蒺藜苜蓿DGAT1基因的克隆和功能鉴定

该研究采用RT-PCR与电子克隆的方法,从蒺藜苜蓿cDNA中克隆得到2个编码二脂酰甘油酰基转移酶(diacylglycerol acyltransferase,DGAT)的基因MtDGAT1-1和MtDGAT1-2。MtDGAT1-1长1 620bp,编码539个氨基酸;MtDGAT1-2长1 524bp,编码507个氨基酸。多序列比对显示,MtDGAT1-1和MtDGAT1-2编码蛋白具有典型的植物DGAT1结构域。表达分析显示,MtDGAT1-1和MtDGAT1-2在根、茎、叶、花、种子中都有表达,在种子发育中高表达,且MtDGAT1-1于种子发育的中前期高表达,而MtDGAT1-2于种子发育的中后期高表达。酵母互补实验证实,MtDGAT1-2编码蛋白具有DGAT酶活性,能够恢复H1246的TAG合成和油体形成;而MtDGAT1-1编码蛋白不能恢复H1246的TAG合成和油体形成。     

油葵含油量相关基因在烟草中的表达

采用RT-PCR和RACE技术从油葵(Helianthus annuus L.)种子中克隆了DGAT基因的cDNA全长序列,命名为HaDl(GenBank登录号为HM 015632).将HaDl与CaMV 35S组成型启动子融合,构建植物表达载体pBI-HaDl,通过根癌农杆菌介导转化烟草.对转基因植株进行GUS及PCR检测,同时采用气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)分析转基因烟草叶片中脂肪酸各成分的含量.结果表明:HaDl基因cDNA全长1 936 bp,最大开放阅读框为1 524 bp,编码507个氨基酸;推测的氨基酸序列与其它植物已报道的DGAT1基因的氨基酸序列一致性为70%～80%,具有DGAT1蛋白保守的二酰甘油结合基序"HKWIVRHLYFP",因此HaDl基因属于DGAT1基因家族.GUS活性染色及PCR检测均证明外源HaDl整合到烟草基因组并成功表达.转基因烟草叶片脂肪酸含量测定发现,油酸、软脂酸和硬脂酸的含量得到提高,推测HaDl是植物油脂合成相关的重要基因.     

牡丹DGAT基因的克隆及表达分析

利用RT-PCR和RACE技术,从牡丹种子中克隆得到1个二酰甘油酰基转移酶基因(DGAT),命名为PaDGAT1(GenBank登录号为MG214258)。PaDGAT1基因cDNA全长为2 028bp,包含1 554bp开放阅读框,编码517个氨基酸。PaDGAT1蛋白属于疏水性碱性蛋白,分子量为58.86kD,理论等电点为8.62,二级结构预测表明,无规则卷曲和延伸链是该蛋白的主要结构元件。氨基酸序列对比分析表明,PaDGAT1基因编码的蛋白属于DGAT1亚家族,与油橄榄(Olea europaea)的DGAT1蛋白亲缘关系最近。实时荧光定量分析结果表明,PaDGAT1基因在花芽中表达水平较高,在叶、茎和未发育子房中表达水平较低;在种子发育过程中,PaDGAT1基因表达水平呈现出升高-降低-升高的趋势,其中在发育28d时表达水平最高,随后其表达水平逐渐减低,在种子发育70d时又升高,至发育末期的85d时表达水平升高至较高水平;在种子收获后,常温存放7d时,PaDGAT1基因表达水平最高,随后其表达水平逐渐下降。结果推测,DGAT基因在牡丹种子的油脂合成中起重要的调控作用。     

小桐子甘油-3-磷酸酰基转移酶（JcGPAT）cDNA的克隆与序列分析

甘油-3-磷酸酰基转移酶是植物生物合成储存油脂过程中的关键酶,对油料作物种子含油量具有重要的限制作用。本研究以植物甘油-3-磷酸酰基转移酶同源基因的保守区域序列为基础,设计简并引物,结合RACE技术,从能源植物小桐子种子中克隆获得JcGPAT基因的cDNA全长序列（GenBank登录号HQ395225）。JcGPAT cDNA核苷酸序列长度为1672bp,开放阅读框为1125bp,编码375个氨基酸。该基因具有明显的GPAT基因结构域,其编码的氨基酸序列与油桐、蓖麻等植物具有很高的同源性。RT-PCR表达分析表明,该基因在小桐子发育的种子、叶、根尖等多个组织表达。     

