Cross-resistance between dieldrin and fipronil in German cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae)

The toxicity of fipronil and dieldrin was determined in one susceptible laboratory strain and seven insecticide-resistant field-collected strains of Blattella germanica (L). The Zo960302 and Ga021001 strains were 1,270- and 2,030-fold resistant to dieldrin and 15- and 14-fold resistant to fipronil. The Su960304 and Od010803 strains were 15- and 13-fold resistant to dieldrin and two- and four-fold resistant to fipronil. Three strains showed no or a low level of resistance to dieldrin and fipronil. Crosses were performed between the susceptible strain Danish Pest Infestation Laboratory (DPIL)-SUS and the resistant strains Zo960302 and Su960304 and resistance to dieldrin and fipronil were intermediate compared with the susceptible and the resistant strains. Backcrosses to both of the parental strains showed cosegregation of dieldrin and fipronil resistance. The toxicity of dieldrin and fipronil was correlated when compared at LD50, and 93% of the observed variation in LD50 of fipronil can be ascribed to variation among predictions based on the value of LD50 of dieldrin. The frequency of the A302S substitution in the resistance to dieldrin (Rdl) gene in the highly dieldrin- and fipronil-resistant strains Zo960302 and Ga021001 and the moderately resistant Su960304 was 0.97, 1.0, and 0.38, respectively. We consider the connection between the frequency of the Rdl mutation and dieldrin and fipronil resistance a causal connection and not merely a coincidence.     

Investigation of resistance mechanisms to fipronil in diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)

The SZ-F strain of Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) was derived from a field-collected strain (SZ) by 20 generations of continuous selection with fipronil. The selection resulted in 300-fold increase in resistance to fipronil, and 3.5- and 6.5-fold cross-resistance to dieldrin and endosulfan, respectively, in the SZ-F strain compared with the unselected SZ strain. Analysis of detoxification enzyme activities and bioassay with synergists indicated that metabolic mechanisms are not important to fipronil resistance of the SZ-F strain and that the fipronil resistance is most likely attributed to target site insensitivity. The genomic DNA fragments flanking the second membrane-spanning region of Rdl gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor gene from P. xylostella, PxRdl, were cloned and sequenced. A single allele of the PxRdl gene (encoding A302 or allele PxRdl-Ala) was found in both the Roth (susceptible) and SZ strains. In addition to the wild-type allele PxRdl-Ala, the resistant SZ-F strain carried a mutant PxRdl allele with the conserved amino acid replacement A302(GGC)--> S302(TCC) (allele PxRdl-Ser). The mutant PxRdl-Ser allele frequency in the SZ-F strain was 30%. After treatment of 20 mg/l fipronil on the SZ-F strain, the PxRdl-Ser allele frequency in the survivors increased to 57%. High frequency of the PxRdl-Ala allele remaining in the resistant SZ-F strain suggested that the A302S mutation in the PxRdl gene is partially associated with fipronil resistance and that other mutation(s) in the PxRdl gene or other Rdl-like subunit(s) may contribute to fipronil resistance.     

Identification of phloem sieve elements as the site of resistance to silverleaf whitefly in resistant alfalfa genotypes

Experiments were conducted to locate the plant tissue where resistance is expressed against silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii Bellows and Perring (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae), in alfalfa, Medicago sativa L. (Fabaceae), genotypes previously shown to have high levels of resistance against this pest. Previous work demonstrated that resistance in the resistant alfalfa genotypes was expressed primarily as high first‐instar mortality; consequently this study focused on first‐instar nymphs. Examination of stylets in cleared leaf tissue indicated that first‐instar nymphs located vascular bundles with equal success on resistant and susceptible alfalfa genotypes. Furthermore, direct current electrical penetration graphs (DC‐EPG) indicated that sieve elements were penetrated and phloem ingestion behavior was initiated with equal success on resistant and susceptible genotypes. Thus, the mechanism of resistance does not reside in tissues encountered by the stylets prior to penetrating a phloem sieve element. Honeydew production (as a proxy for ingestion) was greatly reduced on two resistant genotypes compared to the two susceptible genotypes. The frequency distribution of honeydew production was bimodal, indicating that most individuals on the resistant genotypes produced little or no honeydew while some produced as much honeydew as whiteflies on the susceptible genotypes. This indicates that expression of resistance is an all‐or‐nothing phenomenon; an individual nymph either encounters resistance and cannot sustain ingestion or it does not encounter resistance and ingests just as well as on a susceptible plant. Intermediates are rare. DC‐EPGs indicate that phloem ingestion behavior is significantly reduced on two of the resistant genotypes compared to the susceptible genotypes. The primary reason for this appears to be more frequent termination of phloem ingestion behavior on at least one of the resistant genotypes. On one of the resistant genotypes, the productivity of EPG‐measured phloem ingestion behavior (honeydew produced per min of phloem ingestion behavior) was reduced compared to a susceptible control.     

