云南香格里拉旅游线路产品生态足迹

旅游生态足迹分析是测度旅游环境影响的最新和有效方法之一,运用成分法构建了旅游线路产品生态足迹的计算模型,探索出了以"串珠"状的旅游线路产品为对象、旅游行程为基础的生态足迹计算方法。运用该模型对云南香格里拉"八日游"典型旅游线路产品进行了实证计算和分析,结果表明:①旅游是一种生态消耗很大的生活方式,旅游者在旅游过程中产生的生态足迹高于客源地居民人均日常生活消费生态足迹,也高于目的地居民人均日常生活消费生态足迹;②根据成分法,旅游线路产品生态足迹可分为7个组分,其中行、食、住、垃圾是最主要的4个组分。在其他条件不变的情况下,随着旅行距离的增加,旅游线路产品生态足迹逐步聚集于行组分;③旅游产业内部各个部门之间生态效率差异很大,食、住等部门的生态效率较低,而游、娱等部门的生态效率较高。根据研究结果,对所构建模型进行了简化,简化模型可以对旅游者消费旅游线路产品所产生的生态消耗进行更加简洁、方便的测度。     

舟山群岛旅游交通生态足迹评估

可持续旅游发展应与可持续交通观念相联系,旅游交通是旅游过程中消耗能源最多的部分,其对旅游业实现可持续发展起着重要作用。运用生态足迹方法,选取2008年为评价基准年份,以实地调研、问卷调查和访谈等获得的数据为基础,对舟山群岛旅游交通生态足迹进行了评估。结果表明:①舟山群岛旅游交通生态足迹为62408.2164 hm²,人均旅游交通生态足迹为0.011569 hm²;普陀金三角长途及国际交通生态足迹为52748.7799 hm²,占旅游交通总生态足迹的84.52%。②舟山群岛旅游交通产生温室气体为291770.04 t 等量CO₂,人均产生温室气体为54.09 kg 等量CO₂;飞机交通排放的温室气体为151061.58 t 等量CO₂,占温室气体排放总量的51.77%。③舟山群岛旅游交通生态足迹较高,占其生态承载力的10.13%;旅游交通生态足迹有87.19%发生在区域外,旅游业的发展给舟山群岛区域外的生态环境带来了较大的压力。     

旅游生态足迹:测度旅游可持续发展的新方法

生态足迹分析方法是近年发展起来的一种主要用面积来定量测度人类对自然资源利用程度和可持续发展的新方法。旅游生态足迹是生态足迹理念在旅游研究中的应用,有助于对旅游活动的生态需求与环境影响关系的理解,可以用面积来对旅游可持续发展进行定量测度。论述旅游生态足迹基本概念,并以线路旅游产品为例,在阐述生态足迹的计算步骤和方法的基础之上,主要探讨旅游生态足迹在旅游可持续发展中6个方面的测度功能旅游产业、旅游产品、旅游目的地、企业生态、旅游者及大众旅游,对旅游生态足迹的进一步研究具有重要理论指导意义。     

冻融作用对土壤温室气体产生与排放的影响

土壤冻融交替是中、高纬度和高海拔地区常见的自然现象,土壤在冻融期间会经历一系列物理、化学和生物变化过程。有研究表明,冻融区土壤是温室气体的重要排放源,冻融期土壤温室气体的排放量在全年总排放量中占有重要的份额,尤其是N2O。随着全球气候变暖,部分地区的土壤环境将经受更广泛和频繁的冻融交替作用,这会导致土壤温室气体排放量增加,从而又进一步促进了气候变暖。本文重点概述了冻融作用对土壤温室气体产生与排放的影响及其主要影响机制,并简要提出了目前土壤冻融研究中的一些不足以及今后值得关注和深入研究的科学问题。     

安徽省温室气体排放趋势及减排路径研究

控制温室气体排放是我国积极应对全球气候变化的重要任务, 区域温室气体排放控制是实现国家减排目标的基本保障。通过建立安徽省温室气体排放量的指标体系, 计算安徽省2001-2010 年十年间各领域产生的温室气体, 并利用回归分析预测安徽省2015 年和2020 年温室气体排放量; 应用聚类分析方法将全省各地市温室气体排放类型进行划分, 利用地理信息系统(Arc GIS)软件分析碳排放空间格局。结果显示: 2001 年以来, 安徽省的温室气体排放量呈现逐年上升趋势, 至2010 年达到3.96 ×10⁸ t。单位GDP 碳排放量自2007 年开始呈现下降趋势, 表明碳减排的经济效益已有所提高。在各排放源类别中, 原煤消耗产生碳排放量最多, 且增势明显。区域格局分析表明, 马鞍山市为省内工业发达城市, 温室气体排放源主要为能源及工业领域, 排放量也较多, 温室气体排放地域差异显著。根据安徽省经济发展特点及温室气体排放特征有针对性提出的减排对策对于健全全省碳减排体系具有积极意义。     

