亚热带丘陵茶园间作白三叶草的生态效应

在亚热带丘陵区1a生幼龄茶园通过连续4a的大田对比试验,研究了茶园间作白三叶草的生态效应,结果发现：茶园间作白三叶草降低了土壤容重,提高了土壤孔隙度、有机质、全N、水解N的含量、K的活性、蚯蚓的数量和生物量,消耗了部分有效P;增加了土壤关键层次（0—20cm）和关键时期（4～6月）的水分含量,延缓和缩短了夏季高温干旱与秋季持续干旱时间;获得了土壤降温时增温、保温与升温时降温的双向动态调控效果,增加了同一层次土壤温度的稳定性,延缓了高温和低温的出现时间,缩短了过度高温时间,减少了高温对茶树生长产生的影响;抑制了杂草生长,增加了天敌的种类和种群数量,减少了虫害发生率。从而形成了立地环境．茶树．伴生生物群落系统自我调节的动态平衡,促进了茶树生长,改善了茶叶品质,显著增加了茶叶产量。与清耕茶园相比,茶园间作白三叶草后,春秋茶的酚氨比分别下降了17．10％和30．90％,产量提高了32．65％。     

伊克昭盟项目区水土保持的生态效益

根据对伊克昭盟世行项目区的监测数据,分析了项目实施后水土保持的生态效益。结果表明,项目实施后,改善了土壤的理化性质,增加了土壤肥力;同时,提高了当地的林草植被覆盖度,改善了局地气候,促进了生物多样性的恢复和保护。     

花菇的冷冻干燥技术研究

实验研究用板层导热法研究了花菇的冻干特性,获得了新鲜花菇的冻干曲线,分析了花菇冻干过程,测定和比较了新鲜花菇和冻干花菇的营养成份。证实试验机的适应性并确定了花菇的冻干工艺,为工业生产提供了理论依据和参考价值。     

亚热带丘陵茶园间作白三叶的土壤环境调控效果

在亚热带丘陵区1年生幼龄茶园通过连续4年间作白三叶大田试验,研究了其对茶园土壤环境及茶叶品质、产量的影响,结果表明,茶园间作白三叶降低了土壤容重,提高了土壤孔隙度、有机质、全氮、水解氮的含量及钾的活性,消耗了部分有效磷;增加了土壤关键层次（0～20cm）和关键时期（4～6月）的水分含量,延缓和缩短了夏季高温干旱与秋季持续干旱时间;获得了土壤降温时增温、保温与升温时降温的双向动态调控效果．增加了同一层次土壤温度的稳定性,延缓了高温和低温的出现时间,缩短了过度高温时间。从而促进了茶树生长,改善了茶叶品质,显著增加了茶叶产量。与清耕茶园相比,茶园间作白三叶后,春秋茶的酚氨比分别下降了17．10％和30．90％,产量提高了32.65％。     

华北落叶松鞘蛾和兴安落叶松鞘蛾形态学研究与再描述（鳞翅目：鞘蛾科）

对华北落叶松鞘蛾和兴安落叶松鞘蛾的形态特征进行了研究,与容易混淆的欧洲落叶松鞘蛾进行了比较。更正了兴安落叶松鞘蛾的学名,肯定了华北落叶松鞘蛾的分类学地位,并进行了重新描述。文中提供了以上3种落叶松鞘蛾的成虫、雌雄外生殖器等特征图,给出了它们的区别要点。     

上海市细胞生物学学会1986年年会召开

上海市细胞生物学学会于1986年12月26日至27日在上海召开了年会。26日上午举行了年会开幕式,会上由庄孝僡理事长致开幕词,胡兆庆秘书长作了学会的工作报告。大会并邀请了细胞生物学研究所王亚辉所长作了细胞生物学的趋向和发展战略的报告。有150余人参加了会议。26日下午和27日上午进行了分组论文报告,共报告了64篇论文,年会显示了近年来上海市细胞生物学研究取得的成就。会议期间还邀请了下述同志作了小组专题报告。庄孝僡:关于中胚层的决定和分化的问题;顾国彦:胞质分裂时蛙卵表面运动;鲍璿:体外培养神     