禾谷缢管蚜ABC转运蛋白基因的克隆、分子特性及表达分析

【目的】ABC（ATP-binding cassette）转运蛋白是一类重要的跨膜蛋白超家族,某些ABC转运蛋白基因在一些害虫的抗药性品系中表达显著提高。本研究旨在克隆禾谷缢管蚜 Rhopalosiphum padi ABC转运蛋白基因RhpaABCG9,RhpaABCG20和RhpaABCG23 cDNA全序列,分析这3个基因在该虫不同发育阶段和不同抗药性品系中的表达模式,为阐明ABC转运蛋白在禾谷缢管蚜抗药性中的作用和其他生理功能,以及深入分析该虫抗药性机理奠定基础。【方法】采用RT-PCR与RACE技术,克隆了基因cDNA全序列;利用实时荧光定量PCR技术,研究这3个基因在禾谷缢管蚜不同生长发育阶段和不同抗药性品系中的表达变化。【结果】获得了RhpaABCG9,RhpaABCG20和RhpaABCG23 3个基因cDNA全序列,其开放阅读框长度分别为2 103,2 436 和2 082 bp,分别编码700, 811和693个氨基酸。结构分析表明,3个蛋白均具有ABC转运蛋白家族典型的结构特征;系统进化分析结果显示,3个蛋白氨基酸序列分别与豌豆蚜Acyrthosiphon pisum各对应氨基酸的序列一致性最高。实时荧光定量PCR分析结果表明,这3个基因在禾谷缢管蚜不同发育时期均不同程度表达。RhpaABCG20在各个发育时期的表达变化差异不显著;RhpaABCG9表达量在4龄若蚜最高,在1龄若蚜最低;RhpaABCG23 表达量在3龄若蚜最高,1龄若蚜最低,其他阶段差异不显著。禾谷缢管蚜异丙威抗性品系中,RhpaABCG20表达量显著高于敏感品系,而RhpaABCG9和RhpaABCG23表达量均低于敏感品系,但差异不显著;禾谷缢管蚜吡虫啉抗性品系中,RhpaABCG20和RhpaABCG23表达量显著高于敏感品系,而RhpaABCG9表达上调不显著。【结论】RhpaABCG9,RhpaABCG20和RhpaABCG23基因可能参与禾谷缢管蚜体内农药的运输,并与禾谷缢管蚜的抗药性具有一定的关系。本研究结果为进一步深入分析禾谷缢管蚜的抗药性机制,以及该虫的抗药性治理与综合防治奠定了基础。     

GENE SILENCING BY PARENTAL RNA INTERFERENCE IN THE GREEN RICE LEAFHOPPER,Nephotettix cincticeps (HEMIPTERA: CICADELLIDAE)

RNA interference (RNAi) has been widely used for investigating gene function in many nonmodel insect species. Parental RNAi causes gene knockdown in the next generation through the administration of double‐strand RNA (dsRNA) to the mother generation. In this study, we demonstrate that parental RNAi mediated gene silencing is effective in determining the gene function of the cuticle and the salivary glands in green rice leafhopper (GRH), Nephotettix cincticeps (Uhler). Injection of dsRNA of NcLac2 (9 ng/female) to female parents caused a strong knockdown of laccase‐2 gene of first instar nymphs, which eventually led to high mortality rates and depigmentation of side lines on the body. The effects of parental RNAi on the mortality of the nymphs were maintained through 12–14 days after the injections. We also confirmed the effectiveness of parental RNAi induced silencing on the gene expressed in the salivary gland, the gene product of which is passed from instar to instar. The parental RNAi method can be used to examine gene function by phenotyping many offspring nymphs with injection of dsRNA into a small number of parent females, and may be applicable to high‐efficiency determination of gene functions in this species.     

