禾本科植物离体受精技术

禾本科植物包含了世界上最重要的农作物,对其受精过程的机理研究一直是发育生物学的热点和难点.离体受精技术是将禾本科植物的精、卵细胞分离出来后使二者融合,并培养成完整植株,从而探讨雌雄配子间的相互识别及由合子开始的胚胎发生等一系列生殖生物学的机理问题.同时,离体受精技术在禾本科植物上的应用,还可将外源DNA转入卵细胞、合子培育新型转基因作物,也可将异种植物的配子进行融合,为远缘杂交培育新品种创造新途径.     

植物无融合生殖研究进展

无融合生殖是一种不发生雌雄配子核融合而产生种子的一种无性繁殖过程。有些无融合生殖产生的种子是其母本的克隆,可以保留母本的基因型,因此无融合生殖可用于杂种优势的固定。尽管无融合生殖具有潜在的应用价值,但其形成机理十分复杂,表现在无融合生殖有多种表现形式,且受控的途径多样,遗传机制复杂,至今尚无定论,研究方法也多种多样。对近年来无融合生殖研究方面取得的进展进行了概述,旨在为深入研究无融合生殖提供参考。     

植物无融合生殖研究进展北大核心CSCD

无融合生殖是一种不发生雌雄配子核融合而产生种子的一种无性繁殖过程。有些无融合生殖产生的种子是其母本的克隆,可以保留母本的基因型,因此无融合生殖可用于杂种优势的固定。尽管无融合生殖具有潜在的应用价值,但其形成机理十分复杂,表现在无融合生殖有多种表现形式,且受控的途径多样,遗传机制复杂,至今尚无定论,研究方法也多种多样。对近年来无融合生殖研究方面取得的进展进行了概述,旨在为深入研究无融合生殖提供参考。     

单子叶植物无融合生殖的研究进展

植物的无融合生殖是指不经过雌雄配子融合而产生种子的一种特殊生殖方式。由于利用无融合生殖途径可以固定杂种优势,从而改良现有植物的育种策略,因此对无融合生殖的研究已成为生物学科的新生长点。本文主要从无融合生殖的概念和类型,无融合生殖在单子叶植物中的分布,无融合生殖的胚胎学,分子生物学和遗传学机制及创造新的无融合生殖种质资源的方法等6方面对单子叶植物的无融合生殖的研究进展进行了综述,并提出了今后开展无融合生殖研究的思路和设想。     

单子叶植物无融合生殖的研究进展

植物的无融合生殖是指不经过雌雄配子融合而产生种子的一种特殊生殖方式。由于利用无融合生殖途径可以固定杂种优势 ,从而改良现有植物的育种策略 ,因此对无融合生殖的研究已成为生物学科的新生长点。本文主要从无融合生殖的概念和类型 ,无融合生殖在单子叶植物中的分布 ,无融合生殖的胚胎学 ,分子生物学和遗传学机制及创造新的无融合生殖种质资源的方法等 6方面对单子叶植物的无融合生殖的研究进展进行了综述 ,并提出了今后开展无融合生殖研究的思路和设想     

第二届无融合生殖国际会议概况

第二届无融合生殖国际会议于２００１年４月２４日－２８日在意大利科摩召开。参加会议的１５９人分别来自意大利、法国、德国、美国、俄罗斯、英国、日本、印度、中国等２８个国家。 会议内容包括无融合生殖机制与进化,农作物无融合生殖育种,无融合生殖基因的分离,胚珠与雌配子体发育,细胞周期与减数分裂,受精与孤雌生殖,胚胎发生,胚乳发育和无融合生殖的经济和生态等。 在无融合生殖的遗传学机制方面,提出了几种新模型。 Ｙｖｅｓ Ｓａｖｉｄａｎ根据一些禾本科植物无融合生殖胚胎学与遗传学研究结果提出了１对基因控制模型。Ｅ．…     

MIME--有丝分裂替代减数分裂及其在作物无融合生殖中的应用

无融合生殖因其在杂种优势固定中的巨大潜力而受到广泛关注,人工创制无融合生殖是当前无融合生殖研究的重要方向,有丝分裂替代减数分裂(Mitosis instead of Meiosis,MIME)能产生与母本遗传组成完全一致的二倍体配子,是人工创制无融合生殖的关键步骤。文中对MIME的发生及其在作物无融合生殖中的应用以及MIME应用中的问题进行综述,以期为扩大MIME在作物无融合生殖中的应用提供参考。     

植物无融合生殖研究的新进展

植物无融合生殖是指不经过雌雄配子融合而产生种子的一种特殊生殖方式,能使基因型的杂合性得以保持,从而可固定杂种优势。对近几年来植物无融合生殖的研究进展及发展动态作一综述,列举了新发现的具有无融合生殖特性的植物种类：总结了控制无融合生殖的遗传机理：指出该研究领域中存在的问题：展望了该领域的发展前景。     

