Using the Rb marking technique to track the spring migration of Apolygus lucorum and Adelphocoris suturalis in Henan

利用铷标记方法对河南省绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum(Meyer-Dür)和中黑盲蝽Adelphocoris suturalis Jakovlev的春季迁移现象进行了研究.结果表明:在河南省2种棉盲蝽均有较强的迁移能力.绿盲蝽2d内可迁移2560m(试验最远回捕距离),中黑盲蝽6d内可迁移5120m(试验最远回捕距离).本文提供了春季绿盲蝽和中黑盲蝽由越冬场所向棉田转移的直接证据.     

河南省绿盲蝽秋季迁移的铷标记研究

利用铷(Rb)标记方法对秋季绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum(Meyer-Dür)迁移现象及其寄主种类进行了研究。铷标记回捕试验证明了秋季绿盲蝽由棉田转移到杂草上取食。在河南绿盲蝽一周内可迁移到2 560 m(试验最远回捕距离)。秋季由棉田迁出的绿盲蝽主要集中在艾蒿和葎草上取食。对这2种主要寄主植物作为绿盲蝽越冬寄主的可能性进行了讨论。     

Autumn migration of Apolygus lucorum in Henan Province revealed by the Rb marking technique

利用铷(Rb)标记方法对秋季绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum (Meyer-Dür)迁移现象及其寄主种类进行了研究.铷标记回捕试验证明了秋季绿盲蝽由棉田转移到杂草上取食.在河南绿盲蝽一周内可迁移到2560m(试验最远回捕距离).秋季由棉田迁出的绿盲蝽主要集中在艾蒿和葎草上取食.对这2种主要寄主植物作为绿盲蝽越冬寄主的可能性进行了讨论.     

绿盲蝽和中黑盲蝽对不同抗性和虫害处理棉花的选择趋性

研究绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum和中黑盲蝽Adelphocoris suturalis对不同抗性和虫害处理棉花的选择趋性,为棉盲蝽的综合治理提供理论依据。本研究以抗性棉花品种BR-S-10（抗性品种）和感性棉花品种科林08-15（感性品种）,以及绿盲蝽和中黑盲蝽分别危害处理后的该两种棉花植株为试验材料,以纯净空气为空白对照,共成对设置15个气味源组合,采用“Y”型昆虫嗅觉仪室内研究了绿盲蝽和中黑盲蝽对不同抗性和虫害处理棉花的选择趋性。结果表明,绿盲蝽显著选择感性品种、中黑盲蝽危害感性品种和绿盲蝽危害感性品种。中黑盲蝽显著选择绿盲蝽危害感性品种、中黑盲蝽危害感性品种和感性品种。总的来说,两种棉盲蝽趋向于选择敏感棉花品种,抗性棉花品种对供试昆虫有显著趋避性;绿盲蝽显著趋向选择中黑盲蝽危害感性品种和绿盲蝽危害感性品种,中黑盲蝽显著趋向选择绿盲蝽危害感性品种和中黑盲蝽危害感性品种。     

短时高温暴露对绿盲蝽和中黑盲蝽存活及生殖的影响

绿盲蝽和中黑盲蝽是危害棉花害虫的两个优势种,为探明短时高温暴露对绿盲蝽和中黑盲蝽存活和生殖的影响,将在27℃饲养的绿盲蝽和中黑盲蝽的卵和初孵若虫每天暴露在不同高温(30、33、36、40℃)4 h,以27℃恒温饲养的为对照,比较两种盲蝽卵的孵化率、若虫存活率、成虫产卵量的变化以及两者的差异。研究结果显示:在27—40℃范围内,随着温度的升高,绿盲蝽卵的孵化率先从27℃处理的84.25%上升至30℃处理的94.69%,而后开始下降,36℃处理的孵化率下降为76.84%,到40℃处理时降至44.30%;中黑盲蝽卵的孵化率则由27℃处理的79.27%上升至30℃处理的87.90%,后逐渐下降至40℃处理的60.24%。在极端高温40℃的处理中,中黑盲蝽卵的孵化率显著高于绿盲蝽卵的孵化率,表明中黑盲蝽卵较绿盲蝽卵更耐极端高温。在30—40℃范围内,随着温度的升高,两种盲蝽若虫存活率降低,40℃处理后,绿盲蝽若虫存活率为零,中黑盲蝽若虫存活率为16.74%。同时,高温对绿盲蝽和中黑盲蝽的产卵量也存在显著影响。27℃处理下,绿盲蝽平均每头雌虫产卵量为64.78粒;30℃处理后,产卵量上升为70.03粒,后随处理温度升高产卵量开始下降,40℃时不能产卵;中黑盲蝽产卵量在27—36℃之间没有显着差异,平均每头雌虫产卵量为63—75粒,显著高于40℃处理的20.75粒。此外,短时高温暴露延长了绿盲蝽和中黑盲蝽的若虫历期,降低了绿盲蝽和中黑盲蝽雌雄成虫寿命。结果表明,短时高温对绿盲蝽和中黑盲蝽卵的孵化率、若虫存活率、生殖及成虫寿命等均有不利影响,温度越高,影响越大。绿盲蝽和中黑盲蝽在极端高温40℃处理下,中黑盲蝽耐热性明显高于绿盲蝽。两种盲蝽在极端高温条件下的耐热性不同,可能是导致它们在棉田内种群季节动态差异的一个重要因素。     

