植被科学与多元向量分析

提出植被分析的新数学方法－－多元向量分析法。植被群落是由多种植物组成的。植被状态可以用多维物种空间的点,或连接空间点和原点的多元向量来,向量同时具有量值和方向。向量的量值（长度）表示植被所含物质,能量,信息的总量,而方向表示这个总量在各物种间的分配。在射影空间里,同一射线上的点表示成分相同的植被（或代表相同植被的点组成射线）。用余弦表示的向量方向是植被数量化,进而施行植被成分分析的关键。向量分析既可以用来进行植被分类,也可以用于植被动态监测。     

多维球面模型应用于草原监测数据分析的探讨

 提出分析归纳草原监测多元数据的新数学方法,多维球面模型。M个物种所组成的草原的状态可以用M元向量来表示,向量的长度用来表示草原的量值,向量的方向表示草原组成。从草原监测的角度,草原的相对组成是更重要的,成份变化的比率更能说明问题。在处理草原监测数据中使用向量等比系列和向量等差系列是可行的。等比系列比较能反映生物几何增长的本质。为了纠正中间过程被忽略的弱点,要坚持逐年监测,逐步分析,或使用滑动平均。二阶趋势值可尝试用于解决时间滞后问题,卡门滤波用于降低预报误差。因为草原监测需要使用分种数据,必须以人工监测记录为主,再辅以其它高科技手段,如遥感。     

2000—2019年长江流域植被覆盖时空演化及其驱动因素

长江流域作为中国重要的生态屏障，科学认识长江流域植被覆盖时空变化及其驱动因素，对有效开展长江流域生态工程建设具有重要的指导意义与应用价值。基于2000—2019年间MODIS-NDVI与相关气象等数据，采用Theil-Sen median趋势分析、Mann-Kendall检验、变异系数、偏相关分析、残差分析等方法，研究了近20年来长江流域植被覆盖的时空分布与变化特征，并探究了研究区植被覆盖的驱动因素。结果表明：(1)时间变化上，长江流域生长季NDVI呈现波动增长趋势，显著改善面积大于退化面积；(2)空间分布上，流域植被覆盖空间分布格局大致呈现为“中部高，东西低”,生长季NDVI多年均值为0.6164,呈较高植被覆盖状态；(3)变化趋势上，植被增长区域大于减少区域，具体表现为“中部强于东部、东部强于西部”;(4)变化稳定性上，流域植被变异系数介于0.0104—1.3199之间，呈现出“中间低，东西高，东西部局部区域高低波动并存，地域性差异明显”的空间变化稳定性特征；(5)影响因素上，流域植被覆盖变化受气温和降水的共同影响，大部分区域生长季NDVI变化以气候驱动为主，局部区域表现自然因素叠...     

珠江流域植被覆盖时空变化分析

为阐明珠江流域植被覆盖变化的整体状况,基于RS与GIS技术,应用美国国家航天航空局最新的全球植被指数变化研究数据(GIMMS),对珠江流域1982~2003年间的地表植被覆盖的空间分布及时间序列变化进行了综合分析。结果表明:(1)22年来,珠江流域大部分地区的NDVI都呈现不同程度的下降趋势,表明珠江流域植被活动在减弱;(2)从季节变化来看,珠江流域平均植被覆盖除春季呈不显著上升外,其余各季均呈不显著下降趋势;(3)空间上,中下游地区都呈现不同程度的下降趋势,其中珠江三角洲地区达到了极显著水平;而上游南、北盘江流域、右江、左江及郁江流域则呈不显著增加趋势。这种空间异质性是由于城市化过程、农业生产活动、区域气候特征等综合因素作用的结果。     

