子分泌物,结果表明在本研究条件下,它们均为氧化还原反应活性物,可以加快反应体系中电子传递速度,促进底物的氧化还原反应。     

绿脓杆菌螯铁蛋白分泌及其对铜绿假单胞菌NY3降解烃类的影响作用

为研究铜绿假单胞菌NY3胞外分泌物PCH对菌体自身及其对烃类降解的作用,对PCH影响烃类降解的效率及机理进行研究。分别以NY3菌降解烃类污染物的无机盐培养基和M9培养基为例,研究PCH含量对NY3菌降解十六烷活性的影响。结果表明,PCH分泌量与对NY3菌生长量及其对十六烷的比降解率呈负相关。将PCH加入到NY3菌降解十六烷体系中,发现少量PCH对NY3菌生长及其十六烷降解效率有促进作用,PCH浓度超过5.2 mg/L时,十六烷降解率及菌体的生长明显被抑制。进一步研究发现,PCH浓度过高会对NY3菌自身造成一定损害,抑制NY3菌烷氧化酶活性,同时增强降解体系中自由基信号强度,从而导致细胞对十六烷降解能力下降,同时使细胞大量死亡。该研究结果表明,使用NY3菌修复石油烃污染物过程中应严格控制PCH分泌量,为NY3菌在石油烃修复的应用提供参考。     

互营烃降解菌系M82的脂肪酸降解特性

【目的】通过分子生态学手段筛选适合互营烃降解菌Syntrophus sp.生长的非烃碳源。【方法】利用实验室驯化获得的正十六烷烃降解产甲烷菌系M82为接种物,添加不同碳源(正十二烷二元酸、正十四烷二元酸、正十六烷烃、十六烷酸钠、乳酸钠和丙酸钠)传代培养,通过PCR-DGGE和qPCR技术研究不同碳源条件下Syntrophaceae科细菌的丰度与变化趋势;利用T-RFLP方法分析古菌群落结构。【结果】菌系M82可以利用多种脂肪酸生长并产生甲烷,但是细菌群落结构发生了变化,只在添加正十二烷二元酸和正十四烷二元酸的培养液中检测到了代表Syntrophaceae细菌的条带,并且每毫升菌液中Syntrophaceae细菌的log丰度分别达到7.4和7.6,比添加其它几种非烃碳源的实验组丰度高2-3个单位。古菌群落结构主要由乙酸营养型产甲烷古菌(Methanosaeta)和氢营养型产甲烷古菌(Methanoculleus)组成。【结论】Syntrophus sp.细菌可以利用正十二烷二元酸和正十四烷二元酸这两种非烃碳源生长,这为我们定向分离互营烃降解菌和研究起始烃降解机制和代谢机理提供了依据。     

石油发酵长链二元酸的研究——(Ⅳ)、热带假丝酵母(Candida tropicalis)休止细胞转化正烷烃为相应长链二元酸的研究

热带假丝酵母(Candida tropicalis)变种N-15的休止菌体能转化十五烷为十三烷1:13二羧酸。菌龄48小时休止菌体转化活力最高。转化的最适反应系统为pH 7`5之0`5 M磷酸缓冲液。通气量对转化有很大影响,在高通气条件下,菌浓为15×10~8/毫升时,十三烷1:13二羧酸产量可高达109克/升。而且休止菌体可将从癸烷至十七烷的正烷烃氧化为相应碳链的长铸二元酸,产量都很高。转化的方法工艺简单,效率高,有应用价值。N-15休止菌体还可以氧化不同长度碳链的醇、醛及一元脂肪酸,但不能氧化烯烃及二元醇,可能N-15的烷烃初始氧化不经过脱氢及二元醇氧化途径。     