国外旅游生态效率优化与管理

旅游生态效率概念采用定量化方法对旅游业经济、环境影响进行分析,成为旅游业可持续发展评价的重要工具。基于可持续理论的旅游生态效率优化管理方案不断涌现,相关利益主体应用较多的有环境管理系统、旅游生态标签、清洁生产理念、旅游生态效率中心、21世纪地方议程等。在旅游企业日常运营中积极推动生态效率优化管理,是贯彻绿色发展理念,提高目的地旅游经济、环境绩效的一种新思路。从可持续背景下旅游生态效率优化模型入手,系统化分析了国外旅游生态效率优化管理方案的内容与特征。其中,环境管理系统在目的地层面为旅游生态效率优化设计了一套评估管理流程,旅游生态标签为目的地生态效率水平提供了可视化标志符号,21世纪地方议程为旅游可持续发展提供一致性整合方案,清洁生产理念是一种基于生态效率优化的长期战略,旅游生态效率中心作为非营利性机构有利于中小企业获得较好的环境绩效表现。国外旅游生态效率优化管理方案特征明显、设计合理、管理科学,对我国目的地旅游生态效率优化提升具有重要的借鉴作用。     

沈阳市交通生态效率与环境压力

用城市交通生态足迹的计算模型和方法对沈阳市交通生态足迹、生态效率与环境压力指数做了定量分析。结果表明:沈阳市2005年交通生态足迹为62×104hm2,其中,小轿车生态足迹为交通总足迹的49.7%,在交通足迹中影响最大;从城市交通生态效率看,公共汽车最高,为1.48×104人次.hm-2,小轿车最低,为900人次.hm-2;从城市交通环境压力指数看,小轿车最高,为11.37,公共汽车最低,为0.68。提高城市交通效率、减少污染排放带来的环境影响,需要从减少小轿车的交通占用、提高生态效率入手,同时提升公共交通所占比例,优化交通车辆结构,推动城市机动车辆生态效率的整体提高。     

中国农业系统近40年温室气体排放核算

基于排放因子法构建了包含种植业和牲畜养殖业的农业系统温室气体排放核算体系,系统核算了1980-2020年我国全国尺度上的农业系统温室气体排放总量和变化趋势,并在区县级尺度下对1980、2000、2011年的中国农业系统的温室气体排放量进行核算,对比不同阶段农业系统温室气体排放变化的时空异质性规律。研究发现：1980-2020年我国农业系统温室气体排放量呈波动增长趋势,增长了近46%。CH₄是农业系统排放贡献最大的温室气体,占总排放量的47.33%。我国农业系统温室气体排放与不同地区农业生产方式有关,CH₄排放量高的地区主要位于我国主要水稻产区以及旱地作物产区。CO₂排放量高的地区主要位于东北、西北等地区以及华东地区。N₂O排放量较高地区主要位于西北的主要畜牧养殖地区,以及我国农业经济发展水平高的中南部地区。研究有助于揭示我国农业温室气体排放的动态特征,现状规律,以及空间差异性特征,从农业减排角度为实现双碳目标提供科学参考。     

绿色发展背景下区域旅游生态效率影响因素——以西部地区为例

旅游生态效率是评估区域绿色全要素生产率和可持续发展水平的绩效依据。基于西部各省（市、自治区）2000-2017年的面板数据，用"自下而上"法测算西部地区旅游业碳排放量并运用比值法计算旅游生态效率，分析旅游生态效率的时空演变特征及影响因素。首先构建由旅游生态效率、规模效应、结构效应、技术效应共同组成的PVAR模型，探究3种效应对旅游生态效率的影响。然后在考虑各地区能源消费结构差异的基础上构建面板门槛模型，对旅游业发展水平与旅游生态效率的非线性关系进行实证检验。研究结果表明：（1）西部地区旅游生态效率自2000年西部大开发战略实施以来呈逐步提高的趋势，绿色发展水平持续提高。（2）旅游生态效率受自身滞后因素以及技术效应因素的影响较大，游客规模的扩大、产业结构优化以及技术水平的提高均有利于旅游生态效率的提高。（3）旅游业发展水平对旅游生态效率的影响存在门槛效应，经济发展水平、规模效应、结构效应对旅游生态效率有显著的正向作用，城镇化对旅游生态效率有显著的负向作用。最后根据实证分析的结果，提出西部地区实现旅游业绿色、低碳发展的相关对策。     