基于NOAA NDVI和MSAVI研究中国北方植被生长季变化

利用1982～1999年的NOAA／AVHRRNDVI和MSAVI指数监测了中国北方植被生长季变化规律，主要内容包括：（1）不同植被类型的生长季变化监测。提取植被的1982～1999年NDVI和MSAVI时间序列，利用阈值法和滑动平均法逐年估测植被类型的生长季的开始、结束日期及长度。对估测的生长季开始、结束时间和长度进行一次线性拟合，得到了18a中植被生长季的开始、结束日期和长度的线性变化趋势；（2）不同区域的植被生长季变化监测。将中国北方13省、区按纬向划分为32～36°N，36～40°N，40～44°N，44～48°N，48-52°N等5个区域。基于最大变化斜率法估测了不同年份的生长季开始、结束和长度；（3）研究区域植被生长季的空间变化监测。利用曲线拟合出1982～1999年像元对应的空间位置的植被平均生长季变化，然后讨论了多年平均的植被生长季的空间分异规律，并利用一次线性拟合分析了这18a的植被生长季的变化趋势。结果表明：部分植被类型生长季的开始日期提前，结束日期推迟，而生长季长度延长，提前或推迟的天数不一，如典型草原、荒漠草原、寒温带山地落叶针叶林。而一些植被类型的生长季并没有表现出这样的趋势，而是开始日期延迟或结束日期推迟，如温带落叶阔叶林。不同纬度带的植被生长季变化监测表明，大部分纬度带植被生长季开始日期都表现出不同程度的提前趋势，生长季结束日期表现出推迟的趋势，整个生长季长度表现出延长的趋势。中国北方植被生长季空间变化研究表明，青海、甘肃、陕南地区的植被生长季开始较早。新疆天山、东北北部、青海、甘肃的部分地区植被生长季结束较早。东北、青海、新疆的大部分地区的植被生长季有明显的延长趋势，整个研究区内有一部分地区的植被生长季长度表现出缩短的趋势。     

西南山区人口空间重组及其对植被的影响——以河流沿线为例

随着城市化的快速推进,山区人口迁出及空间重组成为影响中国山区人地关系的重要因素,这可能对山区植被恢复和生态改善产生巨大影响。基于人口空间数据、河流分布数据和MODIS数据,本文分析了河流沿线人口空间重组情况,以生长季EVI值为表征植被绿度的指标,采用基于像元的趋势分析方法和基于样本的相关分析模型,对2000—2010年间中国西南山区不同级别河流沿线的人口空间变化和植被变化作了系统性分析,并定量研究了人口空间重组与植被变化之间的关系。结果表明:(1)三级及以上河流出现人口往河流沿线聚集的趋势,人口在河流的影响区聚集程度大于对比区。其中,一级和二级河流沿线影响区人口密度增加量比对比区分别高75.9%和42.1%。(2)三级及以上各河流沿线影响区和对比区EVI均呈现出增加的趋势,且影响区增加趋势低于对比区。(3)植被EVI变化趋势与人口密度变化呈负相关关系,河流沿线人口密度增加不利于植被的恢复;河流级别越高,植被EVI变化趋势与人口密度变化的相关性越强。     

高时空分辨率植被覆盖获取方法及其在土壤侵蚀监测中的应用

土壤侵蚀是全球性生态问题,准确监测区域土壤侵蚀状况是评估区域生态质量和生态保护成效的基础。准确获取高时空分辨率植被覆盖信息并与降水动态匹配是土壤侵蚀准确监测的关键。然而,受卫星传感器限制,大区域高时间分辨率与高空间分辨率遥感数据无法同时获取,高空间分辨率植被动态遥感监测面临巨大挑战。为解决这一问题,本研究提出了一套多源遥感数据融合的高时空分辨率绿色植被覆盖度(半月尺度,空间分辨率2 m)获取方法,并与半月尺度的降水因子匹配应用于CSLE开展了天津市蓟州区的土壤侵蚀监测。研究结果表明:1)降雨和植被覆盖度因子在一年之内变异较大,半月降雨量的平均值为43.32 mm,变异系数可达150%,绿色植被半月植被覆盖度的平均值为54.74%,变异系数为18%。考虑土地覆盖类型的高时空分辨率绿色植被覆盖度融合方法,可以获取合理的高空间分辨率绿色植被覆盖度动态,为高空间分辨率土壤侵蚀监测提供了一个有效手段;2)土壤侵蚀发生范围与强度与降水及植被因子在年内的动态匹配高度相关,土壤侵蚀发生范围最大为10月上半月,发生面积为137.55 km~2,土壤侵蚀发生强度最为严重为7月下半月,25 t/hm~2以上土壤侵蚀发生面积为12.70 km~2;3)高时空分辨率植被与降水因子耦合下的土壤侵蚀监测结果与地面一致性较好(判定系数可达0.88),明显好于仅用一期高空间分辨率植被因子的土壤侵蚀监测结果(判定系数仅为0.097),采用高时空分辨率植被与降水因子耦合的土壤侵蚀监测方法可以大幅度提高土壤侵蚀监测的准确性,本研究为其他区域准确开展土壤侵蚀监测提供了一套有效的方法。     

