Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal inoculation on heavy metal accumulation of maize grown in a naturally contaminated soil

A pot culture experiment was carried out to study heavy metal (HM) phytoaccumulation from soil contaminated with Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd by maize (Zea mays L.) inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (AMF). Two AM fungal inocula--MI containing only one AM fungal strain (Glomus caledonium 90036) and MII consisting of Gigaspora margarita ZJ37, Gigaspora decipens ZJ38, Scutellospora gilmori ZJ39, Acaulospora spp., and Glomus spp.--were applied to the soil under unsterilized conditions. The control received no mycorrhizal inoculation. The maize plants were harvested after 10 wk of growth. MI-treated plants had higher mycorrhizal colonization than MII-treated plants. Both MI and MII increased P concentrations in roots, but not in shoots. Neither MI nor MII had significant effects on shoot or root dry weight (DW). Compared with the control, shoot Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd concentrations were decreased by MI but increased by MII. Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd uptake into shoots and roots all increased in MII-treated plants, while in MI-treated plants Cu, Zn, and Pb uptake into shoots and Cd uptake into roots decreased but Cu, Zn, and Pb uptake into roots and Cd into shoots increased. MII was more effective than MI in promoting HM extraction efficiencies. The results indicate that MII can benefit HMphytoextraction and, therefore, show potential in the phytoremediation of HM-contaminated soils.     

Mycorrhizal symbiosis and phosphorus fertilization effects on Zea mays growth and heavy metals uptake

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can promote plant growth and reduce plant uptake of heavy metals. Phosphorus (P) fertilization can affect this relationship. We investigated maize (Zea mays L.) uptake of heavy metals after soil AMF inoculation and P fertilization. Maize biomass, glomaline and chlorophyll contents and uptake of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Cd and Pb have been determined in a soil inoculated with AMF (Glomus aggregatum, or Glomus intraradices) and treated with 30 or 60 µg P-K₂HPO₄ g^?1 soil. Consistent variations were found between the two mycorrhizal species with respect to the colonization and glomalin content. Shoot dry weight and chlorophyll content were higher with G. intraradices than with G. aggregatum inoculation. The biomass was highest with 30 µg P g^?1 soil. Shoot concentrations of Cd, Pb and Zn decreased with G. aggregatum inoculation, but that of Cd and Pb increased with G. intraradices inoculation. Addition of P fertilizers decreased Cd and Zn concentrations in the shoot. AMF with P fertilization greatly reduced maize content of heavy metals. The results provide that native AMF with a moderate application rate of P fertilizers can be exploited in polluted soils to minimize the heavy metals uptake and to increase maize growth.     

Effect of Compost and Biochar on Heavy Metals Phytostabilization by the Halophytic Plant Old Man Saltbush [Atriplex Nummularia Lindl]

Remediation of soils is vital to mitigate the negative effects of heavy metals in ecosystems. There is little information available about the metals’ phytostabilization potential of old man saltbush plants [Atriplex nummularia]. A pot experiment in a randomized complete block design was conducted to study the accumulation of heavy metals by old man saltbush plants, as affected by the application of compost and biochar. The cultivation of A. nummularia is an effective tool in immobilizing metals in the contaminated soils. The cultivation of metal-contaminated soil with A. nummularia reduced the availability of Zn, Cu, Cd, and Pb by 20%, 4%, 21%, and 28%, respectively, in comparison to the non-cultivated soil. Zn, Cu, Cd, and Pb concentrations in the aboveground parts of old man saltbush plants were 70–100, 50–80, 4–5, and 50–90 mg/kg of dry biomass. The higher Zn, Cu, Cd, and Pb concentrations were accumulated in the roots, and the lower concentrations were transferred to the shoots of old man saltbush plants. Compost reduced the concentration of Zn, Cu, Cd, and Pb in the shoots by 10%, 19%, 20%, and 6%, respectively, compared to the control soil. Biochar reduced the concentrations of Zn, Cu, and Pb in the shoots by 30%, 38%, and 44%, respectively, compared to the control. Compost had a lower effect in reducing the metals uptake as biochar. Biochar reduced the uptake of Zn, Cu, and Pb in the shoots of the tested plant by 22%, 23%, and 41%, respectively, in comparison to compost. Based on the obtained results, old man saltbush has good characteristics to be a promising candidate for phytostabilization strategies of metal-contaminated soils. Moreover, biochar is a good tool to enhance metals’ phytostablization.     