柴油降解菌Acinetobacter sp.AK5的筛选及其降解性能研究

从污水处理厂的活性污泥中分离到一株柴油降解菌,通过生理生化鉴定和16S rDNA序列分析,鉴定该菌为不动杆菌Acinetobacter sp.AK5。检测了不同pH值、NaCl浓度、培养时间和各种柴油浓度下Acinertobacter sp.AK5的柴油降解情况。结果表明,该菌的最适生长初始pH值为5-9,适合NaCl浓度为3%-4%,柴油浓度为5 g/L时,该菌7 d柴油降解率可达99%,柴油浓度为20 g/L时,7 d柴油降解率也可达67%。AK5在人工海水培养基中及无机盐培养基中生长状态良好,在海水和淡水石油污染的生物修复中具有很好的应用前景。     

两种海洋专性解烃菌降解石油的协同效应

【目的】为研究在石油降解过程中海洋专性解烃菌的协同效应。【方法】以食烷菌22CO-6、JZ9B和海杆菌PY97S为实验材料构建石油降解菌群,采用重量法、气相色谱氢火焰离子化检测器、气相色谱质谱联用及棒薄层色谱等多种手段分析、比较降解菌纯培养和降解菌群对原油的降解率及石油降解后产物的多元色谱图。【结果】构建的降解菌群22CO-6+PY97S和JZ9B+PY97S中2种专性解烃菌具有明显的协同效应。与石油烃降解菌22CO-6、JZ9B单菌降解相比,PAHs降解菌PY97S的加入,可以使原油降解率从27.81%、83.52%分别提高到64.03%和86.89%,同时促进石油中烷烃、芳香烃组分包括高分子量多环芳烃chrysene及其衍生物的降解。【结论】在石油降解过程中海洋专性解烃菌之间存在明显的协同效应,不仅可以加快石油降解,还可以彻底降解石油中生态毒性较大的高分子量化合物。     

柴油高效降解菌株筛选及降解特性研究

采用梯度富集培养、稀释涂布从受石油污染的样品中,分离得到柴油降解菌株10株,其中菌株YR2柴油降解率最高,在含柴油1%(w/v)的无机盐液体培养基中培养7 d,降解率达到92.8%,在2%、4%、5%的柴油浓度下降解率分别为60.8%、53.5%、41.0%。综合菌株形态特征观察、生理生化特性分析和16S rDNA序列比对,菌株YR2应为铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)。菌株YR2具有较好的细胞表面疏水性、乳化性能和排油性能。薄层层析结果表明菌株YR2分泌糖脂类表面活性剂。菌株YR2具有高效的柴油降解能力,有望应用于柴油污染的微生物修复。     

近海柴油降解菌群的构建及其对柴油的降解特性

【目的】实施近海柴油污染的生物治理。【方法】以柴油为唯一碳源,从深圳港口海域富集筛选柴油降解菌;采用复配、正交试验等方式构建混合菌群;通过单因素试验研究环境因素对菌群降解柴油的影响;使用气相色谱-氢火焰检测器(GC-FID)分析降解前后柴油各组分的变化;通过生理生化试验和16S rRNA基因序列分析对菌株进行鉴定。【结果】获得了16株柴油降解菌,7 d内对柴油的降解率最高达40.8%;选择菌株C1-8、C2-10、C3-13构建了混合菌群CQ1,投加量分别为0.5%、2.0%和1.0%,CQ1对柴油去除率比单菌提高了10%以上;CQ1的最适环境条件为：温度30 °C、pH 7.6、摇床转速220 r/min、柴油浓度20 g/L,优化后9 d内对柴油去除率达60%以上;GC-FID结果显示,菌群CQ1可降解大部分C11?C27的正构烷烃,对C21?C27的烷烃降解可达100%。经鉴定,菌株C1-8、C2-10和C3-13分别为微杆菌(Microbacterium sp.)、剑菌(Ensifer sp.)和变异棒杆菌(Corynebacterium variabile)。【结论】CQ1在近海柴油污染的生物修复中具有良好的应用前景。     

Degradation of carbazole by microbial cells immobilized in magnetic gellan gum gel beads