遥感反演植被含氮量研究进展

植被含氮量表征植被氮素状态。它作为植被生长状况的重要指标,在生态系统健康状况检测、生态系统生产估测、精准农业、生态系统干扰评估等方面均有重要意义。遥感监测植被含氮量主要基于高光谱和多光谱数据,采用的算法包括经验方法(波谱指数与回归分析)及物理方法(辐射传输模型法)。但受数据源和研究方法的局限,目前植被氮含量遥感监测局限于区域范围较小且内部植被类型与环境条件(气候、地形等)基本一致的情形,而对复杂生态系统的监测能力不足。未来的研究需针对氮沉降和人类活动的生态系统响应这一重大研究需求,发展和改进现有植被含氮量遥感反演方法。可考虑开展对不同环境条件下、不同类型植被光谱曲线进行标准化的研究,以形成普适的植被含氮量反演方法。并考虑综合运用多种数据(如微波遥感、无人机遥感),形成多尺度同步监测,以提高遥感对区域乃至全球范围内植被氮含量常规监测的能力。     

退耕还林后陕西省植被覆盖度变化及其对气候的响应

1999年起,陕西省实施了大规模的退耕还林、封山禁牧等生态建设和保护工程,使植被覆盖得到迅速恢复和增加。为了进一步跟踪评估植被覆盖变化,为生态建设和规划提供依据,本文基于2000-2017年MOD13Q1数据、气象数据,利用像元二分法估算陕西省18年间的植被覆盖度,通过空间插值方法、空间相关分析、统计学方法分区对其时空变化特征和对气候变化的响应进行了分析。结果表明:2000-2017年陕西省植被覆盖度呈现波动增加趋势,但增速逐年减少,2012年达到最大值后在高位波动;全省植被覆盖度增加区域面积占国土面积的82.4%,降低的区域仅占17.6%;陕北地区植被覆盖度显著增加,部分地区植被覆盖度达到最大值后出现下降趋势;植被覆盖度变异系数大的区域主要分布陕北长城沿线风沙区和丘陵沟壑区以及城市周边;陕西省植被覆盖度与降水量、气温在年尺度上相关系数均呈不显著的正相关;占全省98.4%的区域植覆盖度与降水、气温的复相关空间也未通过0.05显著水平检验;说明退耕还林等生态建设工程的实施,对植被恢复和生长具有重要的促进作用,一定程度上降低了植被生长对气候因子的敏感性;未来陕西省随着退耕还林等生态建设工程的环境资源的限制、土地利用程度的提高和城市用地的扩展,陕西省植被覆盖度将出现下降趋势。如何减缓这种下降趋势,是未来陕西省生态建设和保护的重大问题。     