Phytoextraction of heavy metals by two Salicaceae clones in symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi during the second year of a field trial

We evaluated the potential of Salix viminalis (5027) and Populus × generosa for the phytoextraction of heavy metals (HM) inoculated or not with an arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus Glomus intraradices during a second year of growth in a randomized complete block field trial on a slightly contaminated site. Both plant clones produced high aboveground biomass yields, however P. × generosa produced significantly more biomass than S. viminalis. The two plant clones accumulated high concentrations of Cd and Zn in their shoots, while Cu and Pb were stored in their roots. In general, S. viminalis accumulated higher concentrations of HM. The inoculation of G. intraradices in the previous year did not influence plant clones’ biomass yields during the second growing season. However, Cu and Cd translocation to shoots was limited, and Cu was preferentially concentrated in roots of inoculated plants, compared to non-inoculated plants, which were also colonized by native AM fungi taxa. Efficiency of S. viminalis and P. × generosa for Cd and Zn rehabilitation in slightly contaminated soil has been demonstrated, but mycorrhizal inoculation did not significantly increase HM extraction.     

Heavy metal uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizas of Elsholtzia splendens and the potential for phytoremediation of contaminated soil

A pot culture experiment and a field experiment were carried out separately to study heavy metal (HM) uptake from soil contaminated with Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd by Elsholtzia splendens Nakai ex F. Maekawa inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and the potential for phytoremediation. The HM-contaminated soil in the pot experiment was collected from the field experiment site. Two AM fungal inocula, MI containing only one AM fungal strain, Glomus caledonium 90036, and M II consisting of Gigaspora margarita ZJ37, Gigaspora decipens ZJ38, Scutellospora gilmori ZJ39, Acaulospora spp. andGlomus spp., were applied to the soil under unsterilized conditions. In the pot experiment, the plants were harvested after 24 weeks of growth. Mycorrhizal colonization rate, plant dry weight (DW) and P, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd concentrations were determined. MI-treated plants had higher mycorrhizal colonization rates than MII-treated plants. Both MI and MII increased shoot and root DW, and MII was more effective than MI. In shoots, the highest P, Cu, Zn and Pb concentrations were all observed in the plants treated with MII, while MI decreased Zn and Pb concentrations and increased P but did not alter Cu, and Cd concentrations were not affected by either of two inocula. In roots, MII increased P, Zn, Pb concentrations but did not alter Cu and Cd, and MI did not affect P, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd concentrations. Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd uptake into shoots and roots all increased in MII-treated plants, while in MI-treated plants, Cu and Zn uptake into shoots and Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd into roots increased but Pb and Cd uptake into shoots decreased. In general, MII was more effective than MI in promoting plant growth and HM uptake. The field experiment following the pot experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of MII under field conditions. The 45-day-old nonmycorrhizal and MII-colonized seedlings of E. splendens were transplanted to HM-contaminated plots and harvested after 5 months. MII-inoculation increased shoot DW and shoot P, Cu, Zn, Pb concentrations significantly but did not alter shoot Cd concentrations, which led to higher uptake of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd by E. splendens shoots. These results indicate that the AM fungal consortium represented by MII can benefit phytoextraction of HMs and therefore play a role in phytoremediation of HM-contaminated soils.     

Effects of inoculation of a plant growth promoting rhizobacterium <Emphasis Type="Italic">Burkholderia</Emphasis> sp. D54 on plant growth and metal uptake by a hyperaccumulator <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sedum alfredii</Emphasis> Hance grown on multiple metal contaminated soil