基于DNDC模型模拟气候变化影响下的中国水稻田温室气体排放

当前国内外开展了很多农业温室气体对气候变化的响应研究,但气候变化对农业温室排放的影响机制研究还很少见.本文利用国际上广泛应用的生物地球化学过程模型——DNDC模型,模拟了中国过去40年(1971—2010年)气候变化对水稻田温室气体排放的影响.结果表明:与1971—1990年相比,1991—2010年的全国稻季平均气温上升了0.49℃,稻季平均降雨上升了11 mm;由于稻季气候变化导致全国水稻田1991—2010年的平均CH4排放量上升了0.25 kg C·hm-2,平均N2O排放量上升了0.25 kg N·hm-2.表明温度升高会促进CH4排放,降雨量增加会促进N2O排放,气候变化影响了水稻温室气体排放机制.     

Shamanism,Tourism, and Secrecy: Revelation and Concealment in Siberut,Western Indonesia

ABSTRACT

This essay attempts to explain why international backpacker tourists in Indonesia are so interested in indigenous religion and especially in shamanism. It articulates the indigenous mode of analysis or reverse anthropology of the people whom the tourists visit: in this case, the Sakaliou clan on the island of Siberut, the largest of the Mentawai Islands off the west coast of Sumatra. According to Sakaliou, tourists seem to be looking for something they have lost, a kind of secret knowledge that is possessed by the shaman. Unlike other people, who keep their secrets in isolation, the shaman must skilfully reveal some of his secret knowledge as part of a public performance. It is this secret knowledge, indicated by the skilled revelation of skilled concealment, for which tourists seem to be searching among the members of the Sakaliou clan and their shamans.     

Tourism and Infant-Directed Aggression in Tibetan Macaques (Macaca thibetana) at Mt. Huangshan,China

ABSTRACT

Previous studies of habituated Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana) at Mt. Huangshan, China demonstrated the negative impact that some tourism management strategies had on monkeys' annual infant mortality, but data on precise causes and perpetrators of infant injuries were not available. We worked at the same site and recorded rates of aggression that older monkeys directed toward group infants as a function of tourist numbers and proximity. We found a negative correlation between the number of people on the viewing platform and the frequency of monkeys' aggression toward the group's infants, but the effect is slight. We noted that infant-directed aggression (IDA) was more likely to occur in the provisioning zone where tourists bounded the monkeys on two sides, despite the fact that infants spent very little time in that location. The alpha and beta males engaged in more IDA than expected, while the other three adult males, adult females, and juveniles exhibited less IDA than expected. Males' IDA included biting, chasing, grabbing, and pushing. Adult females bit and grabbed mostly their own infants in the contexts of punishment and weaning. Juveniles' IDA was uncommon and consisted mostly of open-mouth threats. To minimize the severity and frequency of male-toinfant IDA, we recommend that sections of the tourist viewing platform be closed off so that tourists do not surround the monkeys, particularly when infants are near the viewing platforms and tourist numbers are few. The rule against tourists feeding monkeys should also be strictly enforced, so that altercations between the highest-ranked males and other group members, particularly infants, are less likely to occur.     

Crimes Against Nature: Kincest,Cosmology, and Conservation in Southwest China

ABSTRACT

The post-Mao era (1976–present) has seen a number of great changes in China. Two of these – the revival of religion and the emergence of a nascent, but powerful environmental movement – have come together in a unique way in the revitalisation of dongba religion among the Naxi nationality (pop. 300,000) of northwest Yunnan and southwest Sichuan provinces. This paper examines the relations between indigenous Naxi and outside tourists (mainly Han from other parts of China) through multiple lenses, including traditional Naxi cosmologies and theories of kinship and hospitality, as well as contemporary ideas concerning tourism development and environmental protection. The aim is to show that: (1) Naxi theories of alterity occur at multiple levels simultaneously – gods/demons vs. humans, kin vs. non-kin, native vs. stranger, host vs. guest, etc. – but that a unified logic underlies the relations, transactions, and interpenetration of these groups and (2) this logic is a productive force in its own right, that is, capable of harnessing new situations to it, even as it itself evolves as novel meanings are engendered in the process of intentional action. In all of this, one figure stands out: the dongba, a traditional shaman-priest viewed as a kind of mediator or facilitator in interactions and exchanges involving a wide range of human and non-human subjects.     

