多糖硫酸化修饰和多糖硫酸酯的研究进展

硫酸多糖是一类糖羟基上带有硫酸根的多糖,包括从植物中提取的各种硫酸多糖、肝素、天然多糖的硫酸衍生物及人工合成的各种硫酸多糖。硫酸多糖具有抗病毒、抗肿瘤、抗凝血和增强免疫等生物活性,为提高中药多糖的生物活性,可通过硫酸化修饰的方法进行结构改造,获取多糖硫酸酯。本文就多糖的硫酸化修饰方法、多糖硫酸酯的生物学活性及其影响因素、作用机制和临床应用进行了综述。     

枸杞多糖与黄芪多糖抑菌活性的研究*

目的:研究黄芪多糖和枸杞多糖的抑菌活性并探讨不同pH值对其抑菌活性的影响。方法:采用滤纸片扩散法,分析不同浓度黄芪多糖和枸杞多糖在不同pH值下对几种常见细茵和霉菌(大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、黑曲霉、产黄青霉)的抑制效果。结果:对于细菌,枸杞多糖8mg/mL时出现抑菌圈,而黄芪多糖0.02 mg/mL时效果最佳;对于霉菌,随着枸杞多糖浓度的增大,抑菌圈的直径增大,而黄芪多糖0.02 mg/mL时效果最佳;当枸杞多糖和黄芪多糖在pH6的条件下,二者抑菌活性均最强。结论:枸杞多糖和黄芪多糖对细菌、霉菌都有一定的抑制效果,pH值可影响枸杞多糖和黄芪多糖的抑菌效果。     

2种真菌多糖荧光标记及其取代度和稳定性

通过对小刺猴头发酵浸膏多糖和黑木耳发酵浸膏多糖进行荧光标记,得到2种真菌多糖的荧光标记产物,即小刺猴头菌多糖-FITC和黑木耳多糖-FITC。通过紫外分光光度计、酶标仪和荧光分光光度计对标记后的真菌多糖进行扫描,并进行运算,得到该2种真菌多糖的荧光物质的取代度,分别为0.79%和0.71%。同时对标记后多糖的体外稳定性进行研究,结果表明,小刺猴头发酵浸膏多糖标记物和黑木耳发酵浸膏多糖标记物在PBS溶液、血浆及尿液中稳定性良好。     

火箭免疫电泳法检测ACYW135群脑膜炎球菌多糖疫苗多糖含量和分子大小的初步验证

目的对火箭电泳法用于检测ACYW135群脑膜炎球菌多糖疫苗的多糖含量和多糖分子大小进行验证。方法用化学法和火箭电泳法分别检测ACYW135群脑膜炎球菌多糖疫苗的多糖含量和多糖分子大小,统计学分析两种方法的检测结果。结果两种方法的检测结果差异无统计学意义。结论火箭电泳法可以用于检测ACYW135群脑膜炎球菌多糖疫苗的多糖含量和多糖分子大小。     

超滤膜技术在多糖提取方面的应用

超滤膜技术广泛应用于各类多糖的分离、浓缩、纯化等研究中,包括中药药源多糖如灵芝多糖、大黄多糖、六味地黄汤多糖、黄芪多糖、紫芝多糖、人参多糖,海洋活性多糖如鲨鱼软骨粘多糖、褶纹冠蚌多糖、紫菜多糖、褐藻糖胶、卡拉胶,发酵多糖如蜜环菌菌索多糖、PS-9415发酵液多糖、冬虫夏草多糖,食用植物多糖如茶多糖、香菇多糖、金针菇多糖、芦荟多糖、枸杞多糖等.采用超滤膜技术处理多糖具有收率高、不易破坏多糖的生物活性、能耗低等特点,适于工业化生产.     