Batch experiments were designed to characterize a multiple metal resistant bacterium Burkholderia sp. D54 isolated from metal contaminated soils in the Dabaoshan Mine in South China, and a follow-up experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of inoculating the isolate on plant growth and metal uptake by Sedum alfredii Hance grown on soils collected from a heavily contaminated paddy field in Daxing County, Guangxi Zhuang Automounous Region, Southwest China. Our experiments showed that strain D54 produced indole acetic acid (IAA), siderophores, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase, and solubilizing inorganic phosphate and solubilized insoluble metal bearing minerals. Bacterial inoculation significantly enhanced S. alfredii biomass production, and increased both shoot and root Cd concentration, but induced little variation in root/shoot Pb concentration and shoot Zn concentration. Despite this, the total shoot and root uptake of Cd, Pb and Zn in S. alfredii inoculated with D54 increased greatly compared to the non-inoculated controls. It was concluded that inoculation with strain D54 could help S. alfredii grow better on metal contaminated soils, produce more biomass, and remove more metals from soil, which implies improved efficiency of phytoextraction from metal contaminated soil. The knowledge gained from the present experiments constitutes an important advancement in understanding of the interaction between plant growth-promoting bacteria and hyperaccumulators with regard to plant ability to grow and remove the multiple heavy metals from soils.     

Morphological differences between violets growing at heavy metal polluted and non-polluted sites

Environmental conditions, especially pollution of soils by heavy metals, can severely affect plant morphology, anatomy and reproduction. In present investigation, the morphological variability of forest violets (Viola reichenbachiana and V. riviniana), their degree of colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and their reproduction properties were studied using samples from ore-bearing areas with soils rich in heavy metals. In these habitats, individuals with typical morphological characters of V. reichenbachiana and V. riviniana were not identified but populations were intermediate between these two species. Three ore-bearing areas with soils of a high content but low extractable amounts of heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Cd) were covered by anthropogenic pine or beech forests, contrary to typical calamine heaps with metallophyte floras. Violets growing on ore-bearing areas were fully fertile, deposited Pb and Zn mainly in roots and had low Cd levels both in shoots and roots. Plants differed in AMF colonization with the degrees varying from nil to moderate. The violets growing in these areas were not affected in their reproduction and can be considered as stabilized introgressive forms or ecotypes of parental species on these soil conditions.     

菌根植物根际环境对污染土壤中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd形态的影响

采用根垫法和连续形态分析技术,分析了生长在污灌土壤中菌根小麦和无菌根小麦根际Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ、Ｐｂ、Ｃｄ的形态分布和变化趋势。结果表明,下对照土壤相比,菌根际土壤中交换态Ｃｕ含量显著增加,交换态Ｃｄ呈减少的趋势;与非菌根际相比,Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ、Ｐｂ的有机结合态在菌根根际中显著增加,而４种测定金属２的碳酸盐态和铁锰氧化态都没有显著改变,该结果表明,植物根系能影响根际中金属形态的变化,且菌根比无菌根的影响程度大     

Chemical Fractionation and Soil-to-Plant Transfer Characteristics of Heavy Metals in a Sludge Deposit Field of the River Ruhr,Germany

The presented study assessed the heavy metal contamination risk in a former sludge deposit field of the River Ruhr in Essen, Germany. Therefore, the temporal and spatial distribution in soils and plants, chemical fractionation, mobilization potential, and transfer characteristics have been investigated. Soil samples, roots and shoots of rushes (Juncus sp.), and stem wood disks of willows (Salix sp.) were analyzed for Zn, Cu, Pb, Ni, Cr, and Cd. Plant available and mobile heavy metal portions have been determined using a sequential extraction procedure. The results show that the soils and the rushes are highly contaminated, although there is a considerable decrease compared to initial concentrations some 20 years ago. The willows show only small heavy metal enrichment. pH induced mobilization potential in soil is high for Cd, Zn and Ni. Additionally, these elements contain high portions of plant-available fractions. High transfer rates from soil to roots and very high rates from roots to shoots of rushes have been determined for Cd and Zn, indicating an accumulation of these elements in shoots of rushes. The rushes reflect the temporal and spatial heavy metal distribution in soil and might thus be used as a bioindicator or for phytoremediation.     

强还原过程对设施菜地土壤重金属形态转化的影响

设施菜地由于污水灌溉、粪肥施用等导致重金属污染.本文通过土柱淹水同时添加玉米秸秆培养和后期通水淋洗,研究强还原法对设施土壤重金属(Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn)形态转化的影响.结果表明: 强还原处理使土壤pH显著降低,玉米秸秆处理变化更显著;土壤氧化还原电位(Eh)迅速下降至-280 mV左右.玉米秸秆处理可以促进土壤中Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn活化,第9天土壤中有机物及硫化物结合态和残渣态Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn含量比重下降;至15 d培养结束,土壤中4种重金属含量较对照分别减少18.1%、19.0%、16.1%和15.7%.玉米秸秆处理可以增加土壤中Cd和Zn的溶出量,但是Cu的溶出量减少;胶体结合态Cd和Pb含量较对照增加、Cu较对照显著减少、Zn没有显著变化.强还原可以引起设施土壤重金属活化,提高蔬菜积累重金属的风险,而且其随土壤水分的运移可能导致水体的污染.     

