经阿托伐他汀治疗的急性冠脉综合征患者CD4+T、CD4+CD28+T水平变化及与预后的关系

目的:探讨经阿托伐他汀治疗的急性冠脉综合征(ACS)的CD4~+T、CD4~+CD28~+T水平变化及与预后的关系。方法:选择128例ACS患者,随机分为对照组(64例)和观察组两组(64例),其中对照组患者给予常规治疗,观察组患者在上述基础上外加阿托伐他汀治疗。比较两组患者的细胞因子、CD4~+T及CD4~+CD28~+T水平变化,随访6个月,观察两组患者预后终点事件发生情况。并将观察组患者根据预后是否并发终点事件,将其分为预后良组(未并发终点事件)和预后不良组(并发终点事件)两组,分析不同预后ACS患者CD4~+T、CD4~+CD28~+T水平变化及与预后发生终点事件的相关性。结果:治疗后两组的高敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)水平均明显降低,白细胞介素-10(IL-10)、转化生长因子β1(TGF-β1)水平均明显升高,且观察组改善更为明显,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。两组患者治疗后CD4~+T明显升高,CD8~+T、CD4~+CD28~+T明显降低,且观察组上述指标改善更为明显,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。随访6月中,对照组患者预后有23例终点事件发生,观察组患者预后有26例终点事件发生,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。与预后良好组相比,预后不良组患者的CD4~+T降低,CD4~+CD28~+T升高,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。经阿托伐他汀治疗的ACS患者预后发生终点事件与CD4~+T水平呈现负相关(r=-0.682,P=0.000),与CD4~+CD28~+T水平呈现正相关(r=0.733,P=0.000)。结论:经阿托伐他汀治疗的ACS患者预后发生终点事件与CD4~+T水平呈现负相关,与CD4~+CD28~+T水平呈现正相关,可为临床ACS患者预后的预测提供参考。     

43 例HIV/AIDS 患者抗病毒治疗情况分析

目的:研究来第四军医大学唐都医院传染科就诊的人类免疫缺陷病毒/艾滋病(Human immunodeficiency virus/Acquired immuno deficiency syndrome,HIV/AIDS)患者感染状况及抗病毒治疗效果。方法:采用前瞻性随访研究的方法,收集来我院就诊的HIV/AIDS患者的基本信息,并对其实验室检查结果、治疗方案及后续随访结果进行分析。结果:随访观察的43例HIV/AIDS患者治疗前平均基线CD4+T淋巴细胞计数为(330.74±176.35)cells/μL,CD8+T淋巴细胞计数为(1177.80±321.49)cells/μL,CD4+,CD8+T淋巴细胞比值为0.30±0.19;治疗一年后平均CD4+T淋巴细胞计数为(482.74±217.77)cells/μL,CD8+T淋巴细胞计数为(861.53±282.85)cells/μL,CD4+,CD8+T淋巴细胞比值为0.59±0.28。所有患者治疗一年后血浆HIV-RNA载量均达到检测限以下(500copies/m L)。结论:规范的抗病毒治疗对于改善HIV/AIDS患者预后至关重要;基线CD4+T淋巴细胞计数越低,抗病毒治疗效果越差。     

后腹腔镜根治术对肾癌患者免疫功能的影响

目的:探讨后腹腔镜肾癌根治术对患者免疫功能的影响。方法:选择2013年5月-2015年5月在我院接受手术治疗的肾癌患者67例,根据手术方法不同分为研究组(37例)及对照组(30例)。研究组患者采用后腹腔镜肾癌根治术治疗,对照组患者采用传统开放手术治疗。观察并比较两组患者的手术时间、术中出血量、住院时间以及手术前后患者外周血T淋巴细胞亚群的变化情况。结果:研究组患者的手术时间、术中出血量及住院时间均少于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。两组患者术前外周血T淋巴细胞CD3~+、CD4~+、CD8~+及CD4~+/CD8~+比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);两组患者术后外周血T淋巴细胞CD3~+、CD4~+及CD4~+/CD8~+明显降低,但研究组高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);两组患者术后CD8~+比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:与传统开放手术相比较,后腹腔镜肾癌根治术对患者免疫功能的影响较小,手术时间短,术中出血量少,临床疗效显著,值得推广及应用。     

