封面说明——朱鹮

朱属鹳形目科朱属 ,为世界濒危鸟类。朱曾广泛分布于东亚地区 ,由于环境破坏及人类猎杀等原因 ,朱的数量急剧减少。在本世纪60、70年代 ,其野生种群在俄罗斯、日本及朝鲜半岛等相继灭绝 ,中国也曾在 2 0多年的时间没有朱的记录。1 981年 ,7只朱 ( 4只成鸟 ,3只幼鸟 )在陕西省洋县被重新发现并得到大力保护和国内外的广泛关注。到 1 999年末 ,野生朱的数量已达到 84只 ,另外 ,人工饲养种群的个体数量已达到近 1 0 0只。朱的配偶制度为一夫一妻制 ,每年 3～ 6月为繁殖期 ,多在高大的青冈栎或马尾松树上筑巢 ,每年繁殖 1窝 ,…     

海南坡鹿种群生活史特征及种群动态趋势预测

本文应用生命表和Leslie矩阵等生活史常规研究方法,分析了生存于海南邦溪自然保护区的国家I级珍稀濒危哺乳动物海南坡鹿种群的年龄结构、特定年龄存活率、特定年龄繁殖率、初次产仔年龄、产仔季节、性比、寿命等重要生活史特征,并预测其种群动态趋势.邦溪海南坡鹿种群平均寿命4.6岁,雌性平均寿命略高于雄性,分别为4.7岁,4.4岁;雌性平均初次产仔年龄为24月龄;雌性平均性成熟年龄为16月龄;雌性最长繁殖寿命为8.5岁,雄性最长繁殖寿命约为4岁;成年雌性平均一年一胎,胎仔数为1;新生幼仔数量雄性大于雌性,性比为1.33∶1;种群动态生命表的分析结果表明,各年龄段雄性存活率高于雌性.幼体(0～2岁)死亡数雌性高于雄性,壮年成体(3～8岁)死亡数雄性高于雌性,老体(9岁～)死亡数两性几乎相等.雌性幼体受到较强的自然选择作用,体弱个体被淘汰;壮年雄体为繁殖付出较高的代价,死亡个体数量较高.Leslie矩阵预测结果表明,如果影响出生率和死亡率的因子不变,种群数量将逐年增长,周限增长率为λ≈1.011; 种群内禀增长率r≈0.012;种群世代增长率R0 ≈1.06;世代长度T≈5.12年.产仔时间为秋季与冬季,春、夏季节不产仔,此为适应海南岛独特的热带环境选择压力的结果.     

徐州双山山地麻蜥的数量统计及种群保护对策

根据重捕次数 ,对双山山地麻蜥种群数量进行了初步统计。结果表明 ,1 997～ 1 998年度 ,该种群数量为 2 0 0余只 ;1 999～ 2 0 0 0年度 ,该种群数量为 60余只。并初步分析了该状况的成因 ,提出保护该蜥种的几点建议。     

北京地区大仓鼠种群繁殖生态研究

1983-1985年,作者在北京农田区研究了大仓鼠的种群生态。获得标本1101号(♀497,♂604),解剖、观察、测量、记录雌雄生殖系统的变化及繁殖特征。对大仓鼠的雌雄性比、平均胎仔数、怀孕率等作了分析。结果:春季出生的雌鼠,两个月左右即达性成熟,并参加繁殖,在7月以后出生的雌鼠当年不参加繁殖。越冬鼠一年可繁殖2-3次。在数量较高的1983年,性比(♂/♀)为1.33,平均胎仔数为9.24;数量次高的1984年,性比为1.20,平均胎仔数为9.29;数量较低的1985年,性比为0.95,平均胎仔数为9.94。在数量较低的年份,大仓鼠种群的各项繁殖指标均优于数量较高的年份。     

新疆木垒波斑鸨的繁殖成功率

作者于 1998～ 2 0 0 0年 4～ 7月 ,采用野外直接观察、栖息地植被样方调查和无线电跟踪等方法对分布于新疆木垒的波斑鸨 (Chlamydotiundulatamacqueenii)种群的繁殖生态进行了初步观察与研究。考察中共发现45个巢、 84窝幼雏。研究结果表明 ,木垒波斑鸨有两个产卵高峰期 ,表明雌鸟第一次繁殖失败后可能再次产卵。雌鸟营巢成功率平均为 0 5 0 5。波斑鸨的窝卵数在 2～ 6枚之间 ,出现 4枚卵的频率最高。第一产卵期内的平均窝卵数 ( 4 0± 0 8枚 /窝 )大于第二产卵期内的平均窝卵数 ( 3 3± 0 8枚 /窝 )。木垒波斑鸨种群三年间卵孵化率分别为 0 84、 0 80和 1,繁殖成功率为 0 45 6。种群在繁殖期几乎不受人类活动干扰 ,巢卵及幼雏损失主要来自天敌捕食 ,如沙狐、大和棕尾等.     