Polycyclic aromatic heterocycles, such as carbazole, are environmental contaminants suspected of posing human health risks. In this study, we investigated the degradation of carbazole by immobilized Sphingomonas sp. strain XLDN2-5 cells. Four kinds of polymers were evaluated as immobilization supports for Sphingomonas sp. strain XLDN2-5. After comparison with agar, alginate, and kappa-carrageenan, gellan gum was selected as the optimal immobilization support. Furthermore, Fe(3)O(4) nanoparticles were prepared by a coprecipitation method, and the average particle size was about 20 nm with 49.65-electromagnetic-unit (emu) g(-1) saturation magnetization. When the mixture of gellan gel and the Fe(3)O(4) nanoparticles served as an immobilization support, the magnetically immobilized cells were prepared by an ionotropic method. The biodegradation experiments were carried out by employing free cells, nonmagnetically immobilized cells, and magnetically immobilized cells in aqueous phase. The results showed that the magnetically immobilized cells presented higher carbazole biodegradation activity than nonmagnetically immobilized cells and free cells. The highest biodegradation activity was obtained when the concentration of Fe(3)O(4) nanoparticles was 9 mg ml(-1) and the saturation magnetization of magnetically immobilized cells was 11.08 emu g(-1). Additionally, the recycling experiments demonstrated that the degradation activity of magnetically immobilized cells increased gradually during the eight recycles. These results support developing efficient biocatalysts using magnetically immobilized cells and provide a promising technique for improving biocatalysts used in the biodegradation of not only carbazole, but also other hazardous organic compounds.     

Cometabolic Degradation of Dibenzofuran and Dibenzothiophene by a Newly Isolated Carbazole-Degrading Sphingomonas sp. Strain

A carbazole-utilizing bacterium was isolated by enrichment from petroleum-contaminated soil. The isolate, designated Sphingomonas sp. strain XLDN2-5, could utilize carbazole (CA) as the sole source of carbon, nitrogen, and energy. Washed cells of strain XLDN2-5 were shown to be capable of degrading dibenzofuran (DBF) and dibenzothiophene (DBT). Examination of metabolites suggested that XLDN2-5 degraded DBF to 2-hydroxy-6-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-6-oxo-2,4-hexadienic acid and subsequently to salicylic acid through the angular dioxygenation pathway. In contrast to DBF, strain XLDN2-5 could transform DBT through the ring cleavage and sulfoxidation pathways. Sphingomonas sp. strain XLDN2-5 could cometabolically degrade DBF and DBT in the growing system using CA as a substrate. After 40 h of incubation, 90% of DBT was transformed, and CA and DBF were completely removed. These results suggested that strain XLDN2-5 might be useful in the bioremediation of environments contaminated by these compounds.     

Degradation of Carbazole by Microbial Cells Immobilized in Magnetic Gellan Gum Gel Beads

Polycyclic aromatic heterocycles, such as carbazole, are environmental contaminants suspected of posing human health risks. In this study, we investigated the degradation of carbazole by immobilized Sphingomonas sp. strain XLDN2-5 cells. Four kinds of polymers were evaluated as immobilization supports for Sphingomonas sp. strain XLDN2-5. After comparison with agar, alginate, and κ-carrageenan, gellan gum was selected as the optimal immobilization support. Furthermore, Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles were prepared by a coprecipitation method, and the average particle size was about 20 nm with 49.65-electromagnetic-unit (emu) g⁻¹ saturation magnetization. When the mixture of gellan gel and the Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles served as an immobilization support, the magnetically immobilized cells were prepared by an ionotropic method. The biodegradation experiments were carried out by employing free cells, nonmagnetically immobilized cells, and magnetically immobilized cells in aqueous phase. The results showed that the magnetically immobilized cells presented higher carbazole biodegradation activity than nonmagnetically immobilized cells and free cells. The highest biodegradation activity was obtained when the concentration of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles was 9 mg ml⁻¹ and the saturation magnetization of magnetically immobilized cells was 11.08 emu g⁻¹. Additionally, the recycling experiments demonstrated that the degradation activity of magnetically immobilized cells increased gradually during the eight recycles. These results support developing efficient biocatalysts using magnetically immobilized cells and provide a promising technique for improving biocatalysts used in the biodegradation of not only carbazole, but also other hazardous organic compounds.     