2000—2018年辽河流域植被NDVI变化及其与温度、降水的响应关系

在全球气候变暖的背景下, 研究流域植被覆盖度的时空变化及对气候变化的响应对辽河流域的生态环境建设具有重要参考价值。基于2000—2018年研究区分辨率为250 m×250 m的MODIS-NDVI遥感数据、同期流域温度和降水量数据, 借助MVC最大合成、变异系数、趋势分析、Hurst指数、偏相关分析等方法, 得出辽河流域近19年植被覆盖空间分布、变化特征、演变趋势以及气象要素对NDVI变化的响应关系。结果表明: (1)在时间上, 辽河流域19年来NDVI月平均波峰值集中在6—8月份, 7月份达到最大。在年际变化方面, 辽河流域植被覆盖呈缓慢增长的趋势。(2)在空间上, 辽河流域植被覆盖度整体较好, 空间分布由东向西递减, 低植被覆盖区域(<0.3)约占流域总面积的37.78%, 高植被覆盖区域(>0.4)约占流域总面积的14.93%。(3)植被覆盖变异方面, 研究区整体呈低和较低波动的变化状态, 共占90.60%。东西区域的波动差异较为明显。(4)在变化趋势上, 约46.50% 的地区植被覆盖得到了改善, 约36.99% 的区域植被覆盖基本没有发生变化。(5)温度、降水对辽河流域植被生长整体表现为促进作用。近19年来辽河流域植被覆盖整体在不断改善。     

黄土高原林草植被建设的地带性特征

 针对黄土高原现有人工林草植被存在的主要问题,依据天然植被地带性分布规律和实测资料,分析了以水分为主的生态条件及林草植被对水分利用的地带性特征,提出了黄土高原林草植被建设的群落学原理和关键技术。即：依据植被地带分布规律指导人工林草植被建设;选择地带性植被优势种作为主要造林种草的植物种;模拟天然植被结构实行乔灌草复层混交是快速建造稳定植被的科学途径。根据一些“适地适树”树种并不能正常成林的现象,提出造林应强调“适地适林”的原则,同时给出适宜黄土高原不同植被地带林草植被建设的主要树草种和伴生种或四旁绿化树种。     

湖北植被区划(下)

本植被地带居湖北南半部,位于英山、罗田、新洲、黄陂、天门、荆门、远安、兴山一线以南。东部为幕阜山脉北坡,以丘陵低山地貌为主,中部为坦荡的冲积平原,大小湖泊星罗棋布,是湖北水生植物分布最广的区域;西部为武陵山系的东北麓,以山地丘陵为特点。年均温16℃以上,≥10℃年积温4800—5600℃,为本省区两个高温区域之所在,无霜期在250天以上,年降水量1100—1600毫米。长江贯穿全境,还有众多的大小支流。     

Mapping a forest mosaic – A comparison of vegetation and bird distributions using geographic boundary analysis

Many areas of ecological inquiry require the ability to detect and characterize change in ecological variables across both space and time. The purpose of this study was to investigate ways in which geographic boundary analysis techniques could be used to characterize the pattern of change over space in plant distributions in a forested wetland mosaic. With vegetation maps created using spatially constrained clustering and difference boundary delineation, we examined similarities between the identified boundaries in plant distributions and the occurrence of six species of songbirds. We found that vegetation boundaries were significantly cohesive, suggesting one or more crisp vegetation transition zones exist in the study site. Smaller, less cohesive boundary areas also provided important information about patterns of treefall gaps and dense patches of understory within the study area. Boundaries for songbird abundance were not cohesive, and bird and vegetation difference boundaries did not show significant overlap. However, bird boundaries did overlap significantly with vegetation cluster boundaries. Vegetation clusters delineated using constrained clustering techniques have the potential to be very useful for stratifying bird abundance data collected in different sections of the study site, which could be used to improve the efficiency of monitoring efforts for rare bird species.     

Vegetation Monitoring of Created Dune Swale Wetlands, Vandenberg Air Force Base, California

A monitoring program was established on San Antonio Terrace at Vandenberg Air Force Base to compare vegetation development at two created wetland sites and six nearby natural wetlands. The reference wetlands were chosen to represent a range of habitats in dune swale wetlands on the Terrace. Vegetation in the reference wetland plant communities varies from low-growing herbaceous marsh species with open canopies to closed canopies dominated by shrub or tree species. Transects and plots for long-term vegetation monitoring were established in all the wetlands, stratified by plant communities in the reference wetlands and by geomorphic location in the newly created wetlands. Quantitative vegetation and environmental data were collected at all the sites; measures included species distributions, species cover, and topographical elevations. Over the first three years of monitoring, variations in groundwater depth at different geomorphic locations in the created wetlands resulted in a variety of physical conditions for plant growth. In the first year, more than 100 plant species were observed, the majority being natives. During the next two years, species richness at the created wetland sites remained relatively stable and was higher than at the reference sites. Statistical comparisons of vegetation parameters by analysis of variance and hierarchical clustering exhibited patterns of increasing similarity between the created and reference wetlands. Long-term monitoring will be continued to track the progress of vegetation at the created sites, and to assess their development relative to the reference wetlands.     