枸杞脂肪酰基还原酶基因的克隆及表达分析

脂肪酰基还原酶基因广泛参与植物的脂类代谢过程,影响植物雄配子体花药发育以及表皮蜡酯合成等。本研究利用RACE方法从宁夏枸杞(宁杞1号)花药中克隆脂肪酰基还原酶LbMS2-2基因,开放阅读框全长1800bp,编码599个氨基酸,等电点为9.00。生物信息学分析表明,LbMS2-2蛋白定位于叶绿体中,该蛋白序列与茄科植物甜辣椒、烟草和马铃薯中的脂肪酰基还原酶表现出较高的序列相似性;实时荧光定量PCR显示,LbMS2-2基因在枸杞花器官中表达,且在枸杞花药发育的四分体时期、单核花粉时期和双核花粉时期表达量较高。原位杂交结果证实该基因只在花药绒毡层和小孢子中表达。亚细胞定位结果进一步验证LbMS2-2基因的叶绿体定位。以上结果表明,枸杞脂肪酰基还原酶基因是枸杞花器官发育过程中的重要基因。     

枸杞LbSPL6基因的克隆及表达分析

从实验室前期对枸杞(Lycium barbarum L.)花发育过程转录组测序结果推测,枸杞Squamosa启动子结合蛋白(Squamosa promoter binding protein-like,SPL)转录因子可能在枸杞花发育过程中发挥重要功能。该研究以宁夏特色植物资源枸杞为材料,采用RACE方法克隆LbSPL6基因,通过生物信息学及基因表达分析对该基因进行初步研究。结果表明:(1)成功克隆获得LbSPL6基因,其开放阅读框全长1524 bp,编码507个氨基酸,分子量为55.34 kD;序列分析表明LbSPL6蛋白中包含3个保守基序,且氨基酸序列与茄科植物同源蛋白的氨基酸序列高度相似。(2)qRT-PCR分析证实,LbSPL6基因在枸杞花器官中表达,并且在花药发育的四分体时期及单核花粉时期表达量较高;亚细胞定位实验证明,LbSPL6蛋白定位于细胞核中。该研究结果为进一步研究枸杞LbSPL6转录因子在花发育过程中的功能和作用机制奠定了基础。     

枸杞花药发育基因LbMS2的克隆及表达分析

MS2(Male sterily2)类基因编码脂肪酰基还原酶,参与了花药绒毡层中脂类代谢过程。该研究以宁夏枸杞(‘宁杞1号’)为试验材料,采用RACE方法从枸杞花药cDNA中获得枸杞LbMS2基因。结果显示,LbMS2基因开放阅读框为1 782bp,编码593个氨基酸,等电点为8.98;生物信息学分析显示,LbMS2蛋白定位于叶绿体;LbMS2蛋白序列与茄科植物矮牵牛、茸毛烟草、马铃薯、番茄以及甜辣椒中的MS2蛋白表现出较高的序列相似性;实时荧光定量PCR结果显示,LbMS2基因具有器官表达特异性,只在枸杞花器官中表达,并且在枸杞花药发育的四分体时期以及单核花粉时期表达量最高。研究表明,LbMS2基因是枸杞花器官发育过程中的重要基因。     

种子特异表达异源DGAT1基因提高大豆种子含油量和营养品质

为提高大豆Glycine max种子含油量和营养品质,文中以二酰甘油酰基转移酶1(Diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1,DGAT1)基因为遗传修饰靶标。将来自高油植物斑鸠菊Vernonia galamensis L.编码DGAT1酶蛋白的c DNA克隆Vg DGAT1A在大豆种子特异超表达。连续选择获得高代(T7)Vg DGAT1A转基因大豆株系。转基因株系表型鉴定显示,在大豆种子发育中期(30–45 DAF),Vg DGAT1A高表达,相应地DGAT酶活性是非转基因野生型和空载体转化对照的7.8倍。转基因成熟种子含油量比对照提高了5.1%,淀粉含量比对照减少2%–3%,蛋白质含量与对照无显著差异。此外,转基因大豆种子百粒重(14.5 g)和种子萌发率(95.6%)与对照亦无明显差异。种子油脂脂肪酸成分分析显示,转基因大豆种子油中抗氧化的油酸(C18:1Δ9)含量比对照提高8.2%,相应地易氧化的亚油酸(C18:2Δ9,12)和亚麻酸(C18:3Δ9,12,15)分别减少6%和2%。这些数据表明,种子特异超表达外源Vg DGAT1A基因,打破了大豆种子含油量和蛋白质含量的负连锁,显著提高种子含油量且未导致蛋白含量降低。转基因大豆种子重量和萌发率亦未显负效应,而且种子油脂抗氧化性和营养品质得以改善。研究表明应用这一高酶活性Vg DGAT1A的基因工程是提高种子含油量和改善油脂品质的一条有效途径。     