提高人工繁殖大熊猫的存活率初探

1963年～ 1 997年 4月 ,圈养条件下国内外共繁殖了大熊猫 1 1 9胎 1 79仔 ;其中成活至半岁以上的占初生仔数的 44 1 0 % ,成活至 2 5岁的占 30 43 % ,而成活至 3岁以上的仅占 2 1 1 1 % [1 ] ;人工繁殖大熊猫的成活率低 ,充分表明了大熊猫配种难、妊娠难、存活更难的情况。人工授精取得成功为缓解大熊猫的配种难提供了科学的方法。如何提高人工繁殖大熊猫的存活率 ,特别是进一步提高断奶后幼仔及亚成体的存活率 ,让人工繁殖的大熊猫更多地参加到繁殖种群中 ,是我国有关科研工作者目前的重要研究课题。1 991年～ 1 996年 ,成功繁殖了大熊…     

达赉湖自然保护区疣鼻天鹅繁殖行为初步观察

2006年8～11月和2007年4～8月,在内蒙古达赉湖国家级自然保护区对疣鼻天鹅(Cygnus olor)的繁殖数量、繁殖行为及迁飞时间进行研究.结果显示,疣鼻天鹅通常4月初迁来,10月底迁离,居留期长达196 d左右(n=3).4月下旬开始求偶,时间一般为上午进行,没有固定求偶地点,每次求偶所需时间平均172 s(n=8).主要依靠炫耀行为来保卫和标记领域.2006与2007年的繁殖种群数量均为12只(6对),2006年育成幼鸟数分别为4、2、4、3、6、3只;2007年仅有3对繁殖成功,幼鸟数分别为4、4、5只.     

内蒙古乌审召察汗淖尔遗鸥繁殖群数量及繁殖点分布变化

2015—2020年每年的5—6月,对内蒙古自治区鄂尔多斯市乌审召镇察汗淖尔的遗鸥Ichthyaetus relictus繁殖数量和繁殖点分布进行了监测和研究。结果表明,2015—2020年遗鸥繁殖种群数量分别为2 000巢、364巢、2 782巢、3 360巢、3 407巢和3 914巢。除2016年外,该地的繁殖遗鸥种群数量一直呈增长态势。6年间共记录12个有遗鸥繁殖巢群分布的湖心岛,其中4个较稳定,一直维持着该地绝大多数遗鸥繁殖群数量。该地已成为遗鸥一个重要的繁殖地。因此,呼吁相关部门对这一湿地进行重点保护和监管。     

栗斑腹的繁殖习性

1999年 5～ 7月 ,通过野外直接观测的方法 ,对栗斑腹的繁殖过程进行了调查。结果表明 :在1 0 3 78hm2 样地内共有 4 5个巢 ,种群密度为 0 81只 hm2 。平均窝卵数为 5 0 9枚 ,孵化期为 1 2d,孵化率为 36 3% ,繁殖成功率为 2 7 7% ,繁殖生产力为 0 4 9。     

朱鹮的营巢、产卵、孵化和育雏

系统地总结了 1981～ 2 0 0 0年朱筑巢、产卵、孵化和育雏的情况 ,对朱的繁殖情况进行了全面的评价。在此期间 ,朱野生群体共计营巢 12 3窝 ,产卵 3 63枚 ,出壳 2 76只 ,离巢出飞幼鸟 2 16只。朱的平均窝卵数为 3 0 4枚 ,窝卵数在年际间无显著差异 ,孵化期为 2 8天 ,育雏期为 4 0～ 4 5天。在孵化过程中朱的每日晾卵次数和时间逐渐增加 ,在育幼过程中亲鸟的喂食量在育雏中期最多 ,雌雄亲鸟对后代的贡献没有显著差异。近年来朱营巢地的海拔高度逐渐降低。     

