三峡库区典型流域聚落变迁的土地利用效应

三峡库区是典型的移民区和生态敏感区,探究其由于聚落变迁所引发的土地利用转移效应对于区域社会经济发展和生态恢复具有重要意义。以库区腹地草堂溪流域为研究对象,基于2000—2018年GOOGLE EARTH高分影像,结合当地自然地理环境和社会经济发展从微观尺度对山区聚落变迁的土地利用效应进行剖析。研究表明:(1)扩张型聚落周边以耕地转为果园为主;衰退型聚落周边土地利用转型主要表现为耕地向果园、有林地转变;自然增长型聚落周边以耕地和灌木林地向有林地,果园转化;消没型聚落周边以耕地,果园转为林草地,撂荒地为主,经济和生态效益均有所提高;且除消没型聚落外,另外3种聚落类型周边土地利用功能逐渐向生产生态功能转变,消没型周边土地利用功能逐渐侧重于生态功能。(2)2000—2010年,聚落变迁劳动力转移是聚落周边用地类型变化的根本因素,政府政策是是造成土地利用转型的直接因素;2010—2018年社会经济发展是土地利用转型的直接驱动因素,而农户生计需求是引发用地类型变化的根本驱动力;(3)聚落的变迁,不仅驱动了土地利用转型而且促使流域内经营主体由农户个体经营向政府、企业为主的经营主体转变。研究结果对于库区生态建设,农户经济发展以及改善人居环境等方面具有一定的积级作用。     

基于生态恢复和文化回归的梯田景观格局重建--以菲律宾科迪勒拉高山水稻梯田景观复兴为例

基于菲律宾科迪勒拉梯田景观遭到严重破坏、世界文化遗产受到威胁的现状,通过分析先人建立的"水源涵养林-木涌-聚落-梯田-水系"结构体系以及传统文化对梯田景观格局稳定性的保护和控制,剖析隐含在高山水稻梯田景观背后的生态技术和文化格局,了解和借鉴先人智慧,结合现状生态、社会问题和地区特征,分析梯田景观恢复的需求和挑战,运用景观生态学技术手段和对传统文化的唤醒,进行采伐迹地恢复、梯田景观恢复、灌溉体系修复、对抗外来物种入侵,借鉴传统管理模式建立适应新形势的社区管理和合理的旅游规划体系,重建"森林-木涌-聚落-梯田-水系"的景观生态格局,促进传统文化回归,实现高山梯田景观复兴与世界文化遗产保护。     

青甘边区黑河流域森林植被带及其昆虫区系的组成

黑河发源于青海、甘肃交界的祁连山区,是甘肃河西走廊最大的内陆河水系之一,水源丰富,流量稳定,这不仅取决于祁连山区大气降水和冰川融水,更重要的是与上游森林植被密不可分。但是,由于森林害虫猖獗成灾,严重威胁着这一地域森林的生存。近几年我们在森林昆虫普查的基础上,对黑河流域森林昆虫     

海河流域面源污染风险格局识别与模拟优化

面源污染是海河流域面临的主要水生态环境问题,如何通过流域景观格局优化实现对面源污染的控制一直是研究的热点问题。通过最小累积阻力模型,以海河流域为研究对象,将流域景观要素及影响流域景观过程的外部因子相结合,对海河流域面源污染风险格局进行了识别,并将阻力格局与海河流域实测水环境指标进行相关性分析及验证,在此基础上对流域污染风险进行识别与优化模拟。结果表明海河流域有40%以上(130380 km2)区域面临高污染风险,集中分布在中南部平原地区以及山区河谷地带;对此设置河流植被缓冲带进行格局优化模拟分析,通过比较不同措施格局优化阻力值变化趋势表明,对于二级河流水系,加强河流两岸600—1600 m范围的人类活动管控,可以有效降低污染物输出,显著降低流域面源污染发生的风险。在面源污染风险等级较高的平原地区,设置300—400 m植被缓冲带,可将风险等级降低50%,设置700—800 m岸边植被缓冲带即可达到最佳效果;而在山区地区因风险较低,设置400—500 m的植被缓冲带即可达到最佳效果,能够将污染风险在现有基础上降低30%—40%。这一研究结果对海河流域景观格局优化和面源污染风险控制提供科学参考。     

黄土高原景观格局与水土流失关系研究

采用DCCA排序法对黄土高原腹地泾河流域12个子流域的景观格局与流域水土流失关系进行了定量分析.结果表明,DCCA排序的前4轴分别与农业用地比率、景观多样性指数、森林比率显著相关.各子流域的水土流失特征具有明显的梯度变异.在森林比率占65%的三水河子流域,景观相对简单、多样性低,流域年径流量大、输沙小、含沙量低,径流相对稳定;随着森林比率减小,农业用地比率增大,景观多样性升高,产流系数增高,径流深度、输沙量和含沙量增大;在森林比率很低、农业用地53.41%的洪河子流域,景观格局复杂、多样性较高,河流含沙量高、输沙率大,月输沙和径流变异极大;在农业用地比率减小,其他景观类型比率增大,景观相对简单的环江上、下游子流域,输沙量和含沙量减小,但输沙和径流的年际变化极大.排序分析结果较清晰地解释了黄土高原典型地区水土流失特征沿景观梯度的变化规律.     