Combined application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and steel slag improves plant growth and reduces Cd,Pb accumulation in Zea mays

Abstract

Little attention has been paid to the combined use of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) and steel slag (SS) for ameliorating heavy metal polluted soils. A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to study the effects of SS and AMF?Funneliformis mosseae (Fm), Glomus versiforme (Gv) and Rhizophagus intraradices (Ri) on plant growth and Cd, Pb uptake by maize grown in soils added with 5?mg Cd kg^?1 and 300?mg Pb kg^?1 soil. The combined usage of AMF and SS (AMF?+?SS) promoted maize growth, and Gv?+?SS had the most obvious effect. Meanwhile, single SS addition and AMF?+?SS decreased Cd, Pb concentrations in maize, and the greater reductions were found in combined utilization, and the lowest Cd, Pb concentrations of maize appeared in Gv?+?SS. Single SS amendment and AMF?+?SS enhanced soil pH and decreased soil diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA)-extractable Cd, Pb concentrations. Furthermore, alone and combined usage of AMF and SS increased contents of soil total glomalin. Our research indicated a synergistic effect between AMF and SS on enhancing plant growth and reducing Cd, Pb accumulation in maize, and Gv?+?SS exerted the most pronounced effect. This work suggests that AMF inoculation in combination with SS addition may be a potential method for not only phytostabilization of Pb-Cd-contaminated soil but maize safety production.     

Cadmium and zinc bioaccumulation by Phytolacca americana from hydroponic media and contaminated soils

Abstract

Hydroponic, greenhouse and field experiments were conducted to explore the potential of pokeweed (Phytolacca americana L.) to accumulate Zn and Cd from nutrient solutions and contaminated soils. The hydroponic results confirmed that this native species is a strong Zn and Cd bioaccumulator that does not experience severe phytotoxicity until quite high root and shoot concentrations, approaching 4000 and 1600?mg?kg^?1 of Zn, and 1500 and 500?mg?kg^?1 of Cd, respectively. These high Zn and Cd concentrations were accompanied by increased sulfur and lower manganese in both shoots and roots. However, in field and greenhouse trials with soils historically contaminated by a number of heavy metals including Zn and Cd, concentrations of Zn and Cd in shoots of P. americana reached concentrations less than 30% and 10%, respectively, of those achieved with hydroponics. The main constraint to phytoremediation of soils by P. americana was the low concentrations of Zn and Cd in soil solution. Pretreatment of the metal-contaminated soil by oxalic acid increased soluble Cd and Zn but failed to increase plant uptake of either metal, a possible result of higher solubility of competing metal ions (Cu, Mn) or low bioavailability of Cd and Zn-oxalate complexes.     

Response of ectomycorrhizalPinus banksiana andPicea glauca to heavy metals in soil

Pinus banksiana andPicea glauca inoculated or not with the ectomycorrhizal fungusSuillus luteus were grown in a sandy loam soil containing a range of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn concentrations. Ectomycorrhizal colonization rates were significantly reduced on Pinus and Picea seedlings by the heavy metals, particularly Cd and Ni. Needle tissue metal concentrations were lower in ectomycorrhizal seedlings at low soil metal concentrations. However, at higher soil concentrations, heavy metal concentrations of needle tissue were similar in ectomycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal plants. The growth of nonmycorrhizal seedlings exposed to heavy metals was reduced compared to those inoculated withSuillus luteus. Apparently ectomycorrhizal colonization can protect Pinus and Picea seedlings from heavy metal toxicity at low or intermediate soil concentrations of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn.     