降脂红曲的菌学性质及化学成分的分析

本文对No.4降脂红曲的生理特性进行了分析,测定了其一般的化学成分,将No.4红曲米的色调和色价与其它红曲米进行了对比,确定了该红曲的最适培养条件,制定了No.4红曲米的质量标准,并验证了它可作为糖化酶的生产菌。     

论公立医院外部监管机制的构建

阐述了公立医院外部监管机制的内涵,分析了构建公立医院外部监管机制的背景,指出了构建公立医院外部监管机制的必要性,介绍了国内外构建公立医院外部监管机制的经验,探讨了公立医院外部监管机制构建的基本步骤。     

合理施肥对银杏园土壤肥力和酶活性的影响

首次研究合理施肥对银杏园土壤肥力和酶活性的影响,结果表明合理施肥,改善了土壤理化性状,显著地提高了土壤肥力和土壤酶的活性;从而培育了银杏发达的根群,促进了树体的生长。增加了银杏鲜根重和百叶鲜重,减少了银杏黄化株率,提高了银杏挂果株率及种核的产量和品质。     

远程教育培训给生物教学带来新的生机

远程教育培训给生物教学带来新的生机。夯实了专业知识,梳理了生物知识,使我认识到应该如何把握生物课堂教学,提高了课堂教学设计能力,凝聚了生物教师的力量,使老师们学到了很多知识和教学技能,解决了平时教学中的一些难题,提升了生物的教学水平。     

新疆伊犁六个民族的初潮年龄

1983年7月至1984年7月,用回忆法调查了新疆伊犁地区3972名12—23岁的女性的初潮年龄,其中哈萨克族924人,维吾尔族864人,锡伯族486人,回族209人,蒙古族216人,汉族1273人。其平均初潮年龄是:哈萨克族14.37±1.09岁,维吾尔族14.34±1.41岁,蒙古族14.21±1.05岁,回族13.89±1.32岁,锡伯族13.78±1.02岁,汉族13.61±1.11岁。各族中均以七、八、九三个月来月经的最多。此外,还发现六个民族中1969—1972年出生的与1961—1964年出生的相比,平均初潮年龄都明显提前。在八年中,回族提前2.67岁,蒙古族提前1.90岁,锡伯族提前1.78岁,汉族提前1.64岁,哈萨克族提前1.17岁,维吾尔族提前1.13岁。     

Life Years Lost Associated with Obesity-Related Diseases for U.S. Non-Smoking Adults

The objectives of this paper are to predict life years lost associated with obesity-related diseases (ORDs) for U.S. non-smoking adults, and to examine the relationship between those ORDs and mortality. Data from the National Health Interview Survey, 1997–2000, were used. We employed mixed proportional hazard models to estimate the association between those ORDs and mortality and used simulations to project life years lost associated with the ORDs. We found that obesity-attributable comorbidities are associated with large decreases in life years and increases in mortality rates. The life years lost associated with ORDs is more marked for younger adults than older adults, for blacks than whites, for males than females, and for the more obese than the less obese. Using U.S. non-smoking adults aged 40 to 49 years as an example to illustrate percentage of the life years lost associated with ORDs, we found that the mean life years lost associated with ORDs for U.S. non-smoking black males aged 40 to 49 years with a body mass index above 40 kg/m² was 5.43 years, which translates to a 7.5% reduction in total life years. White males of the same age range and same degree of obesity lost 5.23 life years on average – a 6.8% reduction in total life years, followed by black females (5.04 years, a 6.5% reduction in life years), and white females (4.7 years, a 5.8% reduction in life years). Overall, ORDs increased chances of dying and lessened life years by 0.2 to 11.7 years depending on gender, race, BMI classification, and age.     