浦阳江中上游河谷盆地乡土景观研究

由流域水系冲击作用形成的河谷盆地往往具有较为封闭的地域环境,人与环境的相互作用将其转化为独特的乡土景观。以浙江省浦阳江中上游河谷盆地乡土景观为研究对象,依据人与自然的互动关系,将研究区分为湖区和畈区2种景观类型,同时基于风景园林学的视角,分别从自然基底、农田水利体系、聚落体系层面阐述2种景观类型的构成要素和空间格局特征,并通过典型的聚落样本进一步揭示了各系统层之间的相互关系以及乡土景观格局与乡土景观过程的耦合关系机制。     

黑河流域植被垂直分布对气候变化的响应

黑河流域作为我国典型的生态系统过渡带,深入分析该区域内植被垂直分布变化对气候变化的响应,对于开展区域尺度植被分布对气候变化的响应研究极具代表性。近30年来,黑河流域的植被分布随着平均生物温度和降水分布变化,在空间分布上,尤其是垂直分布上发生了系列变化。基于黑河流域植被类型的410个野外调研采样数据、1980s年代的植被数据、遥感影像、气候观测数据、DEM等多源数据,分别构建了黑河流域气候要素和植被类型垂直分布变化的空间分析模型,定量揭示了黑河流域绿洲农田荒漠带（≤1700 m）、荒漠草原植被带（1700-2100 m）、干性灌丛草原植被带（2100-2500 m）、山地森林草原植被带（2500-3300 m）、高山灌丛草甸植被带（3300-3800 m）和高山寒漠草甸植被带（≥3800 m）6个植被垂直带的植被变化及其对气候变化的响应差异。研究结果表明：在1980s-2010s期间,整个黑河流域植被空间分布的动态变化率为25.75%,发生变化的总面积为203.12万hm²;绿洲农田荒漠植被带的变化面积最大（72.24万hm²）,山地森林草原植被带的植被动态变化率最高（56.93%）;6个垂直带内的年平均生物温度和平均降水整体上均呈增加趋势,其中降水的增长率随海拔升高呈下降趋势,而平均生物温度的增长率则随海拔升高呈持续上升趋势;黑河流域中低海拔植被带内的植被动态变化与年平均生物温度和平均降水的相关性整体上高于其他植被带;荒漠草原植被带和干性灌丛草原植被带的植被动态变化对气候变化的敏感性高于其他植被带内植被变化对气候变化的敏感性。     

流域生态系统服务簇变化及影响因素——以大清河流域为例

生态系统服务簇是多种生态系统服务的组合,是生态系统多功能性中的主导功能表征。识别生态系统服务簇的空间和功能变化及影响因素,可为基于主导功能实施分区管理策略、统筹土地多功能性,进而为整体提升区域生态系统服务提供参考。本研究以大清河流域为例,选取6种生态系统服务（水资源供给服务、粮食供给服务、水源涵养服务、水质净化服务、土壤保持服务、固碳服务）,在乡镇尺度上探讨了生态系统服务簇的变化特征,研究了影响其变化的主要因素。结果表明：（1）依据主导的生态系统服务类型,大清流域可以分为3个生态系统服务簇,生态调节服务簇（B1）,农产品供给服务簇（B2）和人居环境簇（B3）;（2）2000-2015年,生态调节服务簇的空间格局变幅最大,乡镇变化率为19.6%,而农产品供给服务簇和人居环境簇的空间稳定性较强,变化率小于5.0%;生态系统服务簇类型发生转化的区域主要位于服务簇交界处;（3）尽管服务簇在空间上有变化,但生态调节服务簇、农产品供给服务簇和人居环境簇的生态系统服务呈增长趋势,平均增幅高达8.62%;（4）自然本底条件和生态保护政策是驱动生态调节服务簇变化的主要因素,农产品供给和建设用地面积的变化分别是驱动农产品供给服务簇和人居环境簇时空变化的主要因素。该案例研究结果为管理土地多功能属性、整体提升国土空间功能提供了有效的途径。     