Predicting the geographical distribution of plant communities in complex terrain – a case study in Fushian Experimental Forest, northeastern Taiwan

Ecosystem management and biodiversity conservation are usually implemented using information of several targeted species or cover-types and usually do not include information about communities. This is not because community-level information is unimportant for management purposes, but because the detailed fieldwork required for gathering community-level information at the scale for ecosystem management is usually impractical. We propose two methods to estimate the geographical distribution of plant communities with the objectives of covering large areas with minimal field efforts. The first method estimates the geographical distribution of plant communities by combining clustering methods with vegetation modeling, and the second extrapolates the geographical distribution of gradients in plant communities by combining gradient analysis with vegetation modeling. Vegetation modeling with clustering methods can be used to allocate sites with potentially higher alpha diversity, with the benefit of having a list of species associated with the clustered type. Vegetation modeling with gradient analysis can be used to identify regions with potentially the highest beta diversity by means of selecting regions with the widest range or highest variability in major DCA axes scores, and thereby help to preserve the scope of environmental conditions that lead to diversity in species assemblages. This is especially important because biological entities such as species, communities, or even ecosystems may cease to exist in the long run, and the preservation of processes that lead to biodiversity will eventually become more meaningful. We conclude that new methods to study and manage the processes that contribute to biodiversity at all scales should be and can be developed.     

AN ASSESSMENT OF THE POTENTIAL IMPACT OF ALIEN INVASIVE VEGETATION ON THE GEOMORPHOLOGY OF RIVER CHANNELS IN SOUTH AFRICA

Summary

Invasion of the riparian zone by alien vegetation is recognised as a serious problem in many areas of South Africa. Vegetation is a dynamic component of river channels. It is an important control variable affecting channel form whereas the flow and sediment regime influences vegetation growth. Wherever alien vegetation invades the riparian zone it can be expected that there will be some impact on the physical structure of the riparian habitat. This paper reviews the effect of riparian vegetation on channel processes and channel form and discusses the implications of the invasion of riparian zones by alien vegetation. Woody species in particular are seen as having a significant potential for inducing channel modification, whilst their removal could lead to significant channel instability and mobilisation of sediment. The need for further research into the impact of alien vegetation on the geomorphology of South African river channels is stressed.     

Dynamic effects of ground-layer plant communities on beetles in a fragmented farming landscape

Vegetation effects on arthropods are well recognized, but it is unclear how different vegetation attributes might influence arthropod assemblages across mixed-agricultural landscapes. Understanding how plant communities influence arthropods under different habitat and seasonal contexts can identify vegetation management options for arthropod biodiversity. We examined relationships between vegetation structure, plant species richness and plant species composition, and the diversity and composition of beetles in different habitats and time periods. We asked: (1) What is the relative importance of plant species richness, vegetation structure and plant composition in explaining beetle species richness, activity-density and composition? (2) How do plant-beetle relationships vary between different habitats over time? We sampled beetles using pitfall traps and surveyed vegetation in three habitats (woodland, farmland, their edges) during peak crop growth in spring and post-harvest in summer. Plant composition better predicted beetle composition than vegetation structure. Both plant richness and vegetation structure significantly and positively affected beetle activity-density. The influence of all vegetation attributes often varied in strength and direction between habitats and seasons for all trophic groups. The variable nature of plant-beetle relationships suggests that vegetation management could be targeted at specific habitats and time periods to maximize positive outcomes for beetle diversity. In particular, management that promotes plant richness at edges, and promotes herbaceous cover during summer, can support beetle diversity. Conserving ground cover in all habitats may improve activity-density of all beetle trophic groups. The impacts of existing weed control strategies in Australian crop margins on arthropod biodiversity require further study.     