Nonbreeding and nests without eggs in the Lesser Black-backed Gull Larus fuscus

Estimates of the number of breeding Lesser Black-backed Gulls Larus fuscus at the Tarnbrook Fell gullery, Lancashire, have been made from annual counts of nests since 1981. During all of these surveys, the mean percentage of nests which did not contain eggs has been remarkably constant from year to year (54%± 1.9%). A study of specific nests at the colony in 1992 showed that the great majority of these "empty" nests did not subsequently receive eggs. in 1993, a study of a sample of territory-holding gulls was made on a 0.41-ha study plot to investigate and to quantify the occurrence of empty nests. Of the 62 pairs that defended a territory and constructed a complete nest, 27% subsequently failed to produce eggs. These birds attended their territory as a pair significantly less frequently than pairs that produced clutches and achieved significantly fewer apparently successful mountings. Sixty percent of pairs constructed more than one nest, and 58% of all nests built received no eggs. The construction of empty nests was not found to be related to the density of nesting gulls. Since 1981, estimates of the number of gulls in the colony have been based on the assumption that one nest represents one pair of gulls. This has been shown not to be the case, and a correction multiplier of 0.61 must be applied to counts of nests at the colony to obtain an estimate of the number of breeding gulls.     

The social organization and breeding behaviour of the Yellow-faced Honeyeater Lichenostomus chrysops– a migratory passerine from the Southern Hemisphere

Southern Hemisphere passerines are generally thought to have long breeding seasons and high annual survivorship, but this may reflect a bias resulting from a disproportionate concentration on sedentary species. This study presents a detailed examination of the breeding biology and social organization of a migratory population of a passerine from the Southern Hemisphere – the Yellow‐faced Honeyeater Lichenostomus chrysops. It took place between 1997 and 2000 in the Coranderrk Reserve, Healesville, Australia. Following the birds’ return from migration, breeding commenced in mid‐November, roughly 2 months after arrival. The breeding season was short (3.5–4 months) compared with sedentary honeyeaters occupying the same habitat. Territories (0.19 ± 0.11 ha) were established by males but defended by both sexes against conspecific and heterospecific intruders. Within a breeding season, pairs were multibrooded (mean no. of clutches per season 2.14 ± 0.76, range 1–3) and always re‐nested within the same territory with the same partner. However, only 12.5% of pairs bred together in a subsequent breeding season despite, on many occasions, their partner from the previous season being alive (divorce rate of 75% for males and 66% for females). Females alone built the nest, incubated the eggs and brooded the nestlings. However, males contributed 44.5% of feeding visits to nestlings. The breeding cycle of Yellow‐faced Honeyeaters (clutch size 1–3 eggs, mean 2.4 ± 0.6, n = 84, incubation period 14.4 ± 0.7 days, n = 11, nestling period 13.0 ± 1.7 days, n = 6) was similar to that of sedentary honeyeaters (and Southern Hemisphere Corvidae in general), except that fledglings only remained on the parental territory for 2–3 weeks post‐fledging. At least one young fledged from 32.1% of nests (n = 156). Predation was the major cause of nest failure (74.5% of 106 failed nests). Only 4.4% of nestlings (n = 136) were observed on the study site in subsequent seasons (five males and one female). None of those males was observed on the study site until their second year of life. Adult annual survivorship (ignoring losses due to dispersal) was 43% for females and 51% for males. Our study suggests that if more data were available for the numerous migratory species from the Southern Hemisphere, some apparent differences from northern hemisphere passerines might disappear.     

Feeding ecology and specialist diet of critically endangered Ridgway's Hawks

Ridgway's Hawks (Buteo ridgwayi) are critically endangered forest raptors endemic to the Caribbean island of Hispaniola, with ～100 pairs remaining in the world. The species is ecologically little known yet such studies are important for understanding critical habitat needs and population dynamics. We studied the provisioning behavior of adults at 22 nests on the northeast coast of the Dominican Republic from 2005 to 2008. Mean brood size was 1.80 ± 0.45, and the mean number of fledglings per nest was 1.10 ± 0.97. We found that 80% of the prey items delivered to nestlings were reptiles, with lizards accounting for 65% of the prey and those in the genus Celestus accounting for nearly 35% of prey. Other prey items included snakes (14%), rats (9%), and smaller proportions of birds, frogs, and centipedes. The number of prey items and amount of biomass delivered to nestlings did not vary with brood size, but adults delivered more prey to 3‐ to 5‐week‐old nestlings and more biomass to 5‐week‐old nestlings. Food delivery rates did not differ between successful or failed nests, suggesting that food availability did not influence nest outcome. Given that most prey items delivered to nestlings in our study were reptiles, conservation strategies developed for Ridgway's Hawks (e.g., translocations and habitat conservation) should take into consideration their specialist reptile diet.     

