放牧对草原生态系统地下生产力及生物量的影响

放牧作为一种人类活动的干扰因子,主要通过动物的采食、践踏及其排泄物的输入对草原生态系统产生影响,这些影响直接作用于草原生态系统的地上部分和土壤,从而影响草原生态系统的物质生产和分配,进而影响到地下生产力和生物量.以蒙古克氏针茅 Stipakrylovii -冷蒿 Artemisiafrigida 草原为研究对象,对自由放牧区和围栏禁牧封育区草原生态系统地下生产力、生物量进行了比较研究.结果表明:自由放牧区草原生态系统地下生产力为147.6g·m-2·y-1,围栏禁牧封育区地下生产力达187.3g·m-2·y-1,二者地下生产力差异显著 α=0.05 ,说明封育保护可以提高过牧草原生态系统的地下生产力.地下生物量在自由放牧区为2032.6g·m-2,其中活地下生物量占54.9%,死地下生物量占45.1%;在围栏禁牧封育区平均为2071.8g·m-2,其中活地下生物量占56.4%,死地下生物量占43.6%,两者没有明显差异.地下生物量在土壤中垂直分布规律在两个试验区均表现为自地表向下呈指数函数减小,主要集中分布在0～30cm的土层.     

荒漠草原土壤氮素和克氏针茅根系对不同放牧处理的响应

通过设置不同放牧处理(羊单牧、牛单牧、牛羊混合放牧和不放牧),研究土壤氮素和优势种克氏针茅根系构型对不同放牧方式的响应。结果表明:放牧14个月后(约2个生长季),牛单牧和牛羊混合放牧显著提高了10~20 cm土层土壤全氮含量,其中牛单牧提高了硝态氮含量,而牛羊混合放牧则以提高有机氮为主;不放牧区的克氏针茅地上生物量显著高于羊单牧、牛单牧和混合放牧区,而地下生物量差异不显著;在放牧处理14个月后,克氏针茅6项根系构型参数5项没有差异,但根系径级分级显示,不放牧区根系直径为2.5~3.5及4.0~4.5 mm的根系长度、体积和表面积显著高于其他放牧区。整体上看,放牧处理14个月,土壤和优势种植物的根系构型参数变化尚不明显,有待于继续观测。     

大针茅根际AM真菌的分子鉴定及不同放牧强度对AM侵染的影响

大针茅(Stipa grandis P.Smirn.)是我国北方典型草原上的建群种或优势种植物,具有重要的饲用价值。大针茅根系能够形成丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhiza,AM)。采集围栏区的大针茅根系,根据18S r DNA序列鉴定大针茅根系中的AM真菌为球囊霉属(Glomus)的根内球囊霉(G.intraradices)。通过对轻度放牧区、中度放牧区、重度放牧区和未放牧的对照区(30年围栏草场)大针茅根系AM真菌侵染情况的分析,发现不同放牧强度下菌丝侵染率和总侵染率都不存在显著性差异。放牧利用总体降低了丛枝的侵染率。放牧强度影响AM真菌泡囊结构在大针茅根系中的发育,轻度和中度放牧促进AM真菌泡囊的形成,而重度放牧则显著抑制。放牧强度对大针茅AM真菌的影响主要体现在AM真菌营养的交换和繁殖方面,AM真菌光合产物的减少属于中性反应,对碳的需求相对较少,这可能也是大针茅具有较强耐牧性的原因之一。     

内蒙古典型草原优势种冷蒿和克氏针茅对土壤低磷环境适应策略的比较

为探究典型草原植物长期共存的生理生态机制, 以典型草原的优势物种克氏针茅(Stipa krylovii)和冷蒿(Artemisia frigida)为材料, 采用基质培养方法, 通过比较不同供磷浓度对二者生物量、根系形态、质子分泌、酸性磷酸酶和有机酸分泌以及磷吸收利用效率的影响, 探讨克氏针茅和冷蒿对土壤磷缺乏的适应策略。研究结果表明: 冷蒿主要通过根系分泌酸性磷酸酶和酸化根际来适应低磷环境; 而克氏针茅主要是通过根系分泌有机酸(主要是苹果酸)来适应土壤磷缺乏。在低磷条件下, 克氏针茅和冷蒿的磷吸收效率没有显著差异, 但克氏针茅的磷利用效率显著高于冷蒿。随着供磷浓度增加, 二者的磷吸收速率增加, 磷利用效率降低。在生物量、地上部分性状以及根系生长方面, 克氏针茅和冷蒿对磷供给的响应都表现先增长后降低的趋势; 克氏针茅的生物量在外源供0.25 mmol·L^-1磷时达到最大, 而冷蒿的生物量在外源供0.50 mmol·L^-1磷时达到最大, 表明冷蒿对磷的生理需求高于克氏针茅。因此, 克氏针茅和冷蒿具备各自不同的适应土壤有效磷缺乏的生理策略, 这可能是它们在土壤贫瘠的温带典型草原长期共存的重要机制。     