Coat condition of ringtailed lemurs,Lemur catta at Berenty Reserve,Madagascar: I. differences by age,sex, density and tourism, 1996–2006

An index of coat condition can be a non‐invasive tool for tracking health and stress at population level. Coat condition in ringtailed lemurs, Lemur catta, was recorded during September–November birth seasons of 1996, 1997, 1999, and 2001–2006 at Berenty Reserve, Madagascar. Condition was scored on a scale from 0: full, fluffy coat with guard hairs present, to 5: half or more of body hairless. Adult males did not differ overall from adult females. Coats were worse in adults than in 2‐year‐old subadults; 1‐year‐old juveniles were intermediate. Mothers and adult males lost coat condition as the season progressed: non‐mother females maintained condition. Years 1999–2002 scored better coats than either 1996–1997 or 2003–2006. Lemurs in high population density areas had worse coats than in natural forest, but tourist presence had less effect than density. Monitoring coat condition in an apparently healthy population reveals differences between population segments, and in a forest fragment with limited immigration or emigration it can track progressive changes, correcting impressions of progressive improvement or degradation over time. Above all it gives a baseline for response to climate changes or eventual pathology. Am. J. Primatol. 71:191–198, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Qualitative Assessment of Macaque Tourist Sites in Padangtegal,Bali, Indonesia,and the Upper Rock Nature Reserve,Gibraltar

Human tourists share space with, touch, feed, and otherwise interact with Macaca at multiple locations. Across Asia and stretching to Gibraltar and Northern Africa, macaques form a substantial tourist attraction as their ranges become increasingly coincident with human use zones. Residing in or as tourist attractions, macaques frequently generate economic benefits to local humans and compete with them for habitat and specific resources. In addition, health conflicts may emerge from increased overlap and interactions between humans and macaques. There is only a handful of studies on the impact, structure, context, and cultural ecology of macaque tourist sites. We provide a general overview of 2 macaque tourist sites, one in Padangtegal, Bali, Indonesia and one in Gibraltar. Qualitative assessment reveals variability in behavioral, ecological, economic, and politically relevant facets of macaque tourism. Specifically, differences in aggression during interactions, potential health dangers, economic factors, and local human perceptions between Padangtegal and Gibraltar suggest that qualitative assessments can assist in our construction of broader models and conceptualizations of the interaction context.     

旅游生态学研究体系

旅游生态学是一门新兴的应用性交叉学科,学科建立的时间短,学科体系发展有待完善.从学科体系研究入手,从学科的概念、研究领域、研究内容和研究方法等方面来探讨如何构建和完善旅游生态学研究体系.提出了旅游生态系统是旅游生态学研究的核心;旅游生态系统的组成、结构、功能和管理等是旅游生态学学科研究的主要支撑,是旅游生态学的重要研究内容;旅游野外研究方法、空间分析方法、旅游生态评价和旅游生态管理等方法为学科的主要研究方法.     

Selling transracial adoption: families,markets, and the colour line

This short review looks at the implications of the title of The Age of Migration. It argues that most ages, not specifically our own time, could be defined as ‘ages of migration’. It argues that the specific characteristics of our particular age are those of internal more than international migrations and a dramatic rise in a series of forms of non-permanent population movements that can better be captured under the term ‘mobility’. In terms of longer-term forms of migration, it is also deceptive to assume that they will necessarily continue to increase. The piece focuses on forms of internal migration and on mobility.     

Reactions of American tourists to roaming dogs in New Providence,The Bahamas

Abstract

The Bahamas suffers from nuisances caused by roaming dogs. Although Bahamians tolerate their presence, in an economy which is dependent upon tourism, the reactions of tourists to roaming dogs is of great consequence. This study reports the reactions of 439 American tourists concerning roaming dogs in New Providence. Forty-five percent of the tourists saw roaming dogs, and of these, 40% reported that they felt “no reaction” to the dogs. However, 3% of the tourists were actually bothered by the dogs, and for 8% the sight of them changed the tourists' view of The Bahamas. Ten percent of tourists would not like to see animal control officers at work even though 23% thought The Bahamas has a roaming dog “problem.” Overall, it appears that while roaming dogs are seen by many tourists, only a small number are particularly upset by them. However, the general reaction to the dogs is unfavorable. About 1% of the tourists appeared to have been particularly upset by the roaming dogs, but 97% said that they would either return to the Bahamas again or recommend it to their friends/relations.     

试论生态旅游资源的特征、类型和评价体系

生态旅游成为世界旅游发展方向。国内外对生态旅游资源基本问题的研究还在深化的过程中。笔者针对我国旅游资源分类和评价新国家标准在长期实践研究中总结经验 ,提出生态旅游资源的特性 ,生态旅游资源的分类体系 ,以及生态旅游资源的评价体系。这些基本问题对于生态环境相对脆弱的我国西部地区的旅游发展具有特殊的重要性。