铷对两种盲蝽及其寄主植物的标记与影响

微量元素铷(Rb)标记技术花费低、易操作、对环境安全,是昆虫生态学研究中一种常用的标记技术。本文测定了不同浓度的RbCl溶液对2种主要有害棉盲蝽的标记效果以及对其生命参数的影响。结果表明2 000和4 000 ppm的RbCl溶液喷洒绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum(Meyer-Dür)、中黑盲蝽Adelphocoris suturalis Jakovlev及其寄主植物,可以有效地标记2种盲蝽及其寄主植物,且对2种盲蝽的生命活动无显著影响,是最理想的标记浓度。Rb在盲蝽体内可滞留6～7 d,在寄主植物体内可滞留至少10 d。这为利用铷标记技术进行2种有害盲蝽的生态学研究奠定了基础。     

黑肩绿盲蝽的国内外研究概况

<正> 黑肩绿盲蝽Cyrtorhinus lividipennis(Reuter)亦称苍翅盲蝽,属半翅目、盲蝽科、嗜卵盲蝽属Cyrtorhinus(=Cyrtorrhinus)它分布广泛,是水稻产区稻飞虱等害虫的重要捕食性天敌。早在1920年就发现对飞虱有捕食作用(Usinger,R.J.1939),1952年日本首先研究了黑肩绿盲蝽的捕食行为(Suenaga,H.et al.,1952)。浙江农业大学植保系于70年代初已在东阳县病虫测报站开始观察其生活习性、田间消长情况和施药影响等。现将有关该天敌的研究概况综述于下。     

氯虫苯甲酰胺对黑肩绿盲蝽捕食功能的影响

为协调褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens (Stal) 的化学防治和生物防治提供参考, 本研究采用稻茎浸渍法研究了氯虫苯甲酰胺对黑肩绿盲蝽Cyrtorhinus lividipennis (Reuter) 捕食褐飞虱功能反应的影响。结果表明: 在氯虫苯甲酰胺的推荐剂量下, 黑肩绿盲蝽功能反应模型的结构没有改变, 但影响到了模型的各项参数。在推荐剂量下, 氯虫苯甲酰胺可降低黑肩绿盲蝽的瞬时攻击率(a′); 药剂处理后黑肩绿盲蝽若虫对褐飞虱卵、1龄若虫和2龄若虫的处理时间(Th)比对照分别增加163.03%, 104.21%和95.11%, 而黑肩绿盲蝽成虫对它们的处理时间则分别增加81.97%, 102.45%和99.52%; 药剂处理后黑肩绿盲蝽日最大捕食量(Na*)降低, 其寻找效应(S)也减弱。研究表明氯虫苯甲酰胺对黑肩绿盲蝽捕食作用存在着不良影响。     

中国奥盲蝽属及盲蝽亚科新分类单元(半翅目:盲蝽科)

