美国与欧盟的转基因食品安全性政策演变比对

随着转基因食品的研究与发展,人们对待转基因食品的态度表现为主要以美国和欧盟为主的两种代表性政策.美国采取遵循可靠科学原则,坚决反对预防原则,即对转基因食品采取积极支持,自愿标识的宽松政策;欧盟采取谨慎预防原则,必须标识和可追溯.从管理原则出发,结合相应采取的监管措施和相关条例,对两国从开始颁布转基因食品政策到当下态势的发展,并结合最新出台的政策进行跟踪分析,比对美国及欧盟对这些指令和条例的执行情况.     

转基因农作物育种发展与思考北大核心CSCD

综述了国内外转基因作物育种及产业化发展现状,指出转基因技术发展已势不可挡,加快推进有利于抢占市场先机和技术制高点,延误时间只会坐失良机而付出更大代价。当前应以主要用作饲料、安全性确有保障的转基因植酸酶玉米和抗虫玉米为重点,尽快突破转基因认识误区和产业发展困境。为此提出了调整和修订不适应发展需要的管理规则和程序、制定转基因玉米产业化推进规划、加强转基因科普宣传和舆论引导等三项建议。     

转基因农作物育种发展与思考

综述了国内外转基因作物育种及产业化发展现状,指出转基因技术发展已势不可挡,加快推进有利于抢占市场先机和技术制高点,延误时间只会坐失良机而付出更大代价。当前应以主要用作饲料、安全性确有保障的转基因植酸酶玉米和抗虫玉米为重点,尽快突破转基因认识误区和产业发展困境。为此提出了调整和修订不适应发展需要的管理规则和程序、制定转基因玉米产业化推进规划、加强转基因科普宣传和舆论引导等三项建议。     

中国生物工程学会在天津举行转基因安全与公众意识论坛

<正>作为第八届中国生物产业大会的组织部分,中国生物工程学会主办了"转基因安全与公众意识论坛",论坛就公众与社会关注的转基因作物商业化种植进展、我国转基因重大专项所取得的成果、转基因食品安全检测、转基因技术的科学基础及转基因的伦理问题等多个主题组织了专家研讨,同时专家还与到会的公众、媒体和代表进行了广泛的交流。     

转基因安全:流言与证据

<正>近年来,有关转基因的争论已经严重影响了公众对转基因的态度[1-5]。"美国科学院证明转基因有毒"、"世界卫生组织拒绝承认转基因食品安全"、"美国卫生部证明转基因有风险"、"美国人生产的转基因食品自己不吃、都让中国人吃了"、"转基因正成为超过原子弹的杀伤武器"等流言在国内网络广泛流传;转基因科学家为了"自己的利益"向公众"推销"转基因,并成为跨国公司"代言人"等传言已成为一些公众反对转基因的重要原     

转基因：从传播到决策

本文介绍了转基因技术和作物在中国的传播现状,展示了公众对转基因技术的接受情况,分析了大部分媒体和公众对转基因技术持保留态度的原因。文章指出,除了对转基因缺乏知识外,科学家缺乏有效的传播和沟通、有关部门的信息发布不透明以及公众对利益集团的拒斥都是造成转基因在公众中受到一定排斥的原因。在此基础上,本文也介绍和探讨了转基因问题的有效传播方式,其中包括在西方广泛流行的“共识会议”模式。文章呼吁,目前公众对转基因的态度已经构成了这项技术进展的重要障碍,有关部门和科学家必须重视转基因的传播问题,并采取相应的策略来积极应对。     

中国科普作协科普报刊编辑研究委员会在上海召开第一次会议

中国科普作协科普报刊编辑研究委员会于1979年11月1日至7日在上海举行了第一次会议。会议决定:团结全国科普报刊和电台的编辑,共同探讨科普报刊和科学广播方面编辑工作的理论与经验,提高科普宣传的质量,为提高整个中华民族的科学文化水平,加速四个现代化的建设作出贡献。     

最新出版的科普著作——《转基因之争》

转基因动植物的环境安全和食物安全是当今人们普遍关注的切身利益问题。专家学者和社会组织纷纷表态，但说法又大相径庭，令世人无所适从。在这种情况下，人们需要一本能深人浅出又客观公正地介绍有关转基因方方面面知识的读物。为此，在中国生物工程学会科普工作委员会的资基因之争》，日前已由化学工业出版社出版发行。该书系统介绍基因和转基因的基本知识、“基因革命”的渊源、     