The functional significance of multiple nest-building in the Australian Reed Warbler Acrocephalus australis

The vast majority of bird species build a nest in which to breed. Some species build more than one nest, but the function of most multiple nest-building remains unclear. Here we describe the unusual nest-building behaviour of the Australian Reed Warbler Acrocephalus australis , and test experimentally the hypotheses that multiple nest-building is related to individual condition or territory quality, and plays a role in mate assessment. Australian Reed Warblers built two types of nest structures: 'type I' nests, which were used for eggs and nestlings, and 'type II' nests, which were structurally distinct from type I nests, did not support eggs, nestlings or adults and were not essential for successful breeding. The number of type II nests built in each territory varied. Type II nests were only built before breeding had commenced in a territory and females were not observed participating in their construction, supporting a role in female mate choice. Birds provided with supplementary food built significantly more type II nests than control birds. However, supplementary-fed birds did not have greater pairing success, and the addition of further type II nests to territories did not increase the pairing rate or type II nest construction in those territories. There was no relationship between the presence of type II nests and either reproductive success or likelihood of nest predation. We discuss the implications of these results in light of previous suggestions regarding the function of multiple nest-building in birds.     

The presence of kleptoparasitic fledglings is associated with a reduced breeding success in the host family in the barn owl

Fledgling birds sometimes abandon their own nest and move to neighboring nests where they are fed by host parents. This behaviour, referred to as ‘nest‐switching’, is well known in precocial birds that are mobile soon after hatching and can easily reach foster nests. In contrast, due to the difficulty of observing nest‐switching in territorial altricial birds, the causes and consequences of moving to others’ nests are poorly known in this group of birds. Nest‐switchers can be adopted by the foster parents or they can steal food from the host parents meant for their offspring, a form of kleptoparasitism, which may result in reduced breeding success of the host nest. In Israel, 12 barn owl fledglings left their natal nests and were found in 9 host nests out of 111 monitored nests (8.1%). Nest‐switchers that fledged earlier in the breeding season flew shorter distances to reach host nests probably because the density of nests with younger nestlings is higher early in the season. The number of host nestlings fledged and the percentage of nestlings fledged was lower in host nests than in nests without switchers. The occasional nest‐switchers were always older than host nestlings (respectively 80 and 50 days of age, on average) and host parents fledged fewer young when nest‐switchers occupied host nests with younger nestlings. This suggests that nest‐switchers are kleptoparasites because the presence of the older alien fledglings is associated with a lower breeding success of the host parents.     

ASPECTS OF THE POPULATION DYNAMICS OF CAPE VULTURES IN THE CAPE PROVINCE

Robertson, A. S. 1984. Aspects of the population dynamics of Cape Vultures in the Cape Province. Ostrich 55: 196–206.

Information gathered in 1981 and 1982 and collated from previous records on the numbers, spatial distribution, proportion of age classes, age and frequency of breeding, breeding success and causes of breeding failure, and the survival of immature and adult Cape Vultures Gyps coprotheres in the southern and southwestern areas of the Cape Province, South Africa, is presented. This sub-population of about 75 birds is apparently isolated from conspecifics in the rest of southern Africa; the implications of this are discussed. At the Potberg colony in both years an average of 85% of birds 5 years and older were involved in breeding attempts. The age of first breeding was 4–6 years. Nest sites were active for about two in every three years. Between 1975 and 1982, 0,51-0,67 nestlings were reared per active nest site (n=165). Four (possible maximum six) of 21 immatures were resighted one year after they had flown. Of 123 birds that had been ringed at Potberg to 1980, 14 (11%) were sighted in 1981; only four of 48(8%) colour-ringed birds 5 years old and older were breeding in 1981.     