哈尼梯田区优势景观类型对泉水氢氧同位素效应的影响

氢氧稳定同位素是示踪流域水循环过程的有效手段,流域景观类型及其格局对泉水同位素效应的影响是景观生态学与同位素水文学的全新交叉领域.本文以哈尼梯田文化景观遗产核心区的全福庄河小流域为研究对象,在2015年3月—2016年3月间,逐月在海拔1500 m的梯田、1700 m的梯田和1900 m的森林景观类型下分别采集78个泉水样和39个大气降水样进行氢氧稳定同位素分析.结果表明:小流域的优势景观类型是森林和梯田,两者面积分别占总面积的66.6％和22.1％,并具有森林在上、梯田在下的垂直格局.相关分析表明,泉水除受降水补给外,还受到景观内其他同位素值偏正的水源补给,景观位置较高的森林区泉水主要由降水补给,位于森林之下的梯田泉水受大气降水、河水、梯田水、地下水等多种水源补给,其同位素混合作用强烈;泉水δ¹⁸O和δD值整体海拔效应明显,其海拔梯度分别为-0.125‰·(100 m)^-1和-0.688‰·(100 m)^-1;研究区氘盈余值随海拔升高而增大与景观格局和同位素循环过程有关.总之,优势景观类型对泉水氢氧同位素效应具有显著影响,泉水氢氧同位素可作为景观水文过程对景观格局的响应指标.     

哈尼梯田湿地生态系统的垂直特征

云南南部亚热带山区的哈尼梯田湿地分布于海拔144～2000m、坡度在15～75°的山坡上,具有独特的垂直特征,高程变化是其垂直特征的主要驱动力.从景观、类型、植被、水文和土壤几个方面论述了哈尼梯田的垂直特性.哈尼梯田湿地景观呈现"森林-村庄-梯田-河流"垂直特性.由低海拔到高海拔将哈尼梯田湿地划分为5个类型,不同类型上湿地植物--水稻的品种、栽培、耕作方式等均呈现垂直方向上的变化特征.哈尼梯田涵养水源的能力为5050m3/hm2,水质随海拔降低呈现"好-差-好"的垂直特征,这个变化过程反映了梯田湿地对污染物的强有效的降解作用,进入梯田的污染物的浓度随海拔降低呈指数级下降.通过多元统计法分析,得出土壤综合质量指数排序为神林或林地＞梯地＞梯田＞水源地,除水源地外,土壤有机质、全氮和全磷的含量以及综合质量基本呈现与海拔成正相关关系;全福庄土壤综合质量好于勐品土壤总和质量;哈尼梯田湿地的垂直特性是其区别于其它类型湿地的显著特征,分析和比较哈尼梯田湿地与平原稻田湿地和天然湿地在结构、功能和价值上的异同性,进一步突出了哈尼梯田的垂直特性.     

湖南通道侗族自治县传统聚落的空间构建

湘西传统聚落作为一种为数不多的、保存完好的聚落景观之一,其保护研究是我国文化生态及其生物多样性保护研究的重要组成部分。以怀化市侗族传统聚落为研究对象,从传统风水学理念与现代生态位出发,探索传统聚落空间格局的构建方法和驱动因素,以期为传统聚落合理的生态位扩充和空间结构演变提供理论依据。研究表明:湘西传统聚落形成了东、南、西、北四面山林围护、中间宽敞开阔的独立地理空间结构,构建了符合大众追求的"山-林-屋-水-林"的理想聚落空间模式,而且民居建筑大多都"坐西朝东,背风向阳,靠山面水而建"。这种聚落是在自然、经济和文化三大因素共同影响下构成的复合生态系统,有其独特的运行机制。在传统聚落空间系统不断发展的过程中,应遵从其演变发展的客观规律,根据不同传统聚落的生产力水平条件,合理推进经济社会空间结构的转型,并适度加以调控,以稳步实现传统聚落的空间演变和生态位扩充。     

The effect of landscape and human settlement on the genetic differentiation and presence of Paragonimus species in Mesoamerica