巴氏新小绥螨毒死蜱抗性选育及生物学特性

【目的】明确巴氏新小绥螨Neoseiulus barkeri毒死蜱抗性对其生物学特性的影响,为抗药性捕食螨田间应用提供理论基础。【方法】在室内采用药膜法测定毒死蜱对巴氏新小绥螨的毒力,以半致死浓度(lethal medium concentration, LC₅₀)为选择压力,对巴氏新小绥螨敏感种群进行逐代汰选。应用生命表法分析毒死蜱抗性获得对巴氏新小绥螨相对适合度(relative fitness, Rf)的影响。采用HollingII模型拟合分析不同温度下巴氏新小绥螨毒死蜱敏感和抗性品系对柑橘全爪螨Panonychus citri卵和雌成螨捕食功能反应差异。【结果】经过21代抗性筛选,获得了抗性倍数为34.77倍的巴氏新小绥螨毒死蜱抗性品系。抗性获得对巴氏新小绥螨各发育历期、子代雌性比例和捕食功能反应等特征均无明显影响,但产卵期和雌成螨寿命有所缩短。在15℃时,巴氏新小绥螨敏感品系和抗性品系均无法完成整个世代周期。在25℃条件下,巴氏新小绥螨敏感品系和抗性品系的单雌产卵量均最高,分别为41.64±1.04和38.80±0.93粒/雌,两者差异显著;该温度条件下,巴氏新小绥螨敏感品系和抗性品系的产卵期均最长,分别为24.82±1.50和21.34±1.26 d,两者也存在显著性差异。在30℃条件下,巴氏新小绥螨敏感品系和抗性品系世代周期均最短,分别为6.62±0.23和6.53±0.13 d。同时,该温度条件下,巴氏新小绥螨敏感品系和抗性品系对柑橘全爪螨的捕食能力均最强,其中对卵的最大日捕食量分别为156.25和140.85粒,对雌成螨的最大日捕食量分别为23.10和22.32头。就相对适合度而言,巴氏新小绥螨抗性品系的相对适合度在25和30℃时略低于敏感品系,但在20和35℃时略高于敏感品系。【结论】总体而言,巴氏新小绥螨毒死蜱抗性获得对其在不同温度条件下生物学特性的影响较小。研究结果为巴氏新小绥螨抗性品系筛选及田间应用提供了理论依据。     

羧酸酯酶介导的小菜蛾对氟虫腈的抗性

【目的】羧酸酯酶（carboxylesterases, CarEs）是昆虫重要的解毒代谢酶之一,可以介导靶标昆虫对多种杀虫剂的代谢抗性。本研究检测了羧酸酯酶对小菜蛾Plutella xylostella 抗药性的介导功能,旨在阐明羧酸酯酶在小菜蛾代谢解毒中的生理生化和分子机理。【方法】采用点滴法测定氟虫腈对小菜蛾敏感种群和抗氟虫腈种群的毒力,以及羧酸酯酶抑制剂磷酸三苯酯（triphenyl phosphate, TPP）对氟虫腈的增效作用;以LC₃₀和LC₅₀浓度的氟虫腈处理抗性小菜蛾,测定药剂处理后CarEs酶活性的变化;利用qRT-PCR技术分析Pxae22和Pxae31两个基因在小菜蛾不同发育阶段、组织和种群的表达模式;利用dsRNA干扰Pxae22和Pxae31后观察基因的表达变化和小菜蛾3龄幼虫对药剂敏感性的变化。【结果】TPP可以削弱小菜蛾3龄幼虫对氟虫腈的抗性,增效倍数约为6倍;使用较低剂量（LC₃₀和LC₅₀）氟虫腈处理小菜蛾3龄幼虫后,处理组CarEs比活力明显高于对照,提示氟虫腈对小菜蛾CarEs活性具有诱导作用。对羧酸酯酶基因Pxae22和Pxae31在小菜蛾不同发育阶段、4龄幼虫不同组织和不同种群3龄幼虫中的表达模式分析发现,这两个基因在小菜蛾4龄幼虫中的表达量最高;在4龄幼虫中以中肠组织中的表达量较高,头、表皮、脂肪体中的表达量很低; 抗性种群中的表达量显著高于敏感种群。通过干扰 Pxae22和 Pxae31后的qRT-PCR验证,两个基因的表达量均显著降低,进一步的氟虫腈毒力测定发现,干扰P xae22和 Pxae31后的小菜蛾3龄幼虫对氟虫腈的敏感性分别增加了1.63倍和1.73倍。【结论】羧酸酯酶在小菜蛾对氟虫腈解毒代谢中具有重要作用;Pxae22和Pxae31是小菜蛾的两个抗性相关基因,其表达水平的变化直接影响小菜蛾对氟虫腈的敏感性。     