报道奥盲蝽属Orthops Fieber共4种,对锈褐奥盲蝽O.ferrugineus(Reuter)和纹头奥盲蝽O.viticeps(Reuter)提供了补充鉴别特征,为黑唇厘盲蝽Liistonotus melatostoma(Reuter)首次提供雄性外生殖器特征。记述2新种：香榧硕丽盲蝽Macrolygus torreyae Zheng,sp.nov.,模式产地为浙江建德,吸食香榧幼果,造成危害,双纹猥盲蝽Tinginotum bilineatum Zheng,Sp.nov。模式产地为海南吊罗山,记载中国新纪录5种：点缘拟猥盲蝽Argenis incisuratus(Walker,1873),带胸猥盲蝽Tinginotum perlatum linnavuori,1961,马来皱斑盲蝽Hyqlopeplinus malayensis Carvalho et Gross,1979,尖角透翅盲蝽Hyalopeplus(Hyalopeplus)clavatus Distant,1909,班楔透翅盲蝽Hyalopeplus(Adhyalopeplus)similis(Poppius,1912),模式标本除注明者外,均存南开大学生物系标本室。     

黑肩绿盲蝽耐饥饿能力的研究

【目的】为早期释放黑肩绿盲蝽Cyrtorhinus lividipennis提供理论依据,研究了黑肩绿盲蝽不同虫态耐受饥饿及低温的能力。【方法】室内条件下,比较了稻苗+水、无苗有水和无苗无水三种食物条件下黑肩绿盲蝽耐饥力大小。【结果】适温(26℃)下,黑肩绿盲蝽3龄若虫、5龄若虫和成虫在稻苗+水的存活时间显著高于无苗有水,无苗有水时的存活时间又显著高于无苗无水,表明稻苗对于黑肩绿盲蝽有营养作用,取食稻苗有助于提高黑肩绿盲蝽的耐饥力。黑肩绿盲蝽成虫耐饥力最强,3龄若虫和5龄若虫接近,有苗有水时,3龄若虫、5龄若虫和成虫的平均存活时间分别为2.10、2.22和4.25 d。在低温(15℃)下,水稻苗对黑肩绿盲蝽成虫的存活不利,有苗有水时雌雄成虫的存活时间均低于无苗有水处理,其中雌成虫两处理间的差异显著(P=0.001)。【结论】黑肩绿盲蝽对饥饿和低温有较强的耐受性,以成虫最强,水稻生长前期田间释放时以成虫为宜。     

绿盲蝽趋避剂二甲基二硫醚的缓释体系及其田间效果

前期研究发现,二甲基二硫醚(DMDS)对绿盲蝽成虫具有明显的趋避效果,但田间喷施应用的持效期较短.本文从缓释材料、缓释剂、稀释浓度等方面构建DMDS的缓释体系,并在枣园检验其缓释效果.结果表明:以PE小瓶为缓释材料、液体石蜡为缓释剂、稀释浓度为1∶10构建的DMDS缓释体系在田间的持效期达15 d以上.上述DMDS缓释体系在枣园成直线挂置使用,30 d后距趋避带10 m范围内的绿盲蝽越冬卵数量降低了48.0%.本研究为田间应用DMDS趋避防控绿盲蝽成虫奠定了重要基础.     

低温和光周期对绿盲蝽越冬卵滞育解除和发育历期的影响

为了探讨温度和光周期对绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum Meyer-Dür越冬卵滞育解除和发育历期的影响, 系统调查了绿盲蝽越冬卵在不同温度和不同光照组合下的孵化率和孵化时间, 结果显示：绿盲蝽的越冬卵均为滞育卵,低温和光周期对绿盲蝽越冬卵的滞育解除均有影响。2℃的低温处理能够显著促进其滞育解除,在0~65 d范围内,随着低温处理时间增长,其滞育解除时间缩短,未经低温处理的越冬卵T₅₀为68.5 d,低温处理65 d的T₅₀为12.25 d,绿盲蝽越冬卵在2℃低温处理65 d后完全解除滞育;在0~40 d范围内,低温处理时间越长,绿盲蝽越冬卵的孵化率越高,在25℃、全光照的条件下不经低温处理的孵化率为68.65%,低温处理40 d后在25℃的条件下的孵化率达到99.46%。在20~26℃范围内,绿盲蝽越冬卵的滞育后发育历期随着温度的上升而缩短, 随着光周期的延长而缩短。结果说明低温处理能够提高绿盲蝽越冬卵滞育解除率,但不是其滞育解除的必要条件,低温处理与自然变温对绿盲蝽滞育解除的作用相似;高温和长光照能够促进绿盲蝽的滞育解除,缩短发育历期。     