河岸带农田不同恢复年限对土壤碳氮磷生态化学计量特征的影响——以温榆河为例

弃耕地撂荒是土壤与植被向自然方向进行的次生演替,研究河岸带土壤撂荒后碳氮磷生态化学计量特征,是恢复和重建由农田干扰导致的退化河岸带生态系统的重要科学基础之一。以河岸带农地为对照,不同撂荒年限(撂荒2年、撂荒8年、撂荒10年)的土壤为研究对象,探索不同撂荒年限对土壤碳、氮、磷含量及相互关系的影响。结果表明:(1)土壤有机碳、氮的含量均呈现撂荒10年撂荒8年农田撂荒2年;土壤中磷含量呈现撂荒10年撂荒8年撂荒2年农田;农田和各撂荒年限的土壤碳、氮、磷含量,均随着土层深度的增加而呈降低的规律,但土壤碳和氮差异的显著性比磷明显。(2)河岸带土壤中C/N、C/P的均值均呈现:撂荒10年农田撂荒8年撂荒2年趋势。N/P的均值呈现:撂荒10年(0.78)农田(0.77)撂荒8年(0.77)撂荒2年(0.67),表明N是本研究区河岸带植被恢复的限制性营养元素。(3)河岸带农田和不同撂荒年限土壤碳、氮含量均存在极显著的耦合线性关系,而碳与磷、氮与磷之间的线性拟合程度相对较低。(4)在农田撂荒演替的初期阶段(2年),土壤的容重没有显著的变化,而随着撂荒时间的增加(8年和10年),土壤容重均有显著的降低,土壤结构得到改善。     

Pubertal endocrinology of yellow baboon (Papio cynocephalus): Plasma testosterone,testis size,body weight,and crown-rump length in males

A cross-sectional study (n = 99) was made of male baboons (Papio cynocephalus) aged 3 weeks to > 10 years. Serum testosterone and testicular size were compared with body weight and crown-rump length. Pubertal onset in baboons occurs at 3–4 years of age; data were analyzed, therefore in three groups: 0–3 years; 3–4 years; and greater than 4 years. Testicular volume index increased minimally prior to 3 years of age. Between 3 and 4 years of age, there was an increase (P < .05) in testicular growth, which was followed after 4 years of age by a return to the prepubertal rate. Plasma testosterone decreased from birth to 3 years of age. Between 3 and 4 years of age, there was an increase (P < .05) in testosterone. The levels of which remained unchanged after 4 years of age. A linear increase in body weight was observed for the first 3 years which was followed by an increase (P < .05) in the rate of weight gain between 3 and 4 years of age. After 4 years of age, body weight continued to increase but at a rate less than those of the two earlier periods. A linear increase in crown-rump length was observed over the first 3 years. Between 3 and 4 years of age there was a slight increase (P > .06) in crown-rump length, which approached zero after 4 years of age. These data demonstrate many similarities between the pubertal development of male baboons and humans. Male baboons appear to be appropriate for the study of reproductive and endocrine development and the factors involved in the pubertal growth spurt of the human male.     

Normative standards of plasma cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in Canadians of working age.

Fasting plasma cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were determined for 6407 working Canadian adults aged 20 to 69 years in Toronto and Hamilton. Means, medians and 5th and 95th percentiles were ascertained from the data for men, women taking oral contraceptives or estrogen preparations, and women not taking such medication. Mean plasma cholesterol values (mg/dL) ranged in men from 168.3 at ages 20 to 24 years to 211.5 at ages 45 to 49 years, and in women using hormone preparations from 180.3 at ages 20 to 24 years to 224.2 at ages 50 to 54 years; corresponding values in women not using these preparations were 164.9 and 220.6. Plasma triglyceride means (mg/dL) ranged in men from 108.7 at ages 20 to 24 years to 166.7 at ages 40 to 44 years, in women using hormone preparations from 115.4 at ages 20 to 24 years to 145.3 at ages 45 to 59 years, and in women not using these preparations from 77.5 at ages 20 to 24 years to 112.4 at ages 50 to 54 years.     

