华南云实传粉生态学(英文)

在广东鼎湖山,华南云实(LaesalpiniacristaL.)始花期从2月或3月开始,开花后约1周达到盛花期,盛花期持续2~4d,花期可持续到4月底。华南云实基本繁育系统为雌蕊先熟、自交不亲和的异花受精。华南云实传粉方式为风虫媒。其主要传粉者为膜翅目昆虫,该种是云实属植物中首次报道的可行风媒传粉的种类。描述并探讨了华南云实花的结构与其主要传粉者木蜂之间的互动适应,并讨论了传粉生物学实验中的一些处理方法对华南云实开花过程的影响。     

管花秦艽的传粉生态学研究——兼与同域分布近缘种的比较

在青藏高原东北部连续两年观察了晚秋开花植物管花秦艽Gentiana siphonantha的传粉生态学特征,并在此基础上进一步比较分析了与该物种同域分布且亲缘关系较近、但开花较早的麻花艽G straminea之间的传粉生态学特征.管花秦艽的花发育过程表现出雌雄异熟和雌雄异位的特点,不存在花内的自花传粉,套袋隔离的花不结实也支持这一结论;株内自交的高结实率表明该物种是自交亲和的.盛花期每植株平均有15朵开放的花,雄性和雌性阶段的花比例为1.2:1;自然条件下产生种子必须依赖传粉媒介;苏氏熊蜂是最有效的传粉昆虫,且访花过程中埘雄性和雌性阶段花不具明显的偏向性;株内连续访花的频率高达87.8%,从而导致同株异花传粉自交的广泛存在.与同域分布的麻花艽相比,管花秦艽的单花花期、雄性和雌性期持续时间缩短.但盛花期开花数量明显增加.令人感兴趣的是尽管两个近缘种的花形态特征存在显著差异,但都是由同一种熊蜂传粉.这一特点与过去认为花颜色和花管长度是物种分化过程中与不同传粉昆虫协同进化导致牛殖隔离的假说不相符合.管花秦艽单花的访花频率和同株异花连续访花的比例都明显高于麻花艽.两个物种不同花序设计导致访花昆虫行为的改变可能是造成这一差异的主要原因.两个物种具有不同的开花时间,但仍然存在一定的花期重叠,表现出不完全的传粉生殖隔离状态.     

大花铁线莲开花物候与传粉昆虫的研究

大花铁线莲是我国东北地区兼具优良观赏性状及药用价值的野生植物资源。为了研究野生大花铁线莲在引种地的开花进程和传粉规律,探讨引种环境对其开花特性的影响,该文于2017—2018年间对大花铁线莲在个体、群体水平的开花物候和传粉特性进行了连续两年的观测和统计。结果表明:(1)大花铁线莲的群体花期在5月中旬至6月中下旬,两年个体开花进程基本相似,均呈单峰曲线;群体始花期和末花期时间较短,而盛花期时间较长,约为20 d,单株花期为5~7 d,种群花期长达30 d以上。群体开花比例呈现先升后降的变化趋势,累计开花比例在开花后一周左右达到100%。两年的开花同步指数(Si)分别为0.76和0.74,说明大花铁线莲两年间的开花特性差异较小。(2)大花铁线莲访花昆虫主要有6目13科18种,它们在访花频率、访花行为以及在单花停留时间上都有一定的差异。传粉昆虫主要是8种,分属于3目4科。中华蜜蜂、短腹管食蚜蝇和狭带贝蚜蝇访花频率高,在单花上停留时间较长,可以初步认定它们在大花铁线莲的花粉传播中有重要作用。该文对大花铁线莲开花特性和访花昆虫的观查以及盗蜜昆虫行为的研究,为大花铁线莲的迁地保护和引种栽培提供了科学依据。     