Foodborne diseases are a neglected research area, and despite the existence of many tools for diagnosis and genetic studies, very little is known about the effect of the landscape on the genetic diversity and presence of parasites. One of these foodborne disease is paragonimiasis, caused by trematodes of the genus Paragonimus, which is responsible for a high number of infections in humans and wild animals. The main Paragonimus sp reported in Mesoamerica is Paragonimus mexicanus, yet there are doubts about its correct identification as a unique species throughout the region. This, together with a lack of detailed knowledge about their ecology, evolution and differentiation, may complicate the implementation of control strategies across the Mesoamerican region. We had the goal of delimiting the species of P. mexicanus found throughout Mesoamerica and determining the effect of landscape and geology on the diversity and presence of the parasite. We found support for the delimitation of five genetic groups. The genetic differentiation among these groups was positively affected by elevation and the isolation of river basins, while the parasite’s presence was affected negatively only by the presence of human settlements. These results suggest that areas with lower elevation, connected rivers basins, and an absence of human settlements have low genetic differentiation and high P. mexicanus presence, which may increase the risk of Paragonimus infection. These demonstrate the importance of accurate species delimitation and consideration of the effect of landscape on Paragonimus in the proposal of adequate control strategies. However, other landscape variables cannot be discarded, including temperature, rainfall regime, and spatial scale (local, landscape and regional). These additional variables were not explored here, and should be considered in future studies.     

广东永汉传统农村的聚落生态观

生态观作为人类对人与自然关系以及人类生态系统的基本看法,是一种综合了聚落生态、社会、文化、空间等多重属性的研究视角。采用田野调查法,走访了永汉300余个传统农村聚落中的98个,获得由68个聚落个体组成的样本。"后龙山林地+建筑群+地堂+鱼塘+耕地"为这些聚落的基本构成模式。其生态观主要由社会、经济、文化三类因素构成,三者共同影响了聚落选址、规模和结构。社会因素主要包括同一聚落內部以及不同聚落之间的社会关系;经济因素主要包括饮食和居住的生存需求;文化因素的主要内容是风水。改革开放以来聚落发生演替,原因是生态观中经济因素地位大大提高,风水的影响降低,社会结构发生重大改变。演替过程中出现土地浪费等一系列问题,必须发展一种基于传统农村聚落保护及再生的新的生态观及可持续发展模式以修正演替过程中出现的问题。     

Tree-ring dating of Russian Pomor settlements in Svalbard

Results of the tree-ring dating of samples from the three Russian settlements of the 18th century (Bjornbeinflyene, Palffyodden, and Schonningholmane) at Svalbard are presented. The present study is a development of a previous work (Chochorowski and Krapiec, 2017). These stations were discovered during excavations conducted by the Polish archaeological expedition of Jagiellonian University in the Sorkappland and Hornsund fjord regions of the Svalbard Archipelago. In total, 5 non-dated samples of the previous work were reanalyzed for these sites: Bjornbeinflyene (2 samples), Palffyodden (1 sample), Schonningholmane (1 sample) and relics from the landing site on the Torrflya coast (1 sample). All samples from these settlements are constructional elements of dwellings, appearing to be prefabricates brought from the continent, and only one of them is a driftwood timber. These floating chronologies were cross-dated against more than 200 master tree-ring chronologies from the Arctic coast, including as well our own data. Cross-dating was performed by CORINA software which includes t-values calculated with different detrending options. As a result, it was possible to successfully date and determine the place of origin of these samples. Results obtained do not contradict the data of radiocarbon and archaeological dating and indicate the possible use of wood from the territories of the White and Kara Sea basins as a building material for the Russian Pomor settlements in Svalbard.     

宁绍平原圩田景观解析

宁绍平原是中国最古老的圩田开垦地区之一。地质上底土的差异、水与田的动态变化以及人类的干预形成了宁绍平原丰富的圩田形式。文章以历史地图、传统舆图、历史照片等图像资料以及地方志为基础,结合现场调研,首先论述宁绍平原圩田景观演变的自然与文化的动力因素;然后从风景园林学科的角度,将宁绍平原的圩田景观分解为一个多层系统的叠加,包括反映出自然特征的水利系统、以水利和土地划分为基础的农业开垦系统以及以农田水利网络、开垦机制为特征的聚落系统;最后总结圩田景观对宁绍平原人居环境方面形成的巨大影响     

基于生态适应性理论的川东民居传统聚落景观分析

以川东地区传统聚落为研究对象,基于现代生态适应性理论,探索了川东传统聚落空间格局的构建方法和驱动因素,以期为传统聚落的生态适应性和空间结构演变提供理论依据。研究表明:传统聚落实质体现了其对自然地理要素及生态系统完整性的适应。在聚落选址方面具体化为山、河、路、池等环境要素,形成理想聚居模式以适应环境。传统聚落营建风水林以弥补原自然环境的不足,这不仅起到了维持生物多样性的作用,且使人和其它生物及环境要素一起构成一个完整的生态系统。在房屋形式的选择上,传统聚落建筑极富地域特色,反映了对自然的尊崇和适应。传统聚落是一种以人类行为为主导,自然环境为依托,资源流动为命脉,社会、文化为经络的人工复合生态系统。经济、文化和制度三者相辅相成构成社会系统的原动力。     