放牧对荒漠草原克氏针茅种群和土壤生态化学计量特征的影响

该研究选取内蒙古荒漠草原,设计无牧区(NG)、中度放牧(MG)、重度放牧(HG)3个处理,测定分析不同放牧强度处理5年后,优势植物克氏针茅以及土壤的C、N、P营养元素的化学计量特征及其协同关系,以揭示放牧生态系统养分循环的影响机制,为区域草地的利用以及修复提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)轻度放牧下荒漠草原的物种多样性均显著高于中度和重度放牧条件(P<0.05)。(2)土壤中C、N含量以及C∶N、N∶P、C∶P,均随着放牧强度的增加呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,土壤P含量随放牧强度的增加而升高。(3)随放牧强度增加,克氏针茅地上部分C含量降低,N、P含量以及N∶P先升高后降低,C∶P则先减少后升高;克氏针茅地下部分的C、N含量以及N∶P一直呈增加的趋势,P含量先减少后升高,而C∶N、C∶P则是与P含量规律相反。(4)与地上部分各元素含量相比,克氏针茅地下部分各元素含量及其比值与土壤中各元素含量的相关性更高,说明放牧条件下荒漠草原优势植物的根系与其所处的土壤环境具有一定的协同变化能力。     

不同放牧强度下克氏针茅(Stipa krylovii)草原的根系特征

以呼伦贝尔克氏针茅草原不同放牧强度下的演替群落为对象,开展群落及其群落建群种的地下生物量和根系形态特征研究.结果表明:从轻度放牧到重度放牧,群落种类组成和根系功能群类型趋于简单化;群落地下生物量的空间分布形态呈“T”型;不同放牧强度下草原群落的建群种出现了明显替代现象,轻度放牧样地群落建群种为密丛型根系的克氏针茅,中度放牧为疏丛型根系的糙隐子草(Cleistogenes squarrosa,重度放牧为鳞茎型根系的碱韭(Allium polyrhizum);随着放牧强度的增大,群落建群种根冠比逐渐增加,分别为0.47、1.0、4.1,并且群落建群种根系数量、根系体积、根系生物量、比根长及根长密度等各指标均发生了明显变化.另外,3种放牧强度样地群落建群种根冠比、根长密度均与土壤速效氮含量呈现显著正相关(P＜0.05).     

内蒙古克氏针茅草原土壤种子库对刈割和放牧干扰的响应

种子库是潜在的植物群落并在一定程度上预示着群落的演替方向。草原牧区自退牧还草政策实施以来,草原利用方式由自由放牧为主逐步转向以围封割草为主。为研究割草和放牧对土壤种子库密度、植物功能群和种类组成的影响及其与地上植被的相似性关系,在内蒙古克氏针茅(Stipa krylovii)典型草原区设置3个不同强度的刈割处理,即无刈割对照(CK)和分别留茬15 cm(M15)、5 cm(M5)的处理,以及一个自由放牧处理(GR),土壤种子库采用环刀法多点取样结合四唑染色法测定种子活力,计数所有被检测有生命力的种子,并计算土壤种子库与地上植被在物种组成方面的相似性。结果表明:不同处理的土壤种子库密度范围为6245.0±1351.9~8155.9±909.1粒·m-2,无刈割对照的土壤种子库密度显著高于M15;从种子库的功能群组成来看,多年生杂类草种子密度最大,占种子库总量的55%~60%,1年生杂类草占36%~43%,GR与M15有显著差异;从物种组成来看,只有克氏针茅、砂韭的种子数量在刈割和放牧处理下显著低于对照。采用Sorensen指数计算土壤种子库与地上植被的物种相似性,CK、GR、M5、M15相似系数分别为0.55、0.58、0.48和0.60;研究预示,内蒙古典型草原土壤种子库对割草和自由放牧有很强的敏感性,刈割和自由放牧均降低土壤种子库密度,将降低退化克氏针茅草原的自然恢复能力。     