油茶种子发育期油脂合成积累的源汇基因协同表达

为探讨油茶种子油脂的合成积累与源汇基因表达间的关系,以高油品系‘MY003’和低油品系‘MY008’的不同发育时期(6月2日、7月4日、8月5日、9月3日)种子为材料,利用氯仿甲醇法测定含油率,采用qRT-PCR技术分析油脂合成源基因(GPD1)和汇基因(DGAT1和DGAT2)在高低油种子间的表达差异及其对油脂合成积累的影响,为进一步研究油茶种子油脂合成积累的分子机制提供理论依据。结果显示:(1)油茶种子含油率均处于逐渐上升趋势(0.16%~24.1%),并在7月4日以后开始迅速上升,且‘MY003’种子含油率一直高于‘MY008’。(2)在‘MY003’种子中GPD1、DGAT1和DGAT2基因表达量均明显高于‘MY008’,DGAT1和DGAT2在源基因GPD1高水平表达后仍出现表达高峰;源基因GPD1在种子发育初期高表达,促进了TAG前体G3P的高效合成,而汇基因DGAT1和DGAT2在种子发育后期高表达,则促进了TAG的高效积累,GPD1与DGAT1、DGAT2之间呈正相关关系。研究表明,油茶种子油脂的合成积累来源于源基因GPD1和汇基因DGAT1与DGAT2的协同高表达。     

烟草NtGSH2基因的克隆及表达特性分析

谷胱甘肽(glutathione,GSH)是生物体内的非蛋白巯基类化合物,具有抗氧化、抗衰老和重金属解毒等重要的生理功能。本研究从烟草(Nicotiana tabacum L.)中克隆到谷胱甘肽合成酶基因NtGSH2,该基因编码555个氨基酸残基的蛋白质。氨基酸序列比对和进化树分析发现,NtGSH2与其他植物同源蛋白具有较高的一致性,且与枸杞(Lycium chinense)LcGSHS/LcGS和番茄(Solanum lycopersicum)SlGSH2归为一类,亲缘关系最近。组织表达模式分析表明,NtGSH2基因在烟草的根、茎、叶、花和种子中均表达,其中在花中的表达量最高,在种子中的表达量最低。实时荧光定量PCR检测表明,NtGSH2受CdCl_2和ZnCl_2诱导表达。将NtGSH2连接到原核表达载体pET32a上,转化获得含有NtGSH2基因的大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)工程菌并成功表达目的蛋白。该研究结果为进一步分析NtGSH2基因功能及谷胱甘肽的生物合成提供了一定的理论依据。     

Physicochemical and biological properties of 6(1),6(3),6(5)-tri-O-alpha-maltosyl-cyclomaltoheptaose (6(1),6(3),6(5)-tri-O-alpha-maltosyl-beta-cyclodextrin)

A unique multibranched cyclomaltooligosaccharide (cyclodextrin, CD) of 6(1),6(3),6(5)-tri-O-alpha-maltosyl-cyclomaltoheptaose [6(1),6(3),6(5)-tri-O-alpha-maltosyl-beta-cyclodextrin, (G(2))(3)-betaCD] was prepared. The physicochemical and biological properties of (G(2))(3)-betaCD were determined together with those of monobranched CDs (6-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-alpha-cyclodextrin (G(1)-alphaCD), 6-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-beta-cyclodextrin (G(1)-betaCD), and 6-O-alpha-maltosyl-beta-cyclodextrin (G(2)-betaCD)). NMR spectra of (G(2))(3)-betaCD were measured using various 2D NMR techniques. The solubility of (G(2))(3)-betaCD in water and MeOH-water solutions was extremely high in comparison with nonbranched betaCD and was about the same as that of the other monobranched betaCDs. The formation of an inclusion complex of (G(2))(3)-betaCD with stereoisomers (estradiol, retinoic acid, quinine, citral, and glycyrrhetinic acid) depends on the cis-trans isomers of guest compounds. The cis isomers of estradiol, retinoic acid, and glycyrrhetinic acid were included more than their trans isomers, while the trans isomers of citral and quinine fit more tightly than their cis isomers. (G(2))(3)-betaCD was the most effective host compound in the cis-trans resolution of glycyrrhetinic acid. Among the branched betaCDs, (G(2))(3)-betaCD exhibited the weakest hemolytic activity in human erythrocytes and showed negligible cytotoxicity in Caco-2 cells up to 200 microM. These results indicate unique characteristics of (G(2))(3)-betaCD in some biological responses of cultured cells.     