《中国植被志》的植被分类系统、植被类型划分及编排体系

植被志(vegegraphy)是基于植被调查资料, 全面记叙植被的群落外貌、种类组成、结构和功能、生境条件, 以及地理分布等特征, 并对同类植被进行归纳和总结的志书。“植被志”的英文译为“vegegraphy”, 是本文的新造词, 它是由“vegetation”的词头“vege-”和英文后缀“-graphy” (记叙之意)组成的合成词。《中国植被志》的研编是一项时间紧迫、内容复杂、工作量浩繁的重大科学工程。它的完成将极大提升中国植被科学和生态学的研究水平, 并为中国植被资源的合理利用、生物多样性保护及生态环境治理等提供不可或缺的基础资料。本文首先简述了植被的基本特征(主要包括外貌特征、种类组成、群落结构以及动态变化等)和国内外植被调查的进展情况, 简要回顾了中国植被分类系统的研究历史, 并对以往的分类系统进行了若干修订。在此基础上, 着重讨论并提出了《中国植被志》卷册编排体系和用于《中国植被志》研编的植被类型划分方案。在对植被分类系统的修订方面, 主要对高级分类单位及相对应的英文名称进行了讨论和修订。按照本文修订的分类系统, 中国植被的分类单位及其对应的英文名称分别是: 植被型组(Vegetation Formation Group)、植被型(Vegetation Formation)和植被亚型(Vegetation Subformation)、群系组(Alliance Group)、群系(Alliance)和亚群系(Suballiance)、群丛组(Association Group)以及群丛(Association)。在植被型组中, 划分为9类: 森林、灌丛、草本植被、荒漠、高山冻原与稀疏植被、沼泽与水生植被、农业植被、城市植被及无植被地段。关于《中国植被志》的卷册编排和“植被类型”划分, 首先按高级分类单位——植被型划分相应的“卷”; 在此框架下, 模糊“植被亚型”、“群系组”和“群系”的概念, 确定“植被类型” (Vegetation type), 并将其作为植被志各卷中的“册”。这样处理不仅保证了研编工作的可操作性, 也保持了同一卷册中特定植被类型的完整性。《中国植被志》编排体系中的“植被类型”的划分很重要, 它是指具有相同建群种及相同优势类群(如种、属)的植被组合, 但它不是严格意义上的植被分类单位。“植被类型”的划分遵循“优势类群及生活型的同一性, 生境条件的相对重要性, 植被特征及用途的差异性, 以及突出植被志的应用性”等原则。按该编排体系, 《中国植被志》将由48卷约110册组成。     

POST-FIRE RECOVERY OF FLORIDA LAKE WALES RIDGE VEGETATION

Community responses to fire of five major vegetation associations of the Lake Wales Ridge were investigated during a 5-yr post-fire period. Vegetation of southern ridge sandhills, sand pine scrub, scrubby flatwoods, flatwoods, and swales was sampled using permanent line transects and quadrats in both burned and unburned (control) areas. Fire passed through the mosaic of vegetation leaving a pattern of unburned and lightly to severely burned areas. There was little change in soil chemistry (pH, K, P, Mg) with the exception of a short-lived increase in Ca. Vegetation recovery rates, measured by percentage cover and Horn's Index, were rapid. Typically, less than 2 yr was needed for recovery of poorly drained flatwoods and swale associations and 1 to 4 years for better drained scrubby flatwoods and southern ridge sandhills. Species diversity (H′) increased significantly following fire at poorly drained sites due to increased evenness, but was largely unchanged at better drained sites. There was virtually no change in vascular plant species composition for the sprouting associations. Fire is not a succession-initiating disturbance in the Clementsian sense. The species present prior to burning either resprout soon after fire or resist fire, thus rapidly restoring the preburn conditions. Limited data suggest fire in the associations dominated by seeding species likewise does not initiate a relay type succession. The ridge vegetation exhibits marked resiliency to fire as a result of an evolutionary history of a stressful environment including winter droughts, acidic, nutrient-poor sand substrates, and frequent lightning-caused low intensity burns.