Biol Psych:重大突破,我国科学家成功利用非侵入性磁刺激技术戒除毒瘾

正近日,我国科学家利用经颅磁刺激技术,对吸毒平均十多年的海洛因成瘾者进行研究,成功降低了患者机体对药物的渴求度,这是世界上首次把经颅磁刺激技术应用到海洛因成瘾者上,该研究发表在耶鲁大学主办的精神病学领域顶尖期刊Biological Psychiatry上(IF:10.225)。经颅磁刺激技术是一种安全无侵入性的大脑功能调控技术,是利用磁场去激活大脑的相应区域,从而对患者产生一定的治疗效果。在国际     

综述: 无创穿颅电刺激对人脑神经活动和认知功能的调控

穿颅电刺激被认为可以无创调节大脑的神经活动,为研究特定脑区与某一认知功能间的因果关系提供了可能.近些年,对穿颅电刺激作用机制和其对认知、运动功能调控的研究方面取得了很多重要进展.在这篇综述中,我们总结了以往关于穿颅直流电刺激、穿颅交流电刺激和穿颅随机噪声电刺激三种刺激方式的发展历史及其作用机制,同时总结了其对感知觉(主要是视觉知觉)、注意和记忆等认知功能的调控,并对未来的研究方向进行了展望.     

无创穿颅电刺激对人脑神经活动和认知功能的调控

穿颅电刺激被认为可以无创调节大脑的神经活动,为研究特定脑区与某一认知功能间的因果关系提供了可能.近些年,对穿颅电刺激作用机制和其对认知、运动功能调控的研究方面取得了很多重要进展.在这篇综述中,我们总结了以往关于穿颅直流电刺激、穿颅交流电刺激和穿颅随机噪声电刺激三种刺激方式的发展历史及其作用机制,同时总结了其对感知觉(主要是视觉知觉)、注意和记忆等认知功能的调控,并对未来的研究方向进行了展望.     

非药物干预治疗神经精神疾病作用及机制研究

<正>近年来，随着非药物干预技术和方法的更新，其在治疗神经精神疾病中的作用及相关的机制也引起了广泛的关注。非药物干预包括运动、认知、经颅磁刺激、经颅电刺激，声光感觉刺激等^[1-4]。非药物干预在早期预防、减少药物副作用等方面存在优势。多项研究表明，非药物干预在预防和治疗脑缺血、阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease,AD)、帕金森病、神经性疼痛、共情缺陷、意识障碍、物质使用障碍等神经精神疾病都有较好效果^[5-24]。     

时域相干刺激研究进展

脑深部电刺激已成为许多神经和精神疾病的有效治疗方法。然而,侵入性的电极植入会带来手术并发症的风险,并且刺激靶区在植入后很难改变。经颅磁刺激和经颅电刺激等非侵入性刺激方法为调节大脑功能提供了新的途径。但是,尚未证明这些非侵入性脑刺激方法可以直接调节脑深部神经元活动而不影响皮层神经元。因此,这些方法主要用于调节大脑表层脑区的神经活动。时域相干（temporal interference,TI）刺激是通过两个高频电场相互作用,产生低频包络调节神经活动的一种非侵入式脑深部电刺激的新方法,该方法有望解决无创脑深部刺激的需求。本文首先介绍TI刺激的概念以及安全性,然后阐述TI刺激现有研究中的电场分析方法,并讨论电场分析相关的生理模型建模方法和仿真平台以及TI刺激诱发场分布的研究进展与在动物和人体中的应用进展。最后,本文展望了TI刺激技术未来发展方向,以期为无创脑深部刺激研究提供新的研究思路。     

经颅磁刺激和经颅直流电刺激在调控大脑共情功能中的应用

共情可以帮助人们建立和谐的人际关系，更好地适应现实社会，是一种重要的社会认知功能。已有研究表明，诸多神经和精神类疾病的发生发展和复发与共情缺陷有关。非侵入性脑刺激技术（经颅磁刺激和经颅直流电刺激）可以通过调节大脑皮层兴奋性来调控个体的共情水平，缓解共情缺陷症状。针对健康群体使用该技术的现有证据显示：内侧前额叶、初级运动皮层、额下回、背外侧前额叶和颞顶交界处的活动有助于提升个体的认知共情水平，其中双侧背外侧前额叶的活动还有助于下调个体的情感共情水平，而右侧颞顶交界处的活动则可以增强自我表征从而支持个体在共情时进行自我和他人的区分。少数针对共情缺陷群体使用该技术的临床证据提示，增强左侧背外侧前额叶和内侧前额叶的活动可以分别提升精神疾病和神经退行性疾病患者的认知共情水平。未来的研究应探讨在统一的行为测量范式下针对不同刺激参数和刺激位点进行共情干预研究，通过融合其他神经生理技术进一步考察非侵入性脑刺激技术改善共情功能的作用机制，并考虑个体差异性对大脑共情功能干预效果的影响。     

经颅磁刺激参数与结构要件的影响分析

为了进一步探索经颅磁刺激工作机理并改进或研制出新的经颅磁刺激激励源.本文从经颅磁刺激的原理推导出了磁场、感应电流及激励源原理电路电流的表达式,利用大脑-线圈和大脑-线圈-铁芯两种经颅磁刺激模型分析影响因素与头模型各组织的磁场和感应电流分布.对比分析表明电流的性质,线圈半径,线圈激励特性与铁芯对感应电流分布与电磁场分布有着本质的影响.对经颅磁刺激参数及结构要件的研究与分析可用于指导刺激线圈参数及激励源电路参数的设置,以及探索新的激励源制作.     