绿盲蝽越冬卵的耐寒能力

近年来,随着转基因棉花的大面积推广,绿盲蝽成为了我国棉花和果树生产的重要害虫。为了阐明绿盲蝽越冬生态适应性,研究了绿盲蝽卵在越冬过程中的耐寒力变化,测定了卵内生化物质的含量,结果表明:绿盲蝽越冬卵低温存活力呈现出明显的月份变化,在-10℃、-20℃处理下,绿盲蝽的越冬卵的半致死时间从大到小的顺序依次为:1月>2月>12月>3月>4月,在-30℃处理下从大到小的顺序依次为:1月>12月>3月>2月>4月。在极端低温(-20℃)下1、2、3、4和5 d后,4月份保护卵死亡率明显低于相同处理下的4月份裸露卵的死亡率,枣枝中的越冬卵死亡率分别为4.32%、5.36%、5.42%、6.79%和7.63%,剥离出来的越冬卵死亡率分别为46.06%、51.84%、54.59%、63.07%和74.41%。人工滞育卵的耐寒性强于正常发育卵的耐寒性,弱于自然越冬过程中滞育卵的耐寒性。冷驯化可以显著提高绿盲蝽越冬卵的低温存活力,在0℃冷驯化20 min后,越冬卵的低温(-20℃、100 h)死亡率显著降低,冷驯化40 min后,低温死亡率趋于平稳,均在37%左右。越冬卵体内物质呈明显的季节性变化,越冬卵越冬期的含水量显著高于越冬后,其中1月份最高(43.98%),4月份达到最低(38.79%)。越冬卵体内总脂肪含量在整个越冬过程中逐渐降低,从12月份的38.24%,降低到4月份的27.08%。蛋白质和糖的含量均是先降低后升高,其中蛋白质从12月份的78.77μg/mg,降低到1月份的59.80μg/mg,然后又逐渐升高至4月份的73.62μg/mg,体内总糖含量由12月份的39.60μg/mg降低至1月份的21.17μg/mg,然后又逐渐升高至4月份的35.10μg/mg。绿盲蝽越冬卵的耐寒力随着月份的变化而变化,在整个越冬期间表现出较强的抗寒性,能够抵御冬季低温,而其越冬场所的保护作用增加了其对于冬季严寒的适应性。     

Selection of hibernation sites by Anthonomus pomorum: preferences and ecological consequences

The apple blossom weevil, Anthonomus pomorum (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), has a long period of aestivo-hibernation in the adult stage lasting from summer to early spring of the following year. Potential hibernation sites within an apple orchard consist of high-stem rough-bark trees or dwarf smooth-bark trees. Field release-recapture experiments in 2 consecutive years showed that 64 and 47% of the weevils remained in the vicinity of the release sites in an area of high-stem trees and dwarf trees, respectively. The dispersing weevils moved over an average distance of 5.5 m in the dwarf tree area, as compared to 3.8 m in the high-stem tree area. The prevalent direction of dispersal was along tree rows in both areas. Some weevils displayed, after release in mid-July, a directional dispersal to the adjacent forests. Others, released in the dwarf tree area, dispersed towards the area of high-stem rough-bark apple trees. Experiments simulating various hibernation sites demonstrated that the litter of dry leaves was the most preferred overwintering shelter, yielding a relatively high survival rate. Branches with rough bark ranked second, while branches with smooth bark, grass and pure soil were not favourable for overwintering. Flight tendency in newly emerged weevils of summer generation was significantly higher in June/July than in August/September. This corresponds to the dispersal behaviour in the field. The timing of spring colonisation of apple trees was similar for weevils overwintering within the orchard and for those from outside. These results suggest that modern, dwarf apple orchards offer unfavourable conditions for overwintering, but that the relatively small proportion of weevils which manage to reach the adjacent forests find optimal hibernation sites there.     