棉铃虫对氰戊菊酯抗性遗传分析

本文采用剂量对数-死亡机率值回归线(LD-P线)分析法, 利用室内选育的棉铃虫 Heliccverpa armitera(Hubner)对氰戊菊酯抗性晶系和敏感品系,研究了棉铃虫对氰戊菊酯的抗性遗传规律。结果表明,棉铃虫对氰戊菊酯的抗性为多基因遗传,其主要基因为不完全显性,抗性不属性连锁遗传。利用增效剂对抗性机理进行的研究表明,多功能氧化酶(MFO)是棉铃虫对氰戊菊酯产生抗药性的主要因子,因此,可以推断多功能氧化酶基因为不完全显性。     

Distinct roles of two RDL GABA receptors in fipronil action in the diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella)

The phenylpyrazole insecticide fipronil blocks resistance to dieldrin (RDL) γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors in insects, thereby impairing inhibitory neurotransmission. Some insect species, such as the diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella), possess more than one Rdl gene. The involvement of multiple Rdls in fipronil toxicity and resistance remains largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the roles of two Rdl genes, PxRdl1 and PxRdl2, in P. xylostella fipronil action. In Xenopus oocytes, PxRDL2 receptors were 40 times less sensitive to fipronil than PxRDL1. PxRDL2 receptors were also less sensitive to GABA compared with PxRDL1. Knockout of the fipronil-sensitive PxRdl1 reduced the fipronil potency 10-fold, whereas knockout of the fipronil-resistant PxRdl2 enhanced the fipronil potency 4.4-fold. Furthermore, in two fipronil-resistant diamondback moth field populations, PxRdl2 expression was elevated 3.7- and 4.1-fold compared with a susceptible strain, whereas PxRdl1 expression was comparable among the resistant and susceptible strains. Collectively, our results indicate antagonistic effects of PxRDL1 and PxRDL2 on fipronil action in vivo and suggest that enhanced expression of fipronil-resistant PxRdl2 is potentially a new mechanism of fipronil resistance in insects.     

Inheritance of resistance to pyriproxyfen in Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) males and females (B biotype)

We evaluated effects of the insect growth regulator pyriproxyfen on Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (B biotype) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) males and females in laboratory bioassays. Insects were treated with pyriproxyfen as either eggs or nymphs. In all tests, the LC50 for a laboratory-selected resistant strain was at least 620 times greater than for an unselected susceptible strain. When insects were treated as eggs, survival did not differ between males and females of either strain. When insects were treated as nymphs, survival did not differ between susceptible males and susceptible females, but resistant males had higher mortality than resistant females. The dominance of resistance decreased as pyriproxyfen concentration increased. Resistance was partially or completely dominant at the lowest concentration tested and completely recessive at the highest concentration tested. Hybrid female progeny from reciprocal crosses between the susceptible and resistant strains responded alike in bioassays; thus, maternal effects were not evident. Rapid evolution of resistance to pyriproxyfen could occur if individuals in field populations had resistance with traits similar to those of the laboratory-selected strain examined here.     

白背飞虱SfABCD1对杀虫剂胁迫的响应表达

[目的]ABC转运蛋白(ATP-binding cassette transporter,ABC transporter)是一个庞大的膜转运蛋白超家族,在昆虫生长发育和抗药性方面具有重要作用.本研究旨在通过克隆白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera ABCD1基因,并测定其在杀虫剂胁迫下的表达模式,为后续的功能...     