高寒草甸主要植物地上地下生物量分布及退化对根冠比和根系表面积的影响

研究高寒草甸主要植物地上地下生物量的分布及其对退化的响应有利于了解高寒草甸的退化过程。该研究首先在西藏那曲生态环境综合观测研究站小嵩草围栏内(2009年围封)选择原生植被较好的地点随机选择小嵩草(Kobresia pygmaea)、矮嵩草(K.humilis)、紫花针茅(Stipa purpurea)、二裂委陵菜(Potentila bifurca)和青藏苔草(Carex moorcroftii)等5种植物斑块,选择退化斑块上(与原生植被相比)的二裂委陵菜和青藏苔草;然后用烘箱烘至恒重并称重,用扫描仪对根系进行扫描用于估算根系表面积;最后利用2因子方差分析检验不同物种个体、不同取样层次对地上和地下生物量的影响,利用物种和退化状态2因子方差分析检验对地上生物量的影响,以及利用物种、取样层次和退化状态3因子方差分析检验对二裂委陵菜和青藏苔草地下生物量、根冠比和根系表面积的影响。结果表明:在未退化条件下,小嵩草、矮嵩草和紫花针茅0~10cml地下生物量占0~30cm地下生物量的70%以上,0~30cm地下生物量占其地上地下总生物量的96%以上;二裂委陵菜(Potentilla bifurca)和青藏苔草(Carex moorcroftii)0~10cm地下生物量占0~30cml地下生物量的50%以上,其中二裂委陵菜0~30cm地下生物量占其地上地下总生物量的57%,青藏苔草0~30cm地下生物量占其地上地下总生物量的87%;对于退化草甸的主要植物,退化显著降低了二裂委陵菜的地上生物量、地下生物量和根冠比,对其根系表面积影响不大,但显著增加了青藏苔草的地上生物量,降低了其根冠比,对其地下生物量和根系表面积影响不大。     

荒漠草原与典型草原NPP、碳积累对不同降雨年份和利用方式的响应

不同草原利用方式正在影响着内蒙古的草原生态系统,而且在未来降水空间格局变化的背景下,它们共同决定了生态系统植被类型、净初级生产力(NPP)和生态系统碳积累。选取内蒙古中部两个重要的草地类型:荒漠草原和典型草原,研究不同草原利用方式(围栏禁牧、划区轮牧、割草、自由放牧)植物群落在降雨量不同的两个生长季节地上(ANPP)、地下净初级生产力(BNPP)的变化,同时也评估了植物群落的碳积累,研究结果表明:1)在降雨量亏缺年份,与围封相比,荒漠草原自由放牧区ANPP、BNPP及碳积累分别下降了57.1%、51.7%和56.0%,而典型草原自由放牧区分别下降了18.4%、25.1%和17.9%。2)在降雨量充足年份,与围封相比,荒漠草原划区轮牧区ANPP、BNPP以及碳积累分别增加了18.2%、9.8%和21.9%,而典型草原各处理下围封禁牧区ANPP仍是最高;3)两种草地类型下,降雨量对自由放牧的调控作用高于其它草地利用方式;4)荒漠草原ANPP在丰雨年是欠雨年的2倍,而典型草原仅增加了79.0%,降雨量对荒漠草原生产力的季节调控作用远高于典型草原。在未来全球气候变暖和降水格局变化的情况下,荒漠草原降雨量是影响荒漠植物群落NPP和碳积累的主导因子。     

围封与放牧对青藏高原草地生物量与功能群结构的影响

以青藏高原高寒草甸、高寒草原、温性荒漠草原的退化草地为基础,比较了5年围封样地与放牧样地的生物量和群落结构。结果表明:(1)围封后3类草地地上总生物量较放牧样地分别显著增加了48.1%、10.8%、34.5%;地下生物量对围封的响应与地上总生物量一致,且围封后高寒草原0~10cm土层根系生物量比例较放牧地显著下降。(2)围封显著降低了高寒草甸的根冠比,高寒草原和温性荒漠草原无显著变化。(3)与放牧地相比,围封显著增加了高寒草甸和高寒草原禾本科植物的生物量比例,高寒草甸杂类草显著降低,温性荒漠草原功能群生物量比例无显著差异。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.