植物无融合生殖相关基因研究进展

无融合生殖是指不经过精卵融合即可形成胚从而进行种子繁殖后代的一种特殊的无性生殖方式, 无融合生殖胚的形成没有父本的参与, 其后代是母本基因型的完整克隆, 因此是植物杂种优势固定与利用的一种最理想的途径, 具有巨大的潜在利用价值, 被誉为“无性革命”。按其胚体发生的途径, 无融合生殖可分为二倍体孢子生殖、无配子生殖和不定胚生殖三种类型。本文介绍了植物胚发育、胚乳发育、减数分裂等涉及无融合生殖过程的相关基因的研究进展, 同时介绍了可能与植物无融合生殖途径调控相关的几个基因片段的研究情况。     

植物无融合生殖研究新进展

无融合生殖是指不经过雌雄配子融合而产生种子的一种特殊生殖方式,能使基因型的杂合性得以保持,从而可以固定杂种优势,对作物育种具有极其重要的意义。目前大量的研究都在设法将无融合生殖作为一种重要的植物育种手段。本文对近几年来无融合生殖新种质资源的发现、主要研究方法、遗传机制和相关基因等方面的最新进展作了介绍,并对无融合生殖研究中存在的问题和发展前景作了讨论。     

雀稗属无融合生殖研究进展

雀稗属(Paspalum)为禾本科黍亚科多年生或一年生植物,是黍亚科内最有经济价值的类群之一。雀稗属植物种群极其复杂,大多数为多倍体。由于多倍体的存在及有性生殖的自交不亲和等原因,雀稗属植物表现出复杂多样的生殖特性,是禾本科中具备无融合生殖特性种类最多的属。对雀稗属无融合生殖的分布、无融合生殖相关的细胞学和胚胎学基础、无融合生殖的特点及其遗传学和分子生物学研究进展进行了综述。     

Sexual and asexual Taraxacum species

The genus Taraxacum is a widely dispersed, ecologically variable taxon of some 2000 sexual and apomictic (agarnospermous) species. Data from numerous studies are used to examine the influences sexuality and apomixis have had on its evolution, geographical distribution and ecological diversification. A new explanation is given of the geographical distribution of sexual and apomictic forms, and the role of polyploidy in buffering apomicts against the effects of an accumulation of deleterious mutations is examined.     

Segregation analysis of RFLP markers reveals a tetrasomic inheritance in apomictic Paspalum simplex.

Apomictic tetraploid Paspalum simplex was crossed with colchicine-doubled diploid sexual plants belonging to the same species. Homologous genomic probes were selected from a partial PstI genomic library for their capacity to detect alleles specific to the apomictic parent, and their segregation was analyzed in the F1 progeny. High levels of polymorphism between apomictic and sexual genotypes were recorded. The heterozygosity was high in both tetraploid and diploid genotypes but the differences between them were not as great as expected. In the sexual parent, some markers segregated as either a monoallelic duplex or a diallelic duplex, while several allelic configurations were observed in the apomictic parent. The segregation of double-dose monoallelic fragments demonstrated the tetrasomic inheritance of apomictic P. simplex. The correlations between apomixis, ploidy level, and tetrasomic inheritance are discussed.     

喀喇昆仑山和昆仑山地区禾本科植物区系

喀喇昆仑山和昆仑山地区的禾本科植物除去栽培种类外共有47属,含161种.分析表明:(1)本区的禾本科植物主要是由北温带成分组成,并兼有丰富的旧世界温带成分和其他温带成分,温带性质明显.(2)本区所分布的泛热带成分无一例外地都能够延伸到温带地区,应属一类具有一定程度温带性质的泛热带分布类型.一些种类如蔗茅(Erianthus ravennae)的出现是从地中海地区经中亚分布到本区的.(3)本区的禾本科植物绝大多数属于温寒地带分布类型,因而具有明显的高原、高山植物区系的特征,主要有固沙草属(Orinus)、看麦娘属(Alopecurus)、披碱草属(Elymus)、三毛草属(Trisetum)、扇穗茅属(Littledalea)、偃麦草属(Elytrigia)、冠毛草属(Stephanachne) 和拟沿沟草属(Paracolpodium)等,这是本区的高山特化和寒旱化适应现象在禾本科植物中的突出表现.(4)本区无特有属,特有种亦较少,这种现象是有其自然和历史原因的.大多数的单种属和寡种属都是从它们各自广布的近缘属中衍生而来,表明本区系是一个年轻的、衍生的区系.例如细柄茅属(Ptilagrostis)之从针茅属(Stipa),钝基草属(Timoria)之从芨芨草属(Achnatherum)等.(5)本区系同周围区系的联系广泛,但同西藏区系的关系最为密切.     