Leaching Behavior of Heavy Metals and Transformation of Their Speciation in Polluted Soil Receiving Simulated Acid Rain

Heavy metals that leach from contaminated soils under acid rain are of increasing concern. In this study, simulated acid rain (SAR) was pumped through columns of artificially contaminated purple soil. Column leaching tests and sequential extraction were conducted for the heavy metals Cu, Pb, Cd, and Zn to determine the extent of their leaching as well as to examine the transformation of their speciation in the artificially contaminated soil columns. Results showed that the maximum leachate concentrations of Cu, Pb, Cd, and Zn were less than those specified in the Chinese Quality Standards for Groundwater (Grade IV), thereby suggesting that the heavy metals that leached from the polluted purple soil receiving acid rain may not pose as risks to water quality. Most of the Pb and Cd leachate concentrations were below their detection limits. By contrast, higher Cu and Zn leachate concentrations were found because they were released by the soil in larger amounts as compared with those of Pb and Cd. The differences in the Cu and Zn leachate concentrations between the controls (SAR at pH 5.6) and the treatments (SAR at pH 3.0 and 4.5) were significant. Similar trends were observed in the total leached amounts of Cu and Zn. The proportions of Cu, Pb, Cd, and Zn in the EXC and OX fractions were generally increased after the leaching experiment at three pH levels, whereas those of the RES, OM, and CAR fractions were slightly decreased. Acid rain favors the leaching of heavy metals from the contaminated purple soil and makes the heavy metal fractions become more labile. Moreover, a pH decrease from 5.6 to 3.0 significantly enhanced such effects.     

Phytoremediation of Heavy Metals in Contaminated Water and Soil Using Miscanthus sp. Goedae-Uksae 1

The aim of this study is to characterize the heavy metal phytoremediation potential of Miscanthus sp. Goedae-Uksae 1, a hybrid, perennial, bio-energy crop developed in South Korea. Six different metals (As, Cu, Pb, Ni, Cd, and Zn) were used for the study. The hybrid grass effectively absorbed all the metals from contaminated soil. The maximum removal was observed for As (97.7%), and minimum removal was observed for Zn (42.9%). Similarly, Goedae-Uksae 1 absorbed all the metals from contaminated water except As. Cd, Pb, and Zn were completely (100%) removed from contaminated water samples. Generally, the concentration of metals in roots was several folds higher than in shoots. Initial concentration of metals highly influenced the phytoremediation rate. The results of the bioconcentration factor, translocation factor, and enrichment coefficient tests indicate that Goedae-Uksae 1 could be used for phytoremediation in a marginally contaminated ecosystem.     

Effects of Municipal Sewage Sludge Doses on the Chlorophyll Contents and Heavy Metal Concentration of Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris var. saccharifera)

The present study was conducted to assess the suitability of sewage sludge amendment (SSA) in soil for Beta vulgaris var. saccharifera (sugar beet) by evaluating the heavy metal accumulation and physiological responses of plants grown at a 10%, 25%, and 50% sewage sludge amendment rate. The sewage sludge amendment was modified by the physicochemical properties of soil, thus increasing the availability of heavy metals in the soil and consequently increasing accumulation in plant parts. Cd, Pb, Ni, and Cu concentrations in roots were significantly higher in plants grown at 25% as compared to 50% SSA; however, Cr and Zn concentration was higher at 50% than 25% SSA. The concentrations of heavy metal showed a trend of Zn > Ni > Cu > Cr > Pb > Cd in roots and Zn > Cu > Ni > Cr > Pb > Cd in leaves. The only instance in which the chlorophyll content did not increase after the sewage sludge treatments was 50%. There were approximately 1.12-fold differences between the control and 50% sewage sludge application for chlorophyll content. The sewage sludge amendment led to a significant increase in Pb, Cr, Cd, Cu, Zn, and Ni concentrations of the soil. The heavy metal accumulation in the soil after the treatments did not exceed the limits for the land application of sewage sludge recommended by the US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). The increased concentration of heavy metals in the soil due to the sewage sludge amendment led to increases in heavy metal uptake and the leaf and root concentrations of Ni, Zn, Cd, Cu, Cr, Pb, and Zn in plants as compared to those grown on unamended soil. More accumulation occurred in roots and leaves than in shoots for most of the heavy metals. The concentrations of Cd, Cr, and Pb were more than the permissible limits of national standards in the edible portion of sugar beet grown on different sewage sludge amendment ratios. The study concludes that the sewage sludge amendment in the soil for growing sugar beet may not be a good option due to risk of contamination of Cr, Pb, and Cd.     