Characterizing differences in precipitation regimes of extreme wet and dry years: implications for climate change experiments

Climate change is intensifying the hydrologic cycle and is expected to increase the frequency of extreme wet and dry years. Beyond precipitation amount, extreme wet and dry years may differ in other ways, such as the number of precipitation events, event size, and the time between events. We assessed 1614 long‐term (100 year) precipitation records from around the world to identify key attributes of precipitation regimes, besides amount, that distinguish statistically extreme wet from extreme dry years. In general, in regions where mean annual precipitation (MAP) exceeded 1000 mm, precipitation amounts in extreme wet and dry years differed from average years by ~40% and 30%, respectively. The magnitude of these deviations increased to >60% for dry years and to >150% for wet years in arid regions (MAP<500 mm). Extreme wet years were primarily distinguished from average and extreme dry years by the presence of multiple extreme (large) daily precipitation events (events >99th percentile of all events); these occurred twice as often in extreme wet years compared to average years. In contrast, these large precipitation events were rare in extreme dry years. Less important for distinguishing extreme wet from dry years were mean event size and frequency, or the number of dry days between events. However, extreme dry years were distinguished from average years by an increase in the number of dry days between events. These precipitation regime attributes consistently differed between extreme wet and dry years across 12 major terrestrial ecoregions from around the world, from deserts to the tropics. Thus, we recommend that climate change experiments and model simulations incorporate these differences in key precipitation regime attributes, as well as amount into treatments. This will allow experiments to more realistically simulate extreme precipitation years and more accurately assess the ecological consequences.     

A survey on growth and sexual development of adolescent students in Changhua City: growth of body height and weight

In order to understand the physical growth and sexual development of contemporary adolescents, a cross-sectional survey was conducted during the period September 1983 to May 1984. The population came from all the pupils from 4th grade up, and all the junior and senior high students of Changhua City. By using stratified cluster sampling, 1419 boys and 1599 girls participated, ranging in age from 8 to 19 years. Body weight and height were measured. Growth spurt is a unique event during adolescence. It is well shown in the distance curves and pseudo-velocity curves of body height and weight. In boys, the growth spurt of height spanned from 12.0 to 14.8 years, with peak height velocity (PHV) at 13.5 years. In girls it was from 10.0 to 12.6 years and peaked at 11.5 years. The growth spurt of weight occurred from 12.0 to 15.9 years in boys with peak weight velocity (PWV) at 14.5 years, while girls had a growth spurt at 10.0-12.7 years with PWV at 11.5 years. Girls entered into the growth spurt about 2 years earlier, and also entered into PHV, PWV, two and three years earlier respectively than boys, while boys had a more intense and longer growth during the growth spurt than girls. Between 10.0-13.0 years girls were taller than boys, and between 12.0-13.0 years they were heavier than boys. However, from 13.5 years onward girls were soon surpassed by boys both in height and weight. Growth in height after 16.5 years in boys and after 15.5 in girls was minimal. Growth in weight in boys also became minimal after 16.5 years while girls weight even dropped a little bit after 16.5 years. At the mean age of 17.5 years, boys were 168.1 cm, girls were 156.2 cm in average, boys being 12 cm taller than girls after reaching their final height.     