A SOCIO-ECOLOGY OF MAGPIES PICA PICA

The behaviour and ecology of unmarked Magpies Pica pica living in the Cotswolds were investigated over 18 months. The spacing of nests was significantly more regular than random and breeding pairs defended territories throughout the year. In winter pairs occasionally left territories to feed with non-breeding birds which flocked throughout the year.
Magpies in flocks had a higher averiage feeding rate than birds alone or in pairs. Aggression rates in flocks increased as birds fed closer together and as food patches became richer.
Agonistic interactions between Crows Corvus corone and Magpies were common; Crows frequently dominated Magpies in disputes over food, and Crows also ate Magpie eggs and young. Single Magpies were most often chased by Crows while Magpies in flocks were able to feed longer in the presence of Crows.
Differences in fledgling success among breeding pairs were related to the location of nests; Magpie pairs breeding near Crow nests suffered higher rates of agonistic encounters with Crows and also produced fewer fledglings than did Magpies breeding at greater distances from Crow nests. Magpie nests were located nearer human habitations than were Crow nests.     

绿背山雀人工巢箱真菌多样性差异分析

真菌是巢穴微生物的重要组成部分,与鸟类的生存、繁殖和环境适应息息相关。本研究通过悬挂人工巢箱招引绿背山雀(Parus monticolus)入住,基于内转录间隔区(ITS)测序技术,对绿背山雀繁殖成功巢箱与筑巢未产卵巢箱真菌群落的组成差异进行探究。结果显示,在门水平上,子囊菌门(Ascomycota,98.81%)是繁殖成功巢箱内微生物的主要菌门;子囊菌门(85.59%)和担子菌门(Basidiomycota,8.33%)是筑巢未产卵巢箱内微生物的主要菌门。在属水平上,繁殖成功巢箱的优势属为拟单宽皿菌属(Phialemoniopsis,83.04%)、曲霉属(Aspergillus,4.75%)、子囊菌属(Arthroderma,4.29%)和柄帚霉属(Scopulariopsis,1.78%);筑巢未产卵巢箱的优势属为拟单宽皿菌属(36.06%)、曲霉属(14.53%)、青霉属(Penicilliu,6.22%)、单端孢霉属(Trichothecium,5.80%)、德巴利酵母菌属(Debaryomyces,1.67%)和蝶孔耳属(Papiliotrema,1.09%)。Alpha多样性分析表明,筑巢未产卵巢箱中真菌的多样性和丰富度均显著高于繁殖成功巢箱(P < 0.05);Beta多样性分析表明,繁殖成功巢和筑巢未产卵巢箱之间的真菌群落存在显著差异;LEfSe分析共检测到19个具有统计学差异的生物标记物,繁殖成功巢箱和筑巢未产卵巢箱的显著生物标志物分布在子囊菌门和担子菌门中,两种巢箱的标记物种存在显著差异。整体来说,与繁殖成功巢相比,筑巢未产卵巢内分布有更多的潜在病原菌。     

Predation by mustelids and rodents on the eggs and chicks of native and introduced birds in Kowhai Bush, New Zealand

Prior to human settlement the endemic New Zealand avifauna evolved in the absence of mammalian predators. Subsequently mustelids, rodents and feral cats have become established and frequently prey on birds and nests. It has been suggested that, because of their evolutionary history, the endemic birds are especially susceptible to such predators. In this paper predation by mustelids and rodents on the eggs and nestlings of eight species of native bird is compared with that on five species of introduced European passerine inhabiting the same lowland forest.
Final outcomes were known for 101 nests of native birds and 48 nests of introduced birds found during three breeding seasons. There was no significant difference between the two groups in frequency of predation. Native birds lost 70-1% of their nests to predators and introduced birds 64-6%. Most predations occurred during the egg stage. Clutch size did not influence frequency of predation, but brood size did for Fantails and introduced birds. Stoats and weasels were responsible for 77-9% of predations on native birds and 77-4% on introduced birds; corresponding percentages for rodents (principally ship rats) were 14-7% and 19-4%. Mustelids destroyed proportionately more nests with chicks than with eggs, whereas rodents did the reverse. Predation on both groups of birds was not influenced by their nesting habitat, the species of tree used for nesting, or the height and position of the nest. The vulnerability to introduced predators of native New Zealand birds is discussed in relation to the historical declines of many species, and also their life-history patterns.     

遗鸥（Larus relictus）繁殖生态研究

本文对世界濒危鸟类—遗鸥的繁殖地生境、留居时间和分布、繁殖行为、种群数量、食性及天敌等做了较系统的记述。于繁殖地,所见遗鸥皆参与繁殖,性比1:1;有581巢,分属8个巢群,巢的密度0.121—0.547巢/m~2,每巢含卵1—4枚,种群繁殖期约两个月,孵化期24—26天,孵化率100％。