开花时间与伴生种对鹤首马先蒿传粉和生殖成功的影响

开花物候是物种间相互作用的重要生活史特征和适合度因子,在全球气候变化的背景下而备受关注.为探讨开花时间如何存种内和种间水平上影响植物的传粉和生殖成功,我们连续3年(2003-2005)对不同花期和伴生种存在情况下的鹤首马先蒿(Pedicularis gruina)的传粉者访花忠实度、受粉率、坐果率、单果种子产量和果实被啃食频率进行了比较研究.结果表明鹤首马先蒿的坐果率主要受其传粉环境的影响:在没有伴生种时,不同时期鹤首马先蒿的坐果率没有显著差异,34-38％的花可以坐果;在有伴生种存在时既可以显著提高其坐果率,也可显著降低其坐果率,这取决于传粉者类型以及伴生种密穗马先蒿(P.densispica)花期的差异.密穗马先蒿具有花蜜和花粉双重报酬,在群落中可以作为主体物种吸引传粉者并间接促进与其伴生的鹤首马先蒿的传粉和生殖成功.同样无蜜的管花马先蒿(P.siphonantha)和鹤首马先蒿伴生,则是通过提高群落水平对传粉者的吸引力进而直接促进鹤首马先蒿的传粉和生殖成功.此外,研究结果也表明开花时间对坐果率没有显著影响,但是显著影响单果种子产量和果实被啃食的频率.在相同的传粉条件下早花期植株单果种子产量显著高于晚花期的种子产量,同时早花期的果实被啃食的频率显著增加.     

开花时间对巫山淫羊藿花蜜分泌和结实的影响

运用单因素方差分析研究了巫山淫羊藿(Epimedium wushanense)开花时间对花蜜分泌、有效传粉者活动及结实性的影响.结果表明:(1)开花时间对巫山淫羊藿花蜜常备量和含糖量的影响极其显著.3个种群早期花蜜常备量较高,而花蜜含糖量在晚期较高.(2)开花时间对有效传粉者行为也具显著影响.一天中,有效传粉者的访花活动主要集中在中午;在整个花期进程中,晚期有效访花频率明显大于早期.(3)开花时间对巫山淫羊藿结实率、果实种子数及果实种子败育率的影响均显著,其中早期和中期的结实率和果实种子数大于晚期;而果实种子败育率则在晚期较高.因此,人工栽培巫山淫羊藿应注意花期调控,并选择早期果实进行实验或育种,其效果更好.     

北黄花菜的开花物候及传粉特性研究

北黄花菜是百合科萱草属的优秀观赏植物材料,也是进行品种创新的极有价值的野生种质资源。该研究对野生环境中北黄花菜的开花物候与传粉特性进行了连续三年的追踪观测,探讨其开花进程和传粉机制。结果表明:(1)北黄花菜种群的开花物候只有1个高峰期; 种群始花时间为5月末,盛花期为6月中旬,开花时间在30 d以上,单株花期为6～12 d; 开花同步性指数(S_i)分别为0.36、0.27和0.21,种群内个体开花时间重叠程度较低。(2)北黄花菜的开花数量与坐果数呈显著正相关(P<0.05),坐果数与单株花期长度呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),单株花期长度与始花时间呈显著负相关(P<0.05),表明北黄花菜开花数量越多,其坐果数越高。(3)北黄花菜的访花昆虫分属于4目10科共10种; 各访花昆虫的访花时间和行为区别较大; 主要的传粉昆虫有4种,其活动范围大,活动特点与北黄花菜午后开放的规律相匹配,能保证传粉效果; 部分访花昆虫虽然活动范围小,但可以帮助植物进行自花授粉; 两类访花昆虫的共同作用,使得北黄花菜的自然结实得到较大保障。上述结果可为北黄花菜的引种栽培和资源创新发挥实际作用。     

蒙古扁桃的花部综合特征与虫媒传粉

连续2年对蒙古扁桃自然居群的传粉昆虫进行了观察,用重力玻片法检测。结果表明风媒导致的异株传粉作用可以忽略;蒙古扁桃花散布的气味、花蜜在诱导昆虫传粉中起主要作用;共发现访花昆虫17种,主要包括蜂类、蝇类、蝶类,以蜂类为主;昆虫访花频率与开花习性有关,访问者偏爱访问处于盛花期的花;蒙古扁桃趋向于虫媒的异花授粉,但缺乏忠实的传粉者。     

珍稀濒危植物猬实的开花特性与传粉生物学研究

对迁地保护的珍稀濒危植物猬实的开花动态、花粉活力、柱头可授性、访花昆虫种类、访花频率、花粉与胚珠比(P/O)、异交指数(OCI)进行观测.结果表明：猬实的单花期约为7 d,种群花期约为14 d,花冠展开后2~3 h,花粉活力达到最高,约为90％,3 d后花粉基本不具活力.在整个单花期,柱头一直具可授性,花冠展开后第2天可授性最强.花粉与胚珠比(P/O)为(398．1±63．7),异交指数(OCI)为3,表明猬实是以异交为主,自交亲和的繁育系统,有时需要传粉者完成传粉过程.猬实的访花昆虫有10余种,以膜翅目蜜蜂科和隧蜂科昆虫为主,另外还有少量双翅目食蚜蝇科昆虫,偶见鳞翅目的柑橘凤蝶和长喙天蛾,其中以蜜蜂科蜜蜂属昆虫传粉效率最高.迁地保护的猬实未见结籽,其原因还有待于进一步研究.     