Projected progression of the prevalence of obesity in Australia

Several country-specific and global projections of the future obesity prevalence have been conducted. However, these projections are obtained by extrapolating past prevalence of obesity or distributions of body weight. More accurate would be to base estimates on the most recent measures of weight change. Using measures of overweight and obesity incidence from a national, longitudinal study, we estimated the future obesity prevalence in Australian adults. Participants were adults aged ≥25 years in 2000 participating in the Australian Diabetes, Obesity, and Lifestyle (AusDiab) study (baseline 2000, follow-up 2005). In this population, approximately one-fifth of those with normal weight or overweight progressed to a higher weight category within 5 years. Between 2000 and 2025, the adult prevalence of normal weight was estimated to decrease from 40.6 to 28.1% and the prevalence of obesity to increase from 20.5 to 33.9%. By the time, those people aged 25-29 in 2000 reach 60-64 years, 22.1% will be normal weight, and 42.4% will be obese. On average, normal-weight females aged 25-29 years in 2000 will live another 56.2 years: 26.6 years with normal weight, 15.6 years with overweight, and 14.0 years with obesity. Normal-weight males aged 25-29 years in 2000 will live another 51.5 years: 21.6 years with normal weight, 21.1 years with overweight, and 8.8 years with obesity. If the rates of weight gain observed in the first 5 years of this decade are maintained, our findings suggest that normal-weight adults will constitute less than a third of the population by 2025, and the obesity prevalence will have increased by 65%.     

西藏双须叶须鱼八种年龄鉴定材料的比较研究

用微耳石、星耳石、脊椎骨、鳃盖骨、臀鳞、胸鳞、侧线鳞和背鳞等8种年龄鉴定材料识别和鉴定西藏双须叶须鱼的年龄特征并进行比较分析, 以确定适宜的年龄鉴定材料。结果显示: 臀鳞形态特化严重, 胸鳞、侧线鳞、背鳞的年轮特征不明显, 与微耳石比较的平均百分比误差(IAPE)分别为41.63%、51.26%、50.50%和51.26%, 其他4种年龄材料与微耳石比较的IAPE相差不大, 依次为: 星耳石(12.28%)、脊椎骨(15.67%)、鳃盖骨(17.81%); 低于23龄时, 微耳石鉴定的平均年龄与耳石和脊椎骨鉴定的平均年龄较为接近(P>0.05), 分别为14.39龄、13.13龄和13.20龄, 显著高于鳃盖骨和4种鳞片(P<0.05); 高于23龄时, 7种年龄鉴定材料都显著低于微耳石所鉴定的平均年龄(P<0.05)。用微耳石鉴定所得的最大年龄为49龄, 星耳石鉴定所得的最大年龄为35龄, 脊椎骨鉴定所得最大年龄为34龄, 鳃盖骨为34龄, 臀鳞为22龄, 胸鳞为19龄, 侧线鳞为16龄, 背鳞为17龄。微耳石年龄鉴定的年龄读数与体长呈极显著的对数函数关系(P<0.01)。综合分析认为, 微耳石最适宜作为双须叶须鱼的年龄鉴定材料。     

荒漠生态系统对大气CO2浓度升高响应的干湿年差异

利用一个基于详细生理学过程的生态系统模型PALS-FT,通过模拟实验分析了美国亚利桑那州(Arizona)首府凤凰城(Phoenix)市西郊的Larreatridentata荒漠生态系统在干湿年份(1988-2002年)对大气CO2浓度升高响应的差别。结果表明,生态系统地上净初级生产力(ANPP)和土壤有机质年累积速率(SOM)均随大气CO2浓度升高而呈非线性(湿年)或线性(正常年和干年)增加;所有年份的土壤N含量(Nsoil)则呈非线性显著下降。ANPP与SOM的绝对变化量总是湿年大于正常年和干年,相对变化量则与所分析的CO2处理水平有关;Nsoil的绝对变化量和相对变化量均为湿年大于正常年和干年。不同功能型的植物ANPP对大气CO2浓度升高的绝对变化量均为湿年大于正常年和干年;相对变化量则因具体植物功能型而异,灌木和亚灌木为干年大于正常年和湿年,一年生C3和C4草本均为湿年大于正常年和干年。因此,无论是生态系统水平还是植物功能型(或物种)水平,荒漠生态系统对未来大气CO2浓度升高的响应都将受降水格局的显著影响。