Evaluation of Organic and Inorganic Amendments on Maize Growth and Uptake of Cd and Zn from Contaminated Paddy Soils

Pot and field experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of soil amendments (cow manure, rice straw, zeolite, dicalcium phosphate) on the growth and metal uptake (Cd, Zn) of maize (Zea mays) grown in Cd/Zn contaminated soil. The addition of cow manure and rice straw significantly increased the dry biomass, shoot and root length, and grain yield of maize when compared with the control. In pot study, cow manure, rice straw, and dicalcium phosphate all proved effective in reducing Cd and Zn concentrations in shoots and roots. Cd and Zn concentrations in the grains of maize grown in field study plots with cow manure and dicalcium phosphate amendments to highly contaminated soil (Cd 36.5 mg kg^?1 and Zn 1520.8 mg kg^?1) conformed to acceptable standards for animal feed. Additionally both cow manure and dicalcium phosphate amendments resulted in the significant decrease of Cd and Zn concentrations in shoots of maize.     

湖南柿竹园矿区土壤重金属含量及植物吸收特征

矿区重金属污染十分严重,寻找和发现适合当地气候与土壤条件的重金属耐性植物是矿区植被恢复和污染土壤修复的前提。对我国湖南柿竹园有色金属矿区调查发现,该地区选矿厂的重金属污染问题普遍比尾砂库严重。选矿厂土壤砷、镉、铅、锌严重超标,尾砂库周围也受到不同程度的重金属污染。土壤重金属胁迫效应影响着植物物种分布,选矿厂物种分布较少,相比之下尾砂库的植物多样性较为丰富。柿竹园矿区植物对重金属的吸收表现为富集型(如蜈蚣草Pteris Vittata L .和苎麻Boehmerianivea (L .) Gaud.)、根部囤积型(如攀倒甑Patrinia villosa和木贼Equisetum hyemale)和规避型(如蔓出卷柏Selaginelladavidii Franch和芒草Miscanthus sinensis Andlerss)等3种类型。     

Effect of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi On Yield and Phytoremediation Performance of Pot Marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) Under Heavy Metals Stress

In order to study the effect of mycorrhizal fungi (inoculated and non-inoculated) and heavy metals stress [0, Pb (150 and 300 mg/kg) and Cd (40 and 80 mg/kg)] on pot marigold (Calendula officinalis L.), a factorial experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design with 4 replications in Research Greenhouse of Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Tehran, Iran, during 2012–2013. Plant height, herbal and flower fresh and dry weight, root fresh and dry weight and root volume, colonization percentage, total petal extract, total petal flavonoids, root and shoot P and K uptakes, and Pb and Cd accumulations in root and shoot were measured. Results indicated that with increasing soil Pb and Cd concentration, growth and yield of pot marigold was reduced significantly; Cd had greater negative impacts than Pb. However, mycorrhizal fungi alleviated these impacts by improving plant growth and yield. Pot marigold concentrated high amounts of Pb and especially Cd in its roots and shoots; mycorrhizal plants had a greater accumulation of these metals, so that those under 80 mg/kg Cd soil^?1 accumulated 833.3 and 1585.8 mg Cd in their shoots and roots, respectively. In conclusion, mycorrhizal fungi can improve not only growth and yield of pot marigold in heavy metal stressed condition, but also phytoremediation performance by increasing heavy metals accumulation in the plant organs.     

不同土壤生境下斑茅对重金属的富集特征

为了筛选Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd多重金属离子的富集植物,对不同土壤生境(铜铁矿、钨矿、铅锌矿和无矿场污染)的优势种斑茅(Saccharum arundinaceum(Retz.)Jeswiet)对Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd离子富集情况进行了调查。结果表明,斑茅对Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd离子有富集优势并以Cu富集显著,斑茅根系土壤与斑茅地上部Cu含量存在相关性(P<0.05),斑茅对Pb和Cd的富集与转运存在极显相关性(P<0.01);在强酸、多金属污染弃耕农田土壤中,斑茅不仅符合Cu超富集植物的特征,而且其对Zn、Pb和Cd3种重金属的富集系数和转运系数均>1。在Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn均低于国家土壤环境质量二级标准(GB15618-1995)的弃耕农田中,斑茅对Cu、Zn和Cd的富集系数均>1。研究表明,斑茅可以作为Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd多金属污染土壤的富集植物进行人工修复。