生物育种产业化面临的机遇与政策保障

随着中国转基因玉米和大豆产业化试点的推进，间接食用转基因农产品在中国大范围产业化种植到了关键时刻。为有序推进生物育种产业化进程，本文在回顾全球和中国转基因作物产业化历史的基础上，着重分析了中国生物育种产业化遇到的两大机遇: 一是中国转基因农产品的持续进口和间接食用在下游加工业和群众中积累了一定的消费基础；二是过去这些年中国转基因技术的研发和技术储备已为转基因作物产业化做出了良好准备。最后，本文从充分利用现有群众消费基础、进一步释放技术储备潜力、更加严格地做好全流程监管等方面，提出有序推进生物育种产业化的政策建议。     

推进我国转基因玉米产业化的思考

首先分析了全球转基因玉米产业化情况,进而从国内转基因玉米产品消费现状、玉米生产中的技术需求以及我国转基因玉米研发现状等方面论述了我国推进转基因玉米产业化的必要性,并从科学上和管理上分析了推动转基因玉米产业化亟待解决的问题,对转基因研发人和安全管理工作提出了建议,以促进转基因玉米产业化的进程。     

白蚁与动物及微生物的共生类型及其机制

综述了白蚁螱客的主要种类、共生关系及相关机制的研究进展。白蚁螱客中,已报道的动物种类达170种。在与动物的共生关系中存在偏利共生（宾主共栖和异种共栖）、互利共生和无关共生三种;在与微生物的共生关系中,存在与内生菌（原生动物、细菌、真菌和放线菌）和外生菌（蚁巢伞菌等）间的互利关系。指出了白蚁与螱客研究中存在的问题,给出了解决方案,并提出了今后可能的研究热点或方向,为白蚁的综合利用（如纤维素酶）及今后研究物种间的协同进化提供了基础资料。     

Relative and combined effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on strontium and barium bone content and fecal and urinary excretion

To elucidate accumulation of minerals in human iliac arteries with aging, the content of minerals was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Bilateral common, internal, and external iliac arteries of 16 men and 8 women, ranging ages from 65 to 93 yr, were examined. It was found that an extremely high accumulation of calcium and phosphorus occurred in the common iliac artery at old age, being higher than that of the internal and external iliac arteries. It should be noted that the accumulation of calcium and phosphorus is the highest in the common iliac artery among the human arteries examined to date. Regarding sexual differences, the content of calcium and phosphorus in the common and internal iliac arteries was higher in women than in men, whereas their content in the external iliac artery was lower in women than in men.     

New amino-dithiaphospholanes and phosphoramidodithioites and their rhodium and iridium complexes

New sulfur derivatives of phosphoramidite ligands were synthesized and the impact of the sulfur unit on the spectroscopic properties of their rhodium and iridium complexes was investigated. The new ligands Bn₂NPSCH₂CH₂S^a(P-S^a) (Bn = benzyl, 4), Bn₂NPSCHCHS^a(CH₂)₃C^aH₂(P-S^a)(C^a-S^a) (6) and Bn₂NP(4-XC₆H₄OMe)₂ (X = S, 7a; X = O, 7b) were converted to the rhodium and iridium complexes trans-[Rh(CO)Cl(L)₂] (L = 4, 6, 7), [RhCl(COD)(L)] (L = 4, 6, 7), [IrCl(COD)(7a)] and [IrCl₂Cp∗(6)]. For comparison, some phosphoramidite complexes of these formulations also were synthesized. The new metal complexes were spectroscopically analyzed. For the carbonyl complexes, the ν_CO IR stretching frequencies were lower than for the corresponding phosphite and phosphoramidite ligands. The ¹J_PRh coupling constants for the rhodium complexes with the new ligands were also smaller than for the respective phosphoramidite and phosphite complexes. Finally, the ¹J_PSe coupling constants of the selenides of the new ligands were lower than those of the phosphoramidite ligands but higher than for PPh₃. The spectroscopic data reveal that the new thio ligands 4, 6 and 7a are more electron donating than phosphites and phosphoramidites but less electron donating than PPh₃.     