多方式认知功能成像研究进展

对大脑结构和功能的深入研究要求认知功能成像技术同时具有高时间分辨率和高空间分辨率.多方式认知功能成像通过不同成像技术fMRI/PET和EEG/MEG的结合,能够同时在空间定位和时间过程上研究大脑认知活动的动态过程.多方式认知功能成像已经被成功地应用于选择性注意、视觉通路、随意运动和语义加工等的研究,并揭示了相关大脑活动的空间和时间特征.今后的研究将进一步提高多方式认知功能成像的时空分辨率和准确性,以更深入地探索认知功能的神经机制.     

间歇性θ节律经颅磁刺激改善大鼠工作记忆的海马与前额叶跨脑区神经网络效应研究

目的 间歇性θ节律刺激（iTBS）作为一种新型的经颅磁刺激模式，已经广泛应用于探索大脑认知功能和神经调控等方面，但其电生理调控机制尚不清晰，探索iTBS对大脑认知功能的影响及其电生理机制，对脑疾病的治疗和磁刺激的临床应用具有重要意义。方法 本文利用iTBS制备磁刺激大鼠模型，采集记录大鼠在执行工作记忆（WM）任务过程中腹侧海马（vHPC）和内侧前额叶皮层（mPFC）的局部场电位（LFPs）信号，应用格兰杰因果网络分析方法，研究了iTBS对大鼠WM过程中vHPC与mPFC跨脑区神经网络协同和信息交互的影响。结果 iTBS增强了大鼠的学习记忆能力，使其完成工作记忆任务所需时长减少（2.67±1.63）d（P<0.05），iTBS显著改善了大鼠的行为学表现；同时iTBS增强了大鼠在WM期间vHPC与mPFC脑区的自因果网络连接，增加了网络连接强度、连接密度和全局效率（P<0.05）；并且iTBS增强了vHPC与mPFC脑区的跨脑区网络连接，增加了vHPC-mPFC跨脑区的节点度和因果流向（P<0.05）。结论 iTBS磁刺激对大鼠工作记忆行为学及相关脑区神经网络均有显著的积极作用，iTBS可以促进大鼠认知能力，提高大脑神经网络的信息交互和传递效率，iTBS的神经调控机制可能是通过增强大脑vHPC与mPFC之间的网络连接和信息交互来提高工作记忆能力。     

光学神经成像研究进展

大脑功能的成像检测在认知神经科学领域具有极其重要的意义。现代光子学技术的发展为认知脑成像提供了新的研究手段,在神经系统信息处理机制研究中发挥重要作用。文章介绍了在神经元、神经元网络、特定脑皮层功能构筑以及系统与行为等不同层次开展神经系统信息处理机制研究的各种光学成像技术,包括多光子激发荧光显微成像、内源信号光学成像、激光散斑成像和近红外光学成像等,并评述了这些有特色的光学成像技术在多层次获取和分析神经信息中的研究进展。     

Post-lesional cerebral reorganisation: Evidence from functional neuroimaging and transcranial magnetic stimulation

Reorganisation of cerebral representations has been hypothesised to underlie the recovery from ischaemic brain infarction. The mechanisms can be investigated non-invasively in the human brain using functional neuroimaging and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Functional neuroimaging showed that reorganisation is a dynamic process beginning after stroke manifestation. In the acute stage, the mismatch between a large perfusion deficit and a smaller area with impaired water diffusion signifies the brain tissue that potentially enables recovery subsequent to early reperfusion as in thrombolysis. Single-pulse TMS showed that the integrity of the cortico-spinal tract system was critical for motor recovery within the first four weeks, irrespective of a concomitant affection of the somatosensory system. Follow-up studies over several months revealed that ischaemia results in atrophy of brain tissue adjacent to and of brain areas remote from the infarct lesion. In patients with hemiparetic stroke activation of premotor cortical areas in both cerebral hemispheres was found to underlie recovery of finger movements with the affected hand. Paired-pulse TMS showed regression of perilesional inhibition as well as intracortical disinhibition of the motor cortex contralateral to the infarction as mechanisms related to recovery. Training strategies can employ post-lesional brain plasticity resulting in enhanced perilesional activations and modulation of large-scale bihemispheric circuits.     

Transcranial magnetic stimulation: studying the brain-behaviour relationship by induction of 'virtual lesions'.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) provides a non-invasive method of induction of a focal current in the brain and transient modulation of the function of the targeted cortex. Despite limited understanding about focality and mechanisms of action, TMS provides a unique opportunity of studying brain-behaviour relations in normal humans. TMS can enhance the results of other neuroimaging techniques by establishing the causal link between brain activity and task performance, and by exploring functional brain connectivity.     