海藻多糖化学及生物活性的研究进展

海藻多糖具有多种生物活性,在生物体内起着重要作用,现已成为海藻研究的热点。本文综述了海藻多糖的种类,海藻多糖的提取、分离与提纯技术,海藻多糖性质的测定方法及海藻多糖的生物活性。     

以豆浆为培养基的三种药食用真菌发酵过程多糖变化的研究

为研究豆浆对药食用真菌发酵产多糖的影响,对灵芝、金耳、冬虫夏草三种真菌以豆浆为培养基得到的多糖进行了结构和离子交换层析分析。研究结果表明,三种药食用真菌多糖的结构和性质具有较大差异,在单糖组成方面,葡萄糖、阿拉伯糖和半乳糖三种主要单糖的摩尔百分比具有较大差异,同时多糖中不同分子量的各个组分比例也有较大差异。红外光谱图分析结果显示,金耳和灵芝发酵液较虫草发酵液,多糖峰型变化较大,但二者峰型较相似。三种真菌多糖经离子交换柱分离纯化后发现,三种多糖都是由中性和酸性多糖组成,但冬虫夏草发酵液中的中性多糖比例远低于酸性多糖,而金耳和灵芝多糖中酸性多糖比例高于中性多糖。本研究以豆浆为培养基探究三种药食用真菌发酵多糖结构的变化,不仅为多糖结构研究提供理论支持,还为真菌豆浆发酵产品的开发奠定良好的实践基础。     

病原细菌多糖疫苗和多糖结合疫苗研究进展

在许多病原细菌中,荚膜多糖和O抗原多糖能够刺激机体产生保护性抗体,因此利用病原细菌的多糖制成的疫苗能有效预防传染病,同时避免了病原细菌耐药性的出现。此类疫苗包括多糖疫苗和多糖结合疫苗。细菌体内糖基化的发现,使得利用生物法生产多糖结合疫苗成了多糖结合疫苗生产的热门方向。我们简要综述了多糖疫苗和多糖结合疫苗在研究和应用方面的主要进展。     

天麻多糖提取纯化方法及性质的初步研究

目的:探讨天麻多糖的最佳提取、纯化方法,分析天麻多糖性质,为深入研究天麻多糖提供技术方法。方法:采用水提醇沉法提取出水溶性粗多糖,经Sevag法脱蛋白和活性炭去色素,过DEAE-纤维素柱,盐洗脱得到天麻多糖。进行天麻多糖理化性质分析、紫外光谱和红外光谱检测分析。结果:以10%乙醇50℃恒温回流提取2 h,重复三次,是天麻多糖提取的最佳方法。天麻多糖为白色粉末状固体,其水溶液呈透明粘稠状,pH弱酸性。结论:天麻多糖为非淀粉类非还原性多糖,可能是含有α-D-木吡喃糖、D-吡喃葡萄糖等单糖的非均一组分构成的多糖。     

库克Noni果汁多糖含量及分子量测定

建立测定库克Noni果汁中多糖含量及分子量的方法。通过醇沉法分离Noni果汁多糖,进一步分离纯化得到均一多糖组分;用精制Noni果汁多糖测得该多糖对葡萄糖的换算因子,对多糖含量进行定量测定;并通过SE-HPLC(Size Exclusion-High Performance Liquid Chromatography)法测定了该多糖的相对分子量。结果表明,多糖含量测定方法简便可行,供试液在4 h内显色稳定,重现性较好,平均回收率为99.3%,RSD为1.93%(n=3);测得该多糖的相对分子量为1140 KDa。     

苦楝果多糖的分离纯化及组成分析

利用水提醇沉法提取苦楝果实中的多糖,经DEAE-52柱层析分离,得到MP1、MP2和MP3三个多糖组分,用Sephadex G-100凝胶色谱柱对MP1进行纯化鉴定,结果显示为单一峰。借助气质联用仪,对苦楝粗多糖和组分MP1进行了成分分析。红外光谱分析表明苦楝多糖的单糖残基以吡喃环和呋喃环的形式存在。     