Selection of dieldrin-resistant strains of Lucilia cuprina (Diptera: Calliphoridae) after ethyl methanesulfonate mutagenesis of a susceptible strain.

After ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) mutagenesis of a susceptible strain (SWT), selective screening of Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann) resulted in four strains that were resistant to the insecticide dieldrin. Concentrations used for selection were greater than LC99 of susceptible phenotypes. No resistant variants were screened from the standard laboratory strain (SWT) not treated with EMS. The resistance phenotypes of the four resistant strains were similar to each other and to that of a field-selected resistant strain. The genetic basis of resistance is monogenic in all strains and the data are consistent with the same locus, Rdl, determining resistance status in each strain. The Rdl locus maps to chromosome V, approximately 3.5 map units distal to the Sut locus. Dieldrin resistance may be caused by less effective blocking of insect neuronal GABA receptors by the chemical in resistant strains. The data indicate that the evolution of resistance to an insecticide in the field may be constrained by a limited number of genetical and biochemical options if a monogenic response is selected for and that the spontaneous mutation rate to the Rdl allele is less than 1 in 10(6) in the laboratory.     

高温对稻褐飞虱发育与生殖的影响

通过高温处理及交配产卵实验,探讨了高温对稻褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens (Stal)发育与生殖的影响。研究了不同高温条件对褐飞虱若虫发育历期、产卵量、产卵前期、寿命等生物学特性的影响。34℃以上高温导致褐飞虱若虫发育历期延长。高温处理4龄若虫使羽化后的雌成虫产卵量减少。高温处理不同日龄雌成虫也致使其产卵量减少,其中以1日龄短翅型、3日龄长翅型的产卵量影响最大。高温处理后褐飞虱寿命缩短。高温恒温处理,对短翅型雌成虫的产卵前期影响不大,但能延长长翅型雌成虫的产卵前期;而高温变温处理致使短、长翅型雌成虫的产卵前期均延长。高温变温对褐飞虱生殖的影响程度大于高温恒温。高温处理组雌、雄成虫与对照组相应的成虫交配试验表明,高温对雌性的影响大于雄性。实验初步确定34℃为对褐飞虱发育与生殖产生影响的临界温度。     

甜菜夜蛾对氰戊菊酯和顺式氯氰菊酯的抗性机理

通过对活体增效作用进行测定和生化分析,探讨了甜菜夜蛾对氰戊菊酯和顺式氯氰菊酯的抗性机理.结果表明:增效醚(PBO)、增效磷(SV1)、磷酸三苯酯(TPP)和顺丁烯二酸二乙酯(DEM)对甜菜夜蛾抗氰戊菊酯品系(Fen-R)和敏感品系(S)的增效倍数之比分别为10.2、7.8、12.5和1.1,对抗顺式氯氰菊酯品系(Cyp-R)和敏感品系(S)的增效倍数之比分别为21.6、15.5、8.6和1.2.PBO、SV1和TPP对氰戊菊酯和顺式氯氰菊酯均有显著增效作用,表明多功能氧化酶和羧酸酯酶均参与了甜菜夜蛾对氰戊菊酯和顺式氯氰菊酯的抗性.Fen-R品系和Cyp-R品系4龄幼虫羧酸酯酶的活性分别是S品系的1.9和2.2倍,而谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶活性与S品系差异不显著,表明羧酸酯酶活性的提高是甜菜夜蛾对氰戊菊酯和顺式氯氰菊酯产生抗性的重要原因,谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶与两种药剂的抗性无关.Fen-R品系和Cyp-R品系的Na-K-ATPase活性与S品系均无显著差异,但在相同浓度下氰戊菊酯和顺式氯氰菊酯对S品系Na-K-ATPase的抑制作用显著高于抗性品系,表明抗性品系Na-K-ATPase对杀虫剂的敏感性已明显降低.     