Spectral and thermodynamic properties of Ag(I), Au(III), Cd(II), Co(II), Fe(III), Hg(II), Mn(II), Ni(II), Pb(II), U(IV), and Zn(II) binding by methanobactin from Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b

Methanobactin (mb) is a novel chromopeptide that appears to function as the extracellular component of a copper acquisition system in methanotrophic bacteria. To examine this potential physiological role, and to distinguish it from iron binding siderophores, the spectral (UV–visible absorption, circular dichroism, fluorescence, and X-ray photoelectron) and thermodynamic properties of metal binding by mb were examined. In the absence of Cu(II) or Cu(I), mb will bind Ag(I), Au(III), Co(II), Cd(II), Fe(III), Hg(II), Mn(II), Ni(II), Pb(II), U(VI), or Zn(II), but not Ba(II), Ca(II), La(II), Mg(II), and Sr(II). The results suggest metals such as Ag(I), Au(III), Hg(II), Pb(II) and possibly U(VI) are bound by a mechanism similar to Cu, whereas the coordination of Co(II), Cd(II), Fe(III), Mn(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II) by mb differs from Cu(II). Consistent with its role as a copper-binding compound or chalkophore, the binding constants of all the metals examined were less than those observed with Cu(II) and copper displaced other metals except Ag(I) and Au(III) bound to mb. However, the binding of different metals by mb suggests that methanotrophic activity also may play a role in either the solubilization or immobilization of many metals in situ.     

Circular dichroism spectra of DNA quadruplexes [d(G(5)T(5))](4) as formed with G(4) and T(4) tetrads and [d(G(5)T(5)). d(A(5)C(5))]2 as formed with Watson-Crick-like (G-C)(2) and (T-A)(2) tetrads

We utilize electrophoresis and find that a thermally treated equimolar mixture of the oligonucleotide d(G(5)T(5)) and its complementary oligonucleotide d(A(5)C(5)) exhibits either two bands or a single band in one lane, depending on the conditions of the incubation solutions. The thermally treated d(G(5)T(5)) solution loaded in a different lane exhibits a single band of the parallel quadruplex [d(G(5)T(5))](4), which is composed of homocyclic hydrogen-bonded G(4) and T(4) tetrads previously proposed. For the thermally treated equimolar mixture of d(G(5)T(5)) and d(A(5)C(5)), the fast band is assigned to a Watson-Crick d(G(5)T(5)). d(A(5)C(5)) duplex, so that the slow band with the same low mobility as that of [d(G(5)T(5))](4) may be assigned to either [d(G(5)T(5))](4) itself or a [d(G(5)T(5)). d(A(5)C(5))](2) quadruplex. If the latter compound is true, this may be the antiparallel quadruplex composed of the heterocyclic hydrogen-bonded G-C-G-C and T-A-T-A tetrads proposed previously. After removing these three bands for the duplex and two kinds of hypothetical quadruplexes, we electrophoretically elute the corresponding compounds in the same electrophoresis buffer using an electroeluter. The eluted compounds are ascertained to be stable by electrophoresis. The circular dichroism (CD) and UV absorption spectra measured for the three isolated compounds are found to be clearly different. For the electrophoretic elution of the hypothetical [d(G(5)T(5))](4) quadruplex, the result of the molecularity of n = 4 obtained from the CD melting curve analysis provides further support for the formation of the parallel [d(G(5)T(5))](4) quadruplex already proposed. For the thermally treated equimolar mixture of d(G(5)T(5)) and d(C(5)A(5)), the fast band with a molecularity of n = 2 corresponds to the Watson-Crick duplex, d(G(5)T(5)). d(A(5)C(5)). The slow band with a molecularity of n = 4 indicates the antiparallel quadruplex [d(G(5)T(5)). d(A(5)C(5))](2), whose observed CD and UV spectra are different from those of [d(G(5)T(5))](4). By electrophoresis, after reannealing the eluted compound [d(G(5)T(5)). d(A(5)C(5))](2), a distinct photograph showing the band splitting of this quadruplex band into the lower duplex and upper quadruplex bands is not possible; but by a transilluminator, we occasionally observe this band splitting with the naked eye. The linear response polarizability tensor calculations for the thus determined structures of the [d(G(5)T(5))](4) quadruplex, the McGavin-like [d(G(5)T(5)). d(A(5)C(5))](2) quadruplex, and the Watson-Crick d(G(5)T(5)). d(A(5)C(5)) duplex are found to qualitatively predict the observed CD and UV spectra.     