三种植物提取物对菟丝子及大豆生长发育和宿主保护酶活性的影响

利用不同浓度的苦楝树皮和叶、隆缘桉叶和乌桕叶的乙醇提取物对菟丝子及其宿主大豆幼苗进行处理,15d后评价三种提取物对菟丝子和大豆幼苗的影响。结果表明:三种提取物在低浓度时对菟丝子及其宿主大豆幼苗生长发育均无显著影响,在高浓度(0.25g/mL)下,桉树叶提取物对大豆和菟丝子的损伤程度分别达到了64%和70%,苦楝树皮提取物对菟丝子损伤程度为78%,但对大豆幼苗仅为7%。桉树叶和苦楝树皮提取物处理均导致大豆叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性升高,最高值分别为相应对照组的2.37倍和2.0倍;但对过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的影响不同,桉树叶提取物使大豆幼苗POD活性最大值为对照组的2.28倍,而苦楝树皮提取物处理则是CAT活性升高,最大值为对照组的1.58倍,提示桉树叶提取物对大豆较强的伤害作用与其较低的CAT活性有关。     

Laboratory evaluation of Melia azedarach L. and Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Extracts in order to control Ocneridia volxemi Bolivar (Orthoptera, Pamphaginae) hoppers

This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of Melia azedarach L. (Meliaceae) dry fruit extracts (oil and water) and Eucalyptus globulus Labill. (Myrtaceae) dry leaves extracts (water) on Oneridia volxemi hoppers (fifth-instar) feeding on cereals leaves (Triticum durum) under laboratory conditions. Larva feeding reduced and mortality was significatly (p < 0.05) on cereals leaves sprayed with three concentrations 0, 5, 1 and 2% of oil extracted from Melia azederach. In addition, O. volxemi feeding and mortality was significantly (p < 0.05) on cereals leaves sprayed with two concentrations 50 g/l and 80 g/l of water extracts from Melia azedarach dry fruits soaked for 24 hours. the water extract solution of 80 g/l significantly reduced feeding than the other concentrations 50 and 25 g/l. This study showed also the water extract solution from Eucalyptus globulus dry leaves reduced also feeding and induced the mortality of O. volxemi but not better than Melia azedarach dry fruit extracts water at the same concentration (80 g/l). The aim of this study is in an integrated management program for control of O.     

Efficacy of extracts of Melia azedarach L. callus, leaves and fruits against adults of the sweetpotato whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Hom., Aleyrodidae)

Bioassays with extracts of callus, fruit and leaves of the Chinaberry tree, Melia azedarach L., were performed against adults of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius). Tissue culture of M. azedarach was carried out in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with indole butyric acid and benzyl adenine. Fresh and frozen leaves or fruits and the callus product were extracted in water or methanol at a ratio of 1 : 5 (w/v) for 48 h. The aqueous and methanol extracts were applied on tomato plants to determine their effect on B. tabaci adults and their corresponding oviposition and consequent adult emergence in comparison with the control, distilled water. Results have shown that extracts of callus and different age classes of M. azedarach leaves and fruits have shown significant repellent activity of 58.9–67.7% and have significantly decreased the oviposition rate of the insect without affecting the adult whitefly emergence in comparison with the control. Aqueous and methanol extracts have shown comparable effects against adult whiteflies indicating a similar efficacy of the two solvents in extracting the bioactive components of Melia . Extracts of frozen samples were found to be as effective against the pest as fresh samples, thus allowing storage of Melia parts to be used in case of shortage. This is the first report of the use of M. azedarach callus against B. tabaci; the M. azedarach callus, leaf and fruit extracts seem to present a potential source for management of B. tabaci .     

Oxidative potential of some endophytic fungi using 1-indanone as a substrate

The oxidative potential of the fungus Penicillium brasilianum, a strain isolated as an endophyte from a Meliaceae plant (Melia azedarach), was investigated using 1-indanone as a substrate to track the production of monooxygenases. The fungus produced the dihydrocoumarin from 1-indanone with the classical Baeyer-Villiger reaction regiochemistry, and (-)-(R)-3-hydroxy-1-indanone with 78% ee. Minor compounds resulting from lipase and SAM activities were also detected. The biotransformation procedures were also applied to a collection of Penicillium and Aspergillus fungi obtained from M. azedarach and Murraya paniculata. The results showed that Baeyer-Villiger were mostly active in fungi isolated from M. azedarach. Almost all of the fungi tested produced 3-hydroxy-1-indanone..     