Decline of soybean aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) egg populations from autumn to spring on the primary host, Rhamnus cathartica

Soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura (Homoptera: Aphididae), is a severe pest of soybeans in North America. Soybean aphid populations cycle between a secondary summer host, where populations reproduce parthenogenetically and a primary host, where populations overwinter as eggs. In North America, the secondary host is soybean, and the primary hosts are Rhamnus cathartica L. (Rhamnaceae) and R. alnifolia L'Her. A location with abundant populations of soybean aphid on R. cathartica was identified near Guelph, Ontario, Canada, in October 2004, and eggs on trees were counted at multiple sites within that location each autumn and spring over the next 2 yr. Dynamics of naturally occurring soybean aphid populations on the primary host were assessed with respect to (1) decline of overwintering eggs from autumn to spring, (2) development of spring populations on R. cathartica, and (3) development of soybean aphid populations on soybean immediately adjacent to overwintering sites. Counts of aphid eggs declined by approximately 70% between autumn and spring sampling periods in 2004-2005. Significant differences in counts of aphid eggs relative to sampling height were observed in the canopy of R. cathartica. No edge effects were observed in the development of soybean aphid populations in soybeans adjacent to overwintering sites in this study. Very few eggs were collected at the same study location in the autumn of 2005, and no aphid eggs were collected from samples taken in the spring of 2006. Egg counts taken in the autumn of 2006 were intermediate in number relative to counts taken in the autumn of 2004 and 2005.     

Spring remigration of the monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) in north-central Florida: estimating population parameters using mark-recapture

Monarch butterflies [Danaus plexippus) of the eastern North American population migrate each fall from die northern U.S.A. and southern Canada to overwintering sites in Mexico and return the following spring to the southeastern U.S.A. where they lay eggs and then die. The spring remigration is the least studied phase in the annual migration cycle. We therefore conducted a mark-recapture study and examined population recolonization dynamics and residence time in a north-central Florida pasture where the monarch's milkweed host plant (Asclepias humistrata) was abundant. Beginning in late March 1995 two waves of monarchs arrived, their numbers peaked at 71 individuals by mid-April, and the butterflies disappeared in early May. After arriving, the adults remained for 3–5 days, laid eggs and then continued to migrate. We also compared population sizes and arrival times in 1994 and 1996. We found no evidence of a second spring generation, which was also consistent with the deteriorating quality of the A. humistrata plants. Individuals of the new spring generation disappear shordy after eclosion. The arriving population was approximately nine times greater in 1995 than in 1996. Our findings support two recent hypodieses: (1) the bird-like migration of the monarch butterfly in North America evolved with the northward expansion and phenology of milkweeds; and (2) monarchs appear to be migratory throughout their annual cycle of several generations. By lingering for only a short time at each milkweed patch they encounter, the old monarchs returning from Mexico locate the resurgent milkweed flora over an extensive area in the southern states. Then, within less than a month, their fresh offspring continue the migration and exploit the unfolding cornucopia of milkweeds as the spring advances northward. The more we discover about the biology of this insect, the more remarkable is its annual migratory, breeding and overwintering cycle.     

两种盲蝽的抗药性监测

本文从2009到2011年连续3年用马拉硫磷、毒死蜱、灭多威、三氟氯氰菊酯、吡虫啉、硫丹6种杀虫药剂诊断剂量监测了河北、河南、山东、安徽等重要棉产区绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum(Meyer-Dür)田间种群的抗药性。2010年马拉硫磷诊断剂量处理河北邱县、安徽望江田间种群死亡率95%以上;毒死蜱诊断剂量河南郑州、山东滨州,安徽地区的田间绿盲蝽死亡率大于80%;三氟氯氰菊酯诊断剂量死亡率接近95%以上;2010年安徽望江、2011年河北邱县、山东滨州、安徽无为田间种群在吡虫啉诊断剂量下的死亡率在78%～90%。点滴法对2011年各地绿盲蝽种群抗药性监测表明,各地绿盲蝽对毒死蜱、灭多威、吡虫啉均处于敏感阶段,对于马拉硫磷、三氟氯氰菊酯、硫丹大多处于低抗水平阶段。在对中黑盲蝽Adelphocoris suturalis Jakovlev3年的抗性监测中,作者发现种群抗性个体频率的出现更为普遍。     

中华蜜蜂工蜂王浆腺活性的变化

本试验以短期体外放射化学测定法,测定了中华蜜蜂(Apis cerana cerana)工蜂的王浆腺(HP)的活性,以意大利蜂(Apis mellifera ligustica)进行对比.结果表明工蜂的HP在体外培养液中1—6小时掺入的放射性DPM几乎呈直线增加.春夏繁殖期,中华蜜蜂7日龄工蜂的HP活性最强,而意大利蜜蜂是10日龄.中华蜜蜂的越冬工蜂的HP虽呈发育状态,但活性低.而在早春,当蜂群内部出现幼虫时,越冬工蜂的HP又呈现活性.