Sexual reproduction development in apomictic Eulaliopsis binata (Poaceae)

Apomixis is a particular mode of reproduction that allows progeny formation without meiosis and fertilization. Eulaliopsis binata, a tetraploid apomictic species, is widely used for making paper, rope and mats. There is great potential for fixation of heterosis in E. binata due to autonomous endosperm formation in this species. Although most of its embryo sac originates from nucellus cells, termed apospory, we observed sexual reproduction initiation in 86.8 to 96.8% of the ovules, evidenced by callose deposition on the walls of cells undergoing megasporogenesis. However, only 2-3% mature polygonum-type sexual embryo sacs were confirmed by embryological investigation. Callose was not detected on aposporous initial cell walls. The aposporous initial cells differentiated during pre- and post-meiosis of the megaspore mother cell, while the sexual embryo sac degenerated at the megaspore stage. DNA content ratio of embryo and endosperm in some individuals was 2C:3C, based on flow cytometry screening of seed, similar to that of normal sexual seed. These results confirm that apomictic E. binata has conserved sexual reproduction to a certain degree, which may contribute to maintaining genetic diversity. The finding of sexual reproduction in apomictic E. binata could be useful for research on genetic mechanism of apomixis in E. binata.     

Polyembryony and apomixis in Eriotheca pubescens (Malvaceae - Bombacoideae)

Apomixis and adventitious polyembryony have been reported for several species of Bombacoideae, including Eriotheca pubescens, a tree species of the Neotropical savanna (Cerrado) areas in Brazil. However, the origin of polyembryonic seeds and their importance for the reproduction of the species remained to be shown. Here, we analyzed the early embryology of this species to establish the apomictic origin of extranumerary embryos. We also observed the geographic distribution of polyembryony in E. pubescens, and tested if apomixis was related to the source of pollen (self or cross) and population density. Moreover, we tested if polyembryonic apomictic embryos would develop normally into seedlings. In the observed seed primordia, after a relatively long quiescent period, the zygote developed into a sexual embryo concurrently with adventitious apomictic embryos which developed from nucellus cells. Adventitious embryos develop faster than sexual ones and are morphologically similar, so that 44 days after anthesis it was virtually impossible to distinguish and trace the fate of the sexual embryo. Polyembryony is widely distributed in populations some 400 km distant, and only one strictly monoembryonic individual was observed during the study. The number of embryos per seed varied between fruits and individuals but was significantly higher in seeds from cross-pollinations than from selfs, although fruit and seed set after crosses were much lower than after selfs. Embryo development into seedlings depended on their weight at germination, but polyembryonic seeds germinated and produced up to seven seedlings per seed in greenhouse conditions. Adventitious embryony and apomictic seedlings would explain the mostly clonal populations suggested by molecular studies.     

Chromosomal and embryological analyses in sexual x apomictic hybrids ofPanicum maximum Jacq.

Summary Cytological analyses in series of crosses between 7 sexual pistillate and 8 apomictic staminate parents of speciesPanicum maximum (Gramineae) are reported. Although these 15 progenitors were tetraploid (2n = 32), 2 dihaploids (2n = 16), 45 hexaploids (2n = 48) and 5 octoploids (2n = 64) were observed among 333 progeny plants. The role of unreduced gametes as the originators of polyploidy is discussed in relation to the so-called elements of apomixis. The 2 dihaploids appeared to be sexual while the hexaploids and octoploids were all apomictic. At the tetraploid level sexual and apomictic hybrids segregated in a ratio close to 11. These results were then compared to those already obtained from studies on other tropical grasses and indicate a simple genetic determinism for gametophytic apomixis.     

Selection on apomictic lineages of Taraxacum at establishment in a mixed sexual–apomictic population

A species’ mode of reproduction, sexual or asexual, will affect its ecology and evolution. In many species, asexuality is related to polyploidy. In Taraxacum, apomicts are triploid, and sexuals are diploid. To disentangle the effects of ploidy level and reproductive mode on life‐history traits, we compared established apomictic Taraxacum genotypes with newly synthesized apomictic genotypes, obtained from diploid–triploid crosses. Diploid–triploid crossing is probably the way that most apomictic lineages originate. New genotypes had on average a much lower seed set than established genotypes. Established genotypes differed on average from new genotypes, in particular under shaded conditions: the established genotypes had longer leaves and flowered later. The differences between new and established triploids resembled the differences that have been found between sexual diploids and established apomictic triploids. We conclude that ploidy differences alone are not directly responsible for observed differences between sexual diploid and apomictic triploid dandelions.     

倭竹属地理分布的研究

倭竹属Shibataea Makino隶于禾本科之竹亚科,现已知有8种,分布于我国东南部的浙江、福建、江苏、安徽、江西等省,广东、台湾两省有少量栽培,日本产1种。苏联、西德、印尼等国所栽培的倭竹均系自我国或日本引入。我国浙-闽地区产8种,且都有野生发现,是本属的现代分布中心。倭竹属植物体型矮小,常植于庭院或公园中供观赏。近年来盆景艺术迅速发展,微型园林日益兴起,倭竹属植物体态优美,常绿,耐寒且易于栽培,为广大园林工作者所垂青。