Synthesis and luminescence properties of a blue-emitting Sr(3.5) Y(6.5) O(2) (PO(4) )(1.5) (SiO(4) )(4.5) :Eu(2+) phosphor

A novel blue‐emitting Sr_3.5Y_6.5O₂(PO₄)_1.5(SiO₄)_4.5:Eu²⁺ phosphor was synthesized via a solid‐state reaction. Powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis demonstrated that the Sr_3.5Y_6.5O₂(PO₄)_1.5(SiO₄)_4.5 host had a hexagonal crystal structure in the space group P6₃/m and unit cell parameters a = 9.418 Å, c = 6.900 Å. The as‐prepared phosphor showed a blue emission and all the main emission peaks were located at around 466 nm for different excitation wavelengths of 297, 333 and 391 nm. The temperature dependence of the photoluminescence property was investigated in the range 20–250 °C, and the emission intensity decreased to 71% of the initial value at room temperature on increasing the temperature to 150 °C. According to the classical theory of fluorescent thermal quenching, the activation energy (ΔE) for the thermal quenching luminescence of the as‐prepared Sr_3.45Y_6.5O₂(PO₄)_1.5(SiO₄)_4.5:0.05Eu²⁺ phosphor was determined to be 0.20 eV. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The frequencies of Gm(1), Gm(2), Gm(4), Gm(12), and Inv(1) in Hessen (Germany)

Summary The serum groups Gm(1) [Gm(a)], Gm(2) [Gm(x)], Gm(4) [Gm(f)]. Gm(12) [Gm(b)] and Inv(1) [Inv(1)] of 2000 sera of healthy blood donors from the land Hesse were examined. The results obtained were compared with those known until now. Three persons, not related to each other, possessed the extremely rare phenotype Gm(-1, 2, 4, 12) [Gm (a-x+b+f+)]. In 0.75% of the cases we found a discordant behaviour of the factors Gm(4) and Gm(12) [Gm(f) and Gm(b)].

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Zusammenfassung 2000 Seren von gesunden Blutspendern aus Hessen wurden bezüglich der Gamma-Globulin-Serumgruppen Gm(1) [Gm(a)], Gm(2) [Gm(x)], Gm(4) [Gm(f)]. Gm(12) [Gm(b)] und Inv(1) [Inv(1)] untersucht. Die gefundenen Resultate wurden mit den bisher bekannten verglichen. Drei miteinander nicht verwandte Personen wiesen den äußerst seltenen Phänotyp Gm(-1, 2, 4, 12) [Gm(a-x+b+f+)] auf. In 0.75% der Fälle fanden wir ein diskordantes Verhalten der Faktoren Gm(4) und Gm(12) [Gm(f) und Gm(b)].

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Director: Prof. Dr. W. Wachsmuth

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Director: Prof. Dr. W. Spielmann

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The nomenclature suggested by WHO at a round-table conference over genes, genotypes and allotypes of immunglobulins is used. The conference took place in Geneva on the 1965 31. 5. to the 5. 6. [5].

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With technical assistance of S. Mohs.     

New complexes of La(III), Ce(III), Pr(III), Nd(III), Sm(III), Eu(III) and Gd(III) ions with morin

New solid complex compounds of La(III), Ce(III), Pr(III), Nd(III), Sm(III), Eu(III) and Gd(III) ions with morin were synthesized. The molecular formula of the complexes is Ln(C₁₅H₉O₇)₃ · nH₂O, where Ln is the cation of lanthanide and n = 6 for La(III), Sm(III), Gd(III) or n = 8 for Ce(III), Pr(III), Nd(III) and Eu(III). Thermogravimetric studies and the values of dehydration enthalpy indicate that water occurring in the compounds is not present in the inner coordination sphere of the complex. The structure of the complexes was determined on the basis of UV-visible, IR, MS, ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR analyses. It was found that in binding the lanthanide ions the following groups of morin take part: 3OH and 4CO in the case of complexes of La, Pr, Nd, Sm and Eu, or 5OH and 4CO in the case of complexes of Ce and Gd. The complexes are five- and six-membered chelate compounds.