Degradation of carbazole in the presence of non-aqueous phase liquids by Pseudomonas sp.

Biodegradation of carbazole was enhanced by the presence of a non-aqueous phase liquid (logKo/w > or = 3.1) at phase ratio of 1:1 (organic/aqueous). In a cyclohexane/aqueous phase system, the maximum specific degradation rate (3.34 mg carbazole min(-1) g dry cell(-1)) was at an organic/aqueous ratio of 1:1. Pseudomonas sp. XLDN4-9 degraded 47% (w/w) of 1 g carbazole l(-1) in cyclohexane phase directly within 1 h.     

Genome Sequences of Pseudomonas luteola XLDN4-9 and Pseudomonas stutzeri XLDN-R,Two Efficient Carbazole-Degrading Strains

Pseudomonas luteola XLDN4-9 and Pseudomonas stutzeri XLDN-R are two efficient carbazole-degrading pseudomonad strains. Here we present 4.63- and 4.70-Mb assemblies of their genomes. Their annotated key genes for carbazole catabolism are similar, which may provide further insights into the molecular mechanism of carbazole degradation in Pseudomonas.     

Degradation of carbazole and its derivatives by a Pseudomonas sp.

Carbazole, carbazoles with monomethyl or dimethyls substituted on different positions (C₁-carbazoles or C₂-carbazoles), and benzocarbazoles, as toxic and mutagenic components of petroleum and creosote contamination, were biodegradable by an isolated bacterial strain Pseudomonas sp. XLDN4-9. C₁-carbazoles were degraded in preference to carbazole and C₂-carbazoles. The biodegradation of C₁-carbazoles or C₂-carbazoles was influenced by the positions of methyl substitutions. Among C₁-carbazole isomers, 1-methyl carbazole was the most susceptible. C₂-carbazole isomers with substitutions on the same benzo-nucleus were more susceptible at a concentration of less than 3.4 μg g⁻¹ petroleum, especially when harboring one substitution on position 1. In particular, 1,5-dimethyl carbazole was the most recalcitrant dimethyl isomer.     

Biodegradation of carbazole by Ralstonia sp. RJGII.123 isolated from a hydrocarbon contaminated soil

The use of microorganisms for bioremediation of contaminated soils may be enhanced with an understanding of the pathways involved in their degradation of hazardous compounds. Ralstonia sp. strain RJGII.123 was isolated from soil located at a former coal gasification plant, based on its ability to mineralize carbazole, a three-ring N-heterocyclic pollutant. Experiments were carried out with strain RJGHII.123 and 14C-carbazole (2 mg/L and 500 mg/L) as the sole organic carbon source. At 15 days, 80% of the 2 mg/L carbazole was recovered as CO2, and <1% remained as undegraded carbazole, while 24% of the 500 mg/L carbazole was recovered as CO2 and approximately 70% remained as undegraded carbazole. Several stable intermediates were formed during this time. These intermediates were separated by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and were characterized using high resolution mass spectroscopy (HR-MS) and gas chromatography - mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). At least 10 ring cleavage products of carbazole degradation were identified; four of these were confirmed as anthranilic acid, indole-2-carboxylic acid, indole-3-carboxylic acid, and (1H)-4-quinolinone by comparison with standards. These data indicate that strain RJGII.123 shares aspects of carbazole degradation with previously described Pseudomonas spp., and may be useful in facilitating the bioremediation of NHA from contaminated soils.     

Genome sequence of Sphingobium yanoikuyae XLDN2-5, an efficient carbazole-degrading strain

Sphingobium yanoikuyae XLDN2-5 is an efficient carbazole-degrading strain. Carbazole-degrading genes are accompanied on both sides by two copies of IS6100 elements. Here, we describe the draft genome sequence of strain XLDN2-5, which may provide important clues as to how it recruited exogenous genes to establish pathways to degrade the xenobiotics.