甲氨蝶呤治疗急性淋巴细胞白血病的疗效及对患者BAFF、APRIL的影响

目的:探讨甲氨蝶呤治疗急性淋巴细胞白血病的疗效及对患者B淋巴细胞刺激因子(BAFF)、增殖诱导配体(APRIL)的影响。方法:选择2016年8月至2018年9月我院收治的急性淋巴细胞白血病患者50例进行研究,以随机数表法分为观察组(n=26)和对照组(n=24)。对照组给予化疗治疗,观察组采用甲氨蝶呤治疗。比较两组患者的临床疗效、BAFF、APRIL、CD4~+、CD8~+、CD4~+/CD8~+水平变化情况及不良反应发生情况。结果:治疗后,观察组总有效率84.62%显著高于对照58.33%,差异显著(P0.05);治疗前,两组BAFF、APRIL水平无显著差异(P0.05);治疗后,两组BAFF、APRIL水平均显著下降,且观察组低于对照组(P0.05);治疗前,两组T淋巴细胞亚群水平无显著差异(P0.05);治疗后,两组T淋巴细胞亚群水平均显著改善,且观察组CD4~+、CD4~+/CD8~+高于对照组,CD8~+低于对照组(P0.05);两组患者不良反应发生情况均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:在急性淋巴细胞白血病患者中应用甲氨蝶呤效果显著,可有效改善患者BAFF、APRIL水平。     

大连市HIV感染者/艾滋病患者在抗病毒治疗过程中病毒载量及细胞免疫指标变化的相关性分析

目的研究大连市HIV感染者/艾滋病患者抗病毒治疗过程中,HIV病毒载量和细胞免疫指标的变化情况。方法选取2013年开始抗病毒治疗,治疗时间满一年的HIV/AIDS 60例,分别在进行抗病毒治疗过程中的0、6、12月用全自动病毒载量分析仪(COBAS AmpliPrep/COBAS TaqMan)检测HIV病毒载量,同时用流式细胞计数仪(FACSCalibur)检测CD4~+和CD8+T淋巴细胞数。结果60例HIV/AIDS中治疗前仅有9例患者有检测数据,都是高病毒载量(VL1 000),在治疗6个月后,病毒载量抑制比例为73.33%(44/60)、治疗12个月后,载量抑制比为81.67%(49/60)。两组治疗后比治疗前病毒载量抑制比显著升高(Z=12.85,P0.001;Z=16.35,P0.001)。随着治疗时间的推移,CD4~+T淋巴细胞数和CD4~+/CD8~+比值都有所上升,差异有显著性(F=72.73,P0.001;F=53.83,P0.001)。病毒载量越低,T淋巴细胞数及CD4~+/CD8~+比值越高,呈负相关,有显著性差异(F=21.66,P0.001;F=8.53,P0.001)。结论抗病毒治疗有助于提高CD4~+T淋巴细胞数,改善HIV/AIDS免疫状态。细胞免疫指标与病毒载量的相关性呈负相关。     