班氏跳小蜂对扶桑绵粉蚧的寄生功能反应

为评估班氏跳小蜂Aenasius bambawalei Hayat对其寄主扶桑绵粉蚧Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley的控制作用, 在实验室条件下（温度25±1℃, 相对湿度70%±5%, 光周期14L∶10D）, 研究了班氏跳小蜂对扶桑绵粉蚧3龄若虫、 雌成虫的寄生功能反应及其自身密度效应。结果表明: 寄生功能反应均符合Holling Ⅱ型方程, 且受寄主密度和寄生物密度的影响。当扶桑绵粉蚧 3龄若虫和雌成虫的密度分别大于15头/容器和10头/容器时, 班氏跳小蜂的寄生量增加幅度开始减小; 以瞬间攻击率/处理时间（α/Th)为评价指标, 班氏跳小蜂雌蜂寄生扶桑绵粉蚧3龄若虫时, α/Th为21.1307, 且大于雌蜂寄生雌成虫的情况（α/Th为6.2506）; 班氏跳小蜂寄生功能反应有较强的种内干扰作用, 随着自身密度的增加, 寄生效能逐渐降低; 通过方程E=QP^-m能很好地模拟班氏跳小蜂的寻找效应（E）与其自身密度（P）之间的关系, 对于3龄若虫和雌成虫的模拟结果分别为E=0.2931P^-0.6240和E=0.0944P^-0.4840。本研究为利用班氏跳小蜂开展扶桑绵粉蚧生物防治提供了基础数据和方法。     

Development of a genetic sexing strain of Anopheles arabiensis for KwaZulu‐Natal,South Africa

An efficient sexing system is important for the release of sterile males for any control programme using the sterile insect technique. This study describes the development and characterization of a new genetic sexing strain from South Africa (GMK), needed for the planned implementation of such a programme in northern KwaZulu‐Natal Province. The base colony used was a locally modified laboratory strain of Anopheles arabiensis containing a sex‐linked gene conferring dieldrin resistance to male mosquitoes. Female A. arabiensis mosquitoes from northern KwaZulu‐Natal were mated with these males and backcrossed to introduce the dieldrin resistance gene to the Y chromosome. The resulting strain therefore had an overall genotype representing the local population but with the Y chromosome containing the dieldrin resistance gene. Life‐history characteristics, stability of the sex‐linked resistance marker, and reduction in dieldrin waste were investigated. The strain showed semi‐sterility exhibited by low egg hatch rates, faster development in the immature stages and longer adult survivorship compared with the parental strains. While the GMK strain carrying the dieldrin‐resistant gene was successfully established, the stability of the gene is limited, requiring periodic purification. Dieldrin waste can be limited by treating many more eggs than currently recommended.     

Mating behaviour and reproductive output in insecticide‐resistant and ‐susceptible strains of the maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais)

Insecticide resistance is a broadly recognised and well‐studied management problem resulting from intensive insecticide use, which also provides useful evolutionary models of newly adapted phenotypes to changing environments. Two common assumptions in such models are the existence of fitness costs associated with insecticide resistance, which will place the resistant individuals at a disadvantage in insecticide‐free environments, and the prevalence of random mating among insecticide‐resistant and ‐susceptible individuals. However, cases of insecticide resistance lacking apparent fitness disadvantages do exist impacting the evolution and management of insecticide resistance. Assortative mating, although rarely considered, may also favour the evolution and spread of insecticide resistance. Thus, the possible existence of both conditions in the maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais), a key pest of stored cereals, led to the assessment of the mating behaviour and reproductive fitness of insecticide‐resistant and ‐susceptible weevil strains and their reciprocal crosses. The patterns of female and male mating choice also were assessed. Although mating behaviour within and between weevil strains was similar without mate choice, mating within the resistant strain led to higher reproductive output than within the susceptible strain; inter‐strain matings led to even higher fertility. Thus, no apparent fitness cost associated with resistance seems to exist in these weevils, favouring the evolution of this phenotype that is further aided by the higher fertility of inter‐strain matings. Mate choice reduced latency to mate and no inter‐strain preference was detected, but female weevils were consistent in their mate selection between 1st and 2nd matings indicating existence of female mating preference among maize weevils. Therefore, if female mate selection comes to favour trait(s) associated with insecticide resistance, higher reproductive fitness will be the outcome of such matings favouring the evolution and spread of insecticide resistance among maize weevil populations reverting into a management concern.     