牛耳朵传粉生物学研究

苦苣苔科(Gesneriaceae)报春苣苔属(Primulina Hance)是一个近年来备受关注的类群,其纷繁复杂的物种多样性和属下种间的特有分布引起了分类学家和植物学研究者的极大兴趣。该属除了极少数的物种如牛耳朵[(Primulina eburnea(Hance)Y. Z. Wang)]以外,绝大部分的物种为狭域分布或地方特有种,其分布范围很窄。为了揭示牛耳朵的传粉生物学和繁育系统对其生殖过程和拓殖能力的影响机制,作者系统地研究了牛耳朵的开花物候、花粉与柱头活性、访花昆虫的种类和访花行为、花粉胚珠比、OCI指数和套袋实验结实率,探究其传粉等生殖过程对牛耳朵的广布是否有正面影响。结果表明:牛耳朵的自然花期是3—5月,全花期约45 d,其中盛花期约20 d,单花期6～8 d; 开花后1～2 d花粉活力最强,开花前柱头没有可授性; 花粉胚珠比为537; 杂交指数为5; 去雌套袋、去雄套袋均无法结实,说明本种不存在无融合生殖; 与自然授粉相比,自花授粉结实率略低,异花授粉结实率略高,说明自交亲和; 牛耳朵的主要传粉者是花条蜂(Anthophora florea)和熊蜂(Bombus sp.)。花蜜产量较高、花粉量较大、花粉活力较强等特点,有利于牛耳朵完成传粉和结实的整个繁殖过程。因此,这一结果显然有利于牛耳朵的拓殖进而广布在我国华南至西南地区的喀斯特地区。     

牛耳朵传粉生物学研究

苦苣苔科(Gesneriaceae)报春苣苔属(Primulina Hance)是一个近年来备受关注的类群,其纷繁复杂的物种多样性和属下种间的特有分布引起了分类学家和植物学研究者的极大兴趣。该属除了极少数的物种如牛耳朵[(Primulina eburnea (Hance) Y. Z. Wang)]以外,绝大部分的物种为狭域分布或地方特有种,其分布范围很窄。为了揭示牛耳朵的传粉生物学和繁育系统对其生殖过程和拓殖能力的影响机制,作者系统地研究了牛耳朵的开花物候、花粉与柱头活性、访花昆虫的种类和访花行为、花粉胚珠比、OCI指数和套袋实验结实率,探究其传粉等生殖过程对牛耳朵的广布是否有正面影响。结果表明:牛耳朵的自然花期是3—5月,全花期约45 d,其中盛花期约20 d,单花期6～8 d;开花后1～2 d花粉活力最强,开花前柱头没有可授性;花粉胚珠比为537;杂交指数为5;去雌套袋、去雄套袋均无法结实,说明本种不存在无融合生殖;与自然授粉相比,自花授粉结实率略低,异花授粉结实率略高,说明自交亲和;牛耳朵的主要传粉者是花条蜂(Anthophora florea)和熊蜂(Bombus sp.)。花蜜产量较高、花粉量较大、花粉活力较强等特点,有利于牛耳朵完成传粉和结实的整个繁殖过程。因此,这一结果显然有利于牛耳朵的拓殖进而广布在我国华南至西南地区的喀斯特地区。     

Pollination Ecology of Caesalpinia crista （Leguminosae： Caesalpinioideae）

The flowering phenology, pollination ecology and breeding system of Caesa/pinia crista L.were studied in Dinghushan Nature Reserve, Guangdong, China. The species started blooming in Februaryor March, then last till late April. It took about one week from first flower appearance to its full blooming,which lasted for 2-4 d. The pollen-ovule ratio was 18 000~500. The breeding system was self-incompatible,and protogynous xenogamy. Hymenoptera constituted the major group of pollinators. The pollination typeis ambophily, the species could be pollinated by wind if the pollinators were unavailable: this is the firstrecord of ambophily in the genus Caesalpinia. The floral structure adaptation to the pollinating behavior ofcarpenter bees was described. The influences of artificial treatments in pollination biological studies onthe flowering and fruiting of the plants were also discussed.     