苦楝内生真菌抗植物病原真菌活性菌株的筛选

实验对苦楝植株中内生真菌的抗植物病原真菌活性进行了研究。从苦楝（Melia azedarach）的根、茎、叶、花、果实中分离得到290株内生真菌,分别测定各菌株的抗菌活性效果,并对筛选出的9株菌株发酵液进行抗菌活性测定。发现L071027Z3、SX071116Z1-2和XY070430J3菌株发酵液对玉米小斑病,小麦赤霉病,棉花枯萎病,苹果炭疽病的抑制率较高。再对这3株供试菌在发酵液粗提物质量浓度为50 mg/mL时,进行进一步抑菌实验,3个菌株的发酵液粗提物对玉米小斑病,小麦赤霉病,棉花枯萎病,苹果炭疽病具有不同程度的抑制菌丝生长活性作用且有机相提取物的抑制作用较高,其中L071027Z3的抑菌圈与其它菌株差异极显著。     

In vitro efficacy of extracts of Melia azedarach against the tick Boophilus microplus

The efficacy of ripe fruit extracts of Melia azedarach L. (Rutales: Meliaceae) was evaluated against the tick, Boophilus microplus (Canestrini) (Acari: Ixodidae). Ripe fruits of M. azedarach dried and powdered were extracted by Soxhlet apparatus successively using hexane, CHCl3 and 96% aqueous ethanol. Larvae and engorged females were immersed in decreasing concentrations from 0.25% to 0.015% of each extract. The mortality of larvae was evaluated 24, 72 and 168 h after treatment. The effectiveness of treatment against engorged females was assessed by measuring egg production. All tested extracts caused mortality of B. microplus larvae, with higher mortality rates observed in CHCl3 (100%) and hexanic extract (98%) than in ethanolic extract (50%) 168 h after treatment. The mortality was dependent on concentration and on time after treatment. Similarly hexanic and CHCl3 extracts showed higher effectiveness (varying from 14% to 100%) against B. microplus engorged females than ethanolic extract (varying from 0% to 46%). Melia azedarach extracts did not kill the adult females, but inhibited partially or totally egg production and embryogenesis. These results show that the less polar the extract of M. azedarach ripe fruits the more its effectiveness against larvae and engorged females of B. microplus. This plant may therefore be useful in the control of resistant B. microplus populations.     

Further meroterpenes produced by Penicillium sp., an endophyte obtained from Melia azedarach

From the methanol extract of Penicillium sp. cultivated on sterilized rice for three weeks we isolated three new meroterpenes preaustinoid A1, A2 and B1. The fungus was isolated from the root bark of Melia azedarach after surface sterilization. The structures of these compounds were identified by intensive spectroscopic studies.     

An antiviral meliacarpin from leaves of Melia azedarach L

Bioassay guided purification of the ethyl acetate extract of leaves of Melia azedarach led to the isolation of the limonoid 1-cinnamoyl-3,11-dihydroxymeliacarpin, which showed IC50 values of 6 microM and 20 microM for vesicular stomatitis (VSV) and herpes simplex (HSV-1) viruses, respectively. Its structure was established by spectroscopic methods.     

Repellent and insecticidal activities of Melia azedarach L. against cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.)

A crude acetone extract and oil of ripe fruits from Melia azedarach L. were evaluated against the 2nd and 4th instar larvae of Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Both oil and extract exhibited highly significant growth inhibition at all concentrations tested, while the oil of M. azedarach recorded higher insecticidal activity against both instars than the crude extract. GC-MS analysis of the oil revealed the presence of linoleic acid methyl ester, oleic acid methyl ester, and free oleic acid as the main components in addition to hexadecanol, palmitic acid, methyl esters of stearic acid and myristic acid. Fatty acids and their esters were not only the main constituents of essential oil from the ripe fruits of M. azedarach, but also mainly responsible for the insecticidal and growth inhibition activity against S. littoralis.