Origin and extent of resistance to fipronil in the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.) (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae)

Fipronil, a phenylpyrazole insecticide, was made available in 1999 in bait formulations for use against the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.). We have investigated resistance to fipronil in the descendants of cockroaches collected just before, or contemporaneously with, the introduction of fipronil baits. Cockroaches were obtained in two types of settings: homes that either had or had not been serviced by a pest management professional while occupied by their current residents. Thorough inspections by us turned up no evidence that fipronil had been used in any of the homes, and in addition, no residents claimed to have used baits containing fipronil. Resistance to fipronil was detected by topically dosing adult males with the LC99 of fipronil, the value of which was determined in a dose-response assay with males of an insecticide-susceptible strain. Fewer than 99 of 100 males of all field-collected strains died within 72 h of being treated. Moreover, substantial numbers of males survived doses three and 10-fold greater than the LC99. Regression analysis showed that 67% of the variation in the percentage of males that died after being treated with fipronil was explained by a linear relationship with the percentage that died after being treated with dieldrin. Therefore, it appears that resistance to fipronil in German cockroaches--whose ancestors had never been exposed to it--is attributable to enduring resistance to the cyclodienes, which were formerly used for cockroach control and have a similar mode of action as fipronil. Lastly, we found that insects resistant to topically administered fipronil were likewise resistant, and to a similar degree, to ingested fipronil.     

Genetic basis for resistance to gel baits, fipronil, and sugar-based attractants in German cockroaches (Dictyoptera: blattellidae)

A gel bait-resistant Blattella germanica (L.) strain (Cincy) was collected in Cincinnati, OH, in 2003. This strain exhibited strong behavioral resistance to Avert (0.05% abamectin), Maxforce FC (0.01% fipronil), and Pre-Empt (2.15% imidacloprid) gel baits. Reciprocal mass crosses and back crosses between the Cincy strain and a susceptible strain (Jwax) were made and tested for their inheritance of resistance to Avert, Maxforce FC, and Pre-Empt gel baits. Topical assays comparing the parental and reciprocal-heterozygous strains indicated the resistance to fipronil was incompletely recessive. LD50 and LD50 values of the Jwax male x Cincy female strain were not significantly different from he Jwax female x Cincy male strain, suggesting no sex linkage in physiological fipronil resistance. Feeding assays revealed that F1 reciprocal crosses were significantly less responsive to blank Avert and Maxforce FC baits (without active ingredients) than the susceptible strain. The Jwax female x Cincy male strain did not display significantly greater consumption of blank Avert and Maxforce FC baits relative to the Jwax male x Cincy female strain. In feeding assays with agar containing D-fructose, D-galactose, D-glucose, D-lactose, D-maltose, and D-sucrose, the crosses showed an intermediate feeding response to glucose compared with the Cincy and Jwax strains, and a similar response to other sugars compared with the Jwax strain. The Jwax male x Cincy female strain was significantly less responsive to glucose than the Jwax female x Cincy male strain. Mortality induced by Avert, Maxforce FC, and Pre-Empt gel baits against the F6 Jwax male x Cincy femaale strain was 44.2 +/- 6.8, 92.9 +/- 2.1, and 78.7 +/- 5.2%, respectively, indicating the resistance to Avert and Pre-Empt gel baits inherited by Cincy females was extremely stable. The F6 Jwax male x Cincy female strain was significantly more resistant to Avert, Maxforce FC, and Pre-Empt than the F6 Jwax female x Cincy male strain. These findings suggest that behavioral resistance to gel baits has weak sex-linkage, with a greater degree of the resistance trait being inherited by female cockroaches. Alternatively, physiological resistance to fipronil has no sex-linkage, but it is nonetheless important to the complete resistance phenotype.     

外源激素对褐飞虱翅型分化的影响

该文报道外源蜕皮激素(ED)和保幼激素类似物(JHA)对褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens (Stal)翅型分化及体内酯酶活性、可溶性糖和游离氨基酸含量等的影响。褐飞虱在3、4龄若虫期经JHA处理后,所羽化出的成虫短翅型比例明显升高;而在5龄若虫期处理,所羽化出成虫的短翅型比例无明显变化。ED处理能增加3、4龄若虫体内酯酶活性、可溶性糖及游离氨基酸含量,而JHA处理则能有效地抑制ED的这些生物活性,这可能是JHA处理后褐飞虱成虫短翅型比例提高的生理生化基础。