珍稀濒危植物单性木兰传粉生态学研究

野外定位观测了单性木兰的花期物候、访花昆虫种类、访花频率、访花行为和同花期植物种类,并对其花粉散播距离和繁育系统进行了检测,旨在探讨制约单性木兰传粉过程的某些因素,为单性木兰的保护生物学提供科学依据。结果表明,单性木兰雄株和雌株在花期物候上存在差异,雌株在结实上存在明显的大小年现象。单性木兰以虫媒传粉为主,雄株访花昆虫30种,雌株访花昆虫仅14种,雌株和雄株共有的访花昆虫仅6种。单性木兰同花期植物共17种,其访花昆虫种类大部分与单性木兰的访花昆虫种类相同。蜂类和蝶类均非单性木兰的传粉者,其结实率低的原因不仅与访花昆虫种类少和访花频率少有关,更与其缺乏有效的传粉昆虫有关。     

Reproductive biology of Azadirachta indica (Meliaceae), a medicinal tree species from arid zones

Neem or the Margosa tree, Azadirachta indica (Meliaceae), is a versatile tree species common in arid zones. We investigated the reproductive biology of Neem, including phenology, floral biology, pollination ecology and the breeding system, in three natural populations in northern India. Phenological observations established that trees within a population flowered synchronously, but populations varied in the time of onset of flowering; a few trees flowered twice a year. An inflorescence bears ～ 91 bisexual, white and sweet‐scented flowers. The stigma consists of a non‐receptive apical region and a subjacent rim of receptive surface; papillae on the two regions differ in their morphology and function. The occurrence of natural pollination both by wind and insects indicates ambophily. Insect pollinators were predominantly represented by Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera; Apis spp. were the most effective pollinators. Although the occurrence of incomplete dichogamy and a pollen : ovule ratio of ～ 627 indicates the possibility of autogamy, supplemental pollinations clearly established that the trees were 100% self‐incompatible and incompatibility is regulated at the gametophytic level. Natural fruit set was low (～ 5%) and hand cross‐pollinations increased the fruit set to ～ 19%. Our study demonstrated that natural fruit set in Neem is possibly limited by insufficient amounts of xenogamous pollination and resources.     

Early blooming's challenges: extended flowering season, diverse pollinator assemblage and the reproductive success of Gynodioecious Daphne laureola

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The scarcity and unpredictability of active pollinators during late winter in temperate areas tends to favour extended flowering seasons and increased floral longevity in early blooming species, which are usually pollinated by diverse sets of insects. Daphne laureola is a gynodioecious woody perennial that flowers from January to April in southern Spain, a period characterized by cold temperatures, frequent rains and irregular snowfalls. METHODS: Pollinators were excluded at four different times during the flowering season in order to determine the effect of decreased exposure to pollinators on fruit set in female and hermaphrodite individuals. The role of nocturnal and diurnal pollination on reproductive success in each gender was simultaneously evaluated by selective exclusion. KEY RESULTS: A 50 % reduction in the flowering period decreased fruit set of females by 50 %, whereas the corresponding decrease in self-compatible hermaphrodites was only approx. 25 %. Day-active hymenopterans and lepidopterans were infrequent visitors, and nocturnal pollinators were inefficient, suggesting that pollen beetles, Meligethes elongatus, were the main pollinators of D. laureola in the study region. CONCLUSIONS: Beetles were less abundant in pollenless females, although discrimination did not apparently result in pollination limitation of female reproduction. A preference of beetles for sunny locations emphasized the relevance of abiotic conditions for pollination of this early blooming shrub.     

金沙江干热河谷滇榄仁开花物候与繁育系统

通过野外定点观测,并利用套袋实验、解剖实验以及花粉形态特征观察与活力检测、柱头可受性检测、花粉/胚珠比以及异交指数等,研究了金沙江干热河谷滇榄仁自然群体花部形态特征与开花进程、繁育系统特征以及传粉媒介与环境的适应性等内容。结果表明,滇榄仁始花期在每年4月上旬,群体花期持续时间为30d左右,开花同步性高,呈典型的"集中开花模式"。单花开放时,柱头先伸长和膨大,约4d后雄蕊伸出,具有雌雄异熟的特征,一定程度上避免了自交的发生。单花开放进程可划分为花蕾期、柱头伸长期、雄蕊始露期、盛开期、盛开后期、花谢期等6个时期。除了花蕾期外,整个开花期的花粉均具有活力。花粉活力与柱头可受性之间避开了最适授粉期,但也有部分重叠。滇榄仁可能同时具有风媒和虫媒传粉。繁育系统以异交为主,部分自交亲和,需要传粉者。滇榄仁花部特征、开花物候和繁育系统为其适应干热河谷恶劣气候环境提供了一定的生殖保障和进化潜力。良好的群落环境有助于促进滇榄仁异花传粉,产生更多有效的种子,从而促进林下自然更新。     