Study on the protection and sustainable development of scenic resources-a case study of Qingxiushan scenic spot in Nanning city

The construction of urban green space has become an important indicator to measure the progress of urban civilization and sustainable development. It is an effective measure to strengthen the construction of urban green space and to protect and build urban ecological environments. The Qingxiushan scenic spot is not only an important part of the urban green space system, but also an important part of the urban ecosystem, which has significant ecological and environmental benefits. In the planning and construction of the Qingxiushan scenic spot in Nanning city, the rare and precious plant species in the south subtropical zone are gathered together to become an important base for the migration and protection of plants in different places, forming a large-area and multi-plant symbiotic plant community, providing a good habitat for animals, realizing the harmonious coexistence of plants and other plants, plants and animals, people and nature, and, based on the protection of the ecological environment, plants and businesses. The ecological, social, and economic benefits of the Qingxiushan scenic spot are fully brought into play.     

高寒山地生态脆弱区聚落空间格局特征及成因识别——以天祝藏族自治县为例

自然环境复杂多样是山区聚落空间差异性和异质性的主要原因，对聚落空间治理及可持续发展具有深刻影响。采用天祝县2018年土地变更调查数据，利用空间"热点"探测、最小累积阻力值模型（MCR）和二元Logistic回归等方法，对聚落空间分布格局及其形成因素进行分析。结果表明：（1）聚落分布整体表现为集聚型，空间上呈现出"东南高、西北低"的格局。（2）核密度估计值东南高、西北低，形成"东南密集型"和"西北稀疏型"2个典型分布区，呈现出"核心-边缘"结构；同时，聚落规模空间"热点"探测显示，聚落形态具有显著的空间差异性，华藏寺镇表现为高密度大斑块，其他乡镇表现为中低密度小斑块。（3）聚落斑块平均密度对分组分析结果作用显著，聚落类型由中低密度斑块主导，受高寒气候区分布范围较广的影响，高寒区稀疏型聚落覆盖范围较大。（4）通过聚落空间格局影响因素统计分析和Logistic回归分析，定量识别出：地形条件、土地资源配置和降水条件对聚落分布疏密程度作用最显著，交通禀赋和交通可达性对县域聚落格局优化具有重要作用。     

Palynological investigations in sediments of ancient lake Duvensee,Schleswig-Holstein (North Germany)

The Duvensee originated before the Alleroed in the Late Glacial, and had its largest areal coverage during the Preboreal. After the lake retreat, which began in early Boreal times, the marginal shore areas and nearshore islands were repeatedly inhabited by man in the early Mesolithicum. Archaeological excavations of human settlements and pollen analyses of sediment cores show evidence of lake level fluctuations in the ensuing period. The results disclose that shallow water sediments such as lake marls, algal muds and coarse detrital gyttjas predominate in the sequence. In keeping with the shallow water conditions, strong lateral facies changes were observed in the cores. The early Holocene deposits have almost the same thickness irrespective of their position in the shallow or deep parts of the lake basin. The subaerial exposure of the nearshore and island areas sometimes resulted in fern and reed peats. The last remnants of the lake, which was drained in 1850, lay in the marginal areas over shallow water sediments.     

A comparison of the urban flora of different phytoclimatic regions in Italy

This study is a comparison of the spontaneous vascular flora of five Italian cities: Milan, Ancona, Rome, Cagliari and Palermo. The aims of the study are to test the hypothesis that urbanization results in uniformity of urban floras, and to evaluate the role of alien species in the flora of settlements located in different phytoclimatic regions. To obtain comparable data, ten plots of 1 ha, each representing typical urban habitats, were analysed in each city. The results indicate a low floristic similarity between the cities, while the strongest similarity appears within each city and between each city and the seminatural vegetation of the surrounding region. In the Mediterranean settlements, even the most urbanized plots reflect the characters of the surrounding landscape and are rich in native species, while aliens are relatively few. These results differ from the reported uniformity and the high proportion of aliens which generally characterize urban floras elsewhere. To explain this trend the importance of apophytes (indigenous plants expanding into man-made habitats) is highlighted; several Mediterranean species adapted to disturbance (i.e. grazing, trampling, and human activities) are pre-adapted to the urban environment. In addition, consideration is given to the minor role played by the 'urban heat island' in the Mediterranean basin, and to the structure and history of several Italian settlements, where ancient walls, ruins and archaeological sites in the periphery as well as in the historical centres act as conservative habitats and provide connection with seed-sources on the outskirts.