Pathogenesis and brain functional imaging in nocturnal enuresis: A review

Nocturnal enuresis is a common and distressing developmental disease, which may cause various degrees of psychosocial stress and impairment to self-esteem in affected children as well as agitation to their parents or caregivers. Nevertheless, the etiology and pathogenesis of nocturnal enuresis are not understood. Currently, nocturnal enuresis is generally considered a multifactorial disease associated with a complex interaction of somatic, psychosocial, and environmental factors. A variety of postulations have been proposed to explain the occurrence and progression of nocturnal enuresis, including hereditary aberration, abnormal circadian rhythm of antidiuretic hormone secretion during sleep, bladder dysfunction, abnormal sleep, difficulties in arousal, neuropsychological disorders, and maturational delays of the brain. In recent decades, the introduction of functional neuroimaging technologies has provided new approaches for uncovering the mechanisms underlying nocturnal enuresis. The main neuroimaging modalities have included brain morphometry based on structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), task-based and event-related functional MRI (fMRI), and resting-state fMRI. The relevant studies have indicated that nocturnal enuresis is associated with functional and structural alterations of the brain. In this review, we briefly summarized the popular hypotheses regarding the pathogenesis of nocturnal enuresis and the current progress of functional neuroimaging studies in examining the underlying mechanisms thereof.     

综述: 人脑视觉意识的神经机制

意识的存在决定了人类生命的意义.意识问题被认为是21世纪科学要回答的一个最重要问题.意识科学正在成为认知和心理科学的皇冠,成为基础科学的顶峰.近20年来,随着认知科学、心理科学、神经科学和脑成像技术的发展,人们开始通过实验科学地研究意识问题,特别是与视觉意识相关的研究工作取得了很多重要进展.在这篇综述中,我们对以往的视觉意识研究工作进行了总结,并对未来的研究方向进行了展望.     

Precision grasping in humans: from motor control to cognition

In the past decade, functional neuroimaging has proved extremely useful in mapping the human motor circuits involved in skilled hand movements. However, one major drawback of this approach is the impossibility to determine the exact contribution of each individual cortical area to precision grasping. Because transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) makes it possible to induce a transient 'virtual' lesion of discrete brain regions in healthy subjects, it has been extensively used to provide direct insight into the causal role of a given area in human motor behaviour. Recent TMS studies have allowed us to determine the specific contribution, as well as the timing and the hemispheric lateralisation, of distinct parietal and frontal areas to the control of both the kinematics and dynamics of precision grasping. Moreover, recent researches have shown that the same cortical network may contribute to language and number processing, supporting the existence of tight interactions between processes involved in cognition and actions. The aim of this paper is to offer a concise overview of recent studies that have investigated the neural correlates of precision grasping and the possible contribution of the motor system to higher cognitive functions such as language and number processing.     

A link between neuroscience and informatics: large-scale modeling of memory processes

Utilizing advances in functional neuroimaging and computational neural modeling, neuroscientists have increasingly sought to investigate how distributed networks, composed of functionally defined subregions, combine to produce cognition. Large-scale, biologically realistic neural models, which integrate data from cellular, regional, whole brain, and behavioral sources, delineate specific hypotheses about how these interacting neural populations might carry out high-level cognitive tasks. In this review, we discuss neuroimaging, neural modeling, and the utility of large-scale biologically realistic models using modeling of short-term memory as an example. We present a sketch of the data regarding the neural basis of short-term memory from non-human electrophysiological, computational and neuroimaging perspectives, highlighting the multiple interacting brain regions believed to be involved. Through a review of several efforts, including our own, to combine neural modeling and neuroimaging data, we argue that large scale neural models provide specific advantages in understanding the distributed networks underlying cognition and behavior.     

Translational principles of deep brain stimulation

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has shown remarkable therapeutic benefits for patients with otherwise treatment-resistant movement and affective disorders. This technique is not only clinically useful, but it can also provide new insights into fundamental brain functions through direct manipulation of both local and distributed brain networks in many different species. In particular, DBS can be used in conjunction with non-invasive neuroimaging methods such as magnetoencephalography to map the fundamental mechanisms of normal and abnormal oscillatory synchronization that underlie human brain function. The precise mechanisms of action for DBS remain uncertain, but here we give an up-to-date overview of the principles of DBS, its neural mechanisms and its potential future applications.     

Large-scale automated synthesis of human functional neuroimaging data

The rapid growth of the literature on neuroimaging in humans has led to major advances in our understanding of human brain function but has also made it increasingly difficult to aggregate and synthesize neuroimaging findings. Here we describe and validate an automated brain-mapping framework that uses text-mining, meta-analysis and machine-learning techniques to generate a large database of mappings between neural and cognitive states. We show that our approach can be used to automatically conduct large-scale, high-quality neuroimaging meta-analyses, address long-standing inferential problems in the neuroimaging literature and support accurate 'decoding' of broad cognitive states from brain activity in both entire studies and individual human subjects. Collectively, our results have validated a powerful and generative framework for synthesizing human neuroimaging data on an unprecedented scale.