Effect of habitat disturbance on pollination biology of the columnar cactus Stenocereus quevedonis at landscape‐level in central Mexico

Stenocereus quevedonis (‘pitire’) is a columnar cactus endemic to central Mexico, grown for its edible fruit. Phenology, pollination biology and behaviour of flower visitors of this species were compared in six conserved and disturbed sites, hypothesising that: (i) pitire pollination is self‐incompatible, requiring animal vectors; (ii) higher incidence of radiation on plants in cleared forest may lead to a higher number of flowers per pitire plant and longer blooming season, and disturbing and differential spatial availability of flower resources may determine differential attraction of pollinators to conserved and disturbed areas; (iii) if pitire pollination system is specialised, reproductive success would decrease with pollinator scarcity, or other species may substitute for main pollinators. In all sites, pitire reproduction started in January, flowering peak occurring in April, anthesis duration was 15 h and predominantly nocturnal (9 h), pollen was released at 23:00 h, nectar was produced throughout anthesis, and breeding system was self‐incompatible. Flower production per plant was similar in disturbed and conserved sites, but flower availability was higher (because of higher tree density) and longer in disturbed sites. Pollination is nocturnal, the most frequent legitimate pollinator being the bat Leptonycteris yerbabuenae; diurnal pollination is rare but possible, carried out by bee species. Fruit and seed set in control and nocturnal pollination treatments at disturbed sites were higher than in conserved sites. Frequency of L. yerbabuenae visits was similar among site types, but more visits of complementary nocturnal and diurnal pollinators were recorded in disturbed sites, which could explain differences in reproductive success.     

Pollination biology ofOpuntia polyacantha andOpuntia phaeacantha (Cactaceae) in southern Colorado

The phenology, compatibility system, and pollinator fauna ofOpuntia polyacantha Haw. andO. phaeacantha Engelm. in southern Colorado were studied and compared. The total blooming periods overlap, but the peak of blooming differs between the species withO. polyacantha blooming first and for longer. Neither species is apomictic,O. polyacantha is largely self-incompatible andO. phaeacantha is self-compatible but may not automatically fully self-pollinate. Examination of flowering structures showed that the former has larger flowers with more perianth parts and heavier (but fewer) anthers. Further the flowers of the allogamous species are visited by greater diversity (but similar abundance) of pollinators. Medium to large bees of the generaDiadasia, Lithurge, Melissodes, Bombus, Agapostemon andMegachile were found to be effective pollinators of the Opuntias studied. The two species were compared as to their floral attributes, breeding systems, and pollinators, and the possible role of competition for pollinators is discussed with respect to its role in their evolutionary paths.     

同域分布的紫堇属三种植物的繁育系统和传粉差异

为研究近缘物种之间繁育系统分化对传粉环境的适应性意义,本文针对湖北地区的3种紫堇属植物（紫堇Corydalis edulis Maxim.、尖距紫堇C.shearer S.Moore.和小花黄堇C.racemosa（Thunb.） Pers.）进行了传粉生态学研究,对比分析了它们在花部特征、分布模式、花期、交配系统、传粉系统等方面的差异。3种紫堇属植物常见伴生现象,花期有一定重叠;花色、距长、花蜜量等方面均有显著差异;尖距紫堇交配系统为自交不亲和、依靠传粉者异花授粉;而紫堇和小花黄堇交配系统为自交亲和,兼有自交和异交的混合交配系统。3个物种均由蜂类传粉,且花部性器官与传粉者的接触部位一致,但访花频率差异较大。在混合群落中,传粉者访花具有较高的忠实性,花部特征差异可能是传粉者选择性访花的原因。对于紫堇属3个物种,花部特征和交配系统的分化有助于其避免传粉过程的相互干扰,交配系统与传粉环境具有一定相关性,混合交配系统可能有利于提高植物对不同生境和气候的适应性。     

国家二级保护植物翅果油树传粉生物学的初步研究

对翅果油树进行了传粉生物学的野外观察和实验表明：（1）翅果油树的花具有自花传粉的结构特征,同时具有蜜腺,又具备异花传粉的特征。传粉者主要是一种家养的蜜蜂。（2）翅果油树花形态结构与传粉者的形态和传粉行为非常协调和适应,昆虫的传粉部位主要是头前部和胸部。（3）蜜腺的产蜜量大,开花后1～2天蜜腺分泌量最大。对传粉昆虫竞争中具明显优势。昆虫的访花频率明显高于同花期的其他植物。（4）翅果油树没有融合生殖现象。