Astrocytes and Synaptosomes Transport and Metabolize Lactate and Acetate Differently

Astrocytes transport the monocarboxylate acetate, but synaptosomes do not. The reason for this is unknown, because both preparations express monocarboxylate transporters (MCT). The transport and metabolism of lactate, another monocarboxylate, was examined in these two preparations, and the results were compared to those for acetate. Lactate transport is more rapid in astrocytes than in synaptosomes, but of lower affinity (Kms of 17 and 4 mM, respectively). Lactate (0.2 mM) is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in synaptosomes than in astrocytes (rates of 0.37 and 0.07 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). The reason for this is unclear, but cellular differences in lactate dehydrogenase isotype expression may be involved. Acetate is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in astrocytes than in synaptosomes (rates of 0.43 and 0.02 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). This is likely due to cellular differences in the expression of monocarboxylate transporter subtypes.     

Rapporteur report: Basics and technology and metrology and standards

The first and second sessions of the Workshop focussed on the basics of ultrasound and infrasound, their applications in both industry and medicine, and metrology and protection standards for ultrasound applications.     

Prostaglandin and thromboxane production by human and guinea-pig macrophages and leucocytes

The ability of partially purified human and guinea-pig haematogenous cell populations, when cultured in vitro, to metabolise arachidonic acid (AA) has been studied. Supernatants from 24 hour cell culture have been subjected to analysis for products of AA metabolism by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection.The cell types studied were human peripheral blood monocytes (both glass adherent and non-adherent), neutrophils, eosinophils and leukemic leucocytes; thoracic duct lymphocytes and lung alveolar macrophages. From the guinea-pig, induced and non-induced macrophage or neutrophil enriched peritoneal exudate populations, lymph node cells, peritoneal eosinophils and peripheral blood platelets were examined. Supernatants were assayed for the presence of PGE₂, PGD₂, PGF_2α, TXB₂ and 6-keto-PGF_1α. In all types studied PGE₂ and TXB₂ were the major products formed. The identification of PGE₂ and TXB₂ was confirmed by GC/MS with multiple ion monitoring.The results have been compared with other reports and their possible significance discussed in relation to the proposed role of prostaglandins as mediators and modulators in immunopathology.     

Cytoskeleton and mitochondrial morphology and function

It has been well established that the cytoskeleton is an essential modulator of cell morphology and motility, intracytoplasmic transport and mitosis, however cytoskeletal linkage to the organelles has not been unequivocally demonstrated. Indeed, cytoskeleton appears to be essential in determining and modulating gene phenotype as a function of cellular environment. According to recent studies, the organization of the cytoskeleton network together with associated protein(s) could be essential in regulating mitochondrial function and particularly the permeability of the mitochondrial outer membrane to ADP. The aim of this chapter is to summarize the main properties of the cytoskeletal environment of mitochondria and the possible role(s) of this network in mitochondrial function in myocytes.     

Cross-reactivity between storage and dust mites and between mites and shrimp

Many patients have sensitivities to multiple species of storage and house dust mites. It is not clear if this is because patients have multiple sensitivities to species-specific mite allergens or if these mites share many cross-reacting allergens. Our objective was to further define the cross-allergenicity between several species of storage and house dust mites using crossed-immunoelectrophoresis (CIE), crossed-radioimmunoelectrophoresis (CRIE), immunoblotting, and ELISA. CIE and CRIE reactions revealed that storage mites shared two cross-antigenic molecules and one of these bound IgE in a serum pool from mite allergic patients. Antibody in anti-sera built to each species of mite recognized many SDS–PAGE resolved proteins of other mite species and this suggested the potential for other cross-reactive allergens. Among patient sera, IgE bound to many different proteins but few had IgE that bound to a protein with common molecular weights across the mite species and this suggested mostly species-specific allergens. Antiserum built to each mite species precipitated one protein in shrimp extracts that bound anti-Der p 10 (tropomyosin) and IgE in the serum pool. Anti-Der p 10 showed strong binding to shrimp tropomyosin but very little to any of the mite proteins. ELISA showed the mite extracts contained very little tropomyosin. The storage and dust mites investigated contain mostly species-specific allergens and very small amounts of the pan-allergen tropomyosin compared to shrimp and snail.