肺癌患者外周血淋巴细胞亚群水平的表达及临床意义

目的:探讨肺癌患者外周血淋巴细胞亚群水平的表达及临床意义。方法:选择2016年3月~2017年3月期间我院收治的88例肺癌患者作为研究组,选择同期于我院进行健康体检的88例受检者作为对照组。两组研究对象均通过流式细胞仪检测外周血T淋巴细胞亚群水平。观察对比两组研究对象外周血T淋巴细胞亚群的表达水平,以及研究组不同临床病理特征患者外周血T淋巴细胞亚群的表达水平。结果:研究组CD4~+/CD8~+、CD4~+、CD3~+表达水平均低于对照组,CD8~+表达水平高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。研究组Ⅲ期与Ⅳ期患者CD4~+/CD8~+、CD4~+、CD3~+表达水平均低于Ⅰ期与Ⅱ期,Ⅲ期与Ⅳ期患者CD8~+表达水平高于Ⅰ期与Ⅱ期(P0.05);小细胞肺癌患者CD4~+/CD8~+、CD4~+、CD3~+表达水平均低于非小细胞肺癌患者,CD8~+表达水平高于非小细胞肺癌患者,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。不同性别、年龄、肿瘤分化程度肺癌患者CD4~+/CD8~+、CD8~+、CD4~+、CD3~+水平无统计学差异(P0.05)。结论:肺癌患者外周血淋巴细胞亚群水平的表达呈现异常状态,且表达水平与疾病的分期和病理分型有关。     

喘息性支气管炎患儿外周血CD4+CD25+CD127low 调节性T细胞及淋巴细胞亚群的改变与临床意义

目的探讨喘息性支气管炎患儿外周血CD4~+CD25~+CD127~(low)调节性T细胞及淋巴细胞亚群数量变化与临床意义。方法选取我院16例喘息性支气管炎患儿、同期住院的25例支气管肺炎患儿和18例患有肾结石等非感染性疾病患儿为研究对象,采用流式细胞术分别检测3组患儿外周血中CD4~+CD25~+CD127~(low)调节性T细胞及淋巴细胞亚群百分比。结果喘息性支气管炎患儿外周血中CD4~+CD25~+CD127~(low)/CD4~+(Treg)比例(9.2%±2.1%)高于支气管肺炎组(6.9%±1.4%)和对照组(5.8%±2.2%),差异有统计学意义(F=16.5、17.7,均P0.01)。喘息性支气管炎患儿CD8~+百分比(19.7%±7.8%)低于支气管肺炎组(27.0%±8.8%)和对照组(30.7%±4.4%),差异有统计学意义(F=6.6、22.4,均P0.01)。喘息性支气管炎患儿B淋巴细胞百分比(33.4%±15.2%)高于支气管肺炎组(22.7%±6.9%)和对照组(17.7%±9.9%),差异有统计学意义(F=9.2、10.9,均P0.01)。结论喘息性支气管炎患儿外周血淋巴细胞亚群比例异常,体内存在免疫功能紊乱,CD4~+CD25~+CD127~(low)调节性T细胞可能参与喘息性支气管炎的发生发展。     

HIV/AIDS患者抗病毒治疗前HIV-1耐药情况调查及外周血CD8+T细胞CD38表达水平研究

摘要 目的：分析人免疫缺陷病毒/艾滋病（HIV/AIDS）患者抗病毒治疗前HIV-1耐药以及影响因素,探讨HIV/AIDS患者外周血CD₈⁺T细胞CD₃₈表达（CD₈⁺CD₃₈⁺T淋巴细胞百分比）与CD₄⁺T淋巴细胞计数的相关性。方法：选择2016年3月至2019年12月我院接诊的442例HIV/AIDS患者（HIV/AIDS组）和163例同期于我院进行体检的健康志愿者（对照组）,HIV/AIDS组扩增pol基因,进行HIV-1基因耐药分析,检测CD₈⁺CD₃₈⁺T淋巴细胞百分比、CD₄⁺T淋巴细胞计数、CD₈⁺T淋巴细胞计数。分析HIV/AIDS患者HIV-1耐药的影响因素,分析CD₈⁺CD₃₈⁺T淋巴细胞百分比与CD₄⁺T淋巴细胞计数、CD₈⁺T淋巴细胞计数相关性。结果：HIV/AIDS组442例HIV/AIDS患者中376例获得HIV-1 pol基因序列,HIV-1耐药35例,耐药率9.31%（35/376）。单因素分析结果显示耐药组和非耐药组在年龄、文化程度、感染途径、HIV病毒载量方面差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示同性性传播、注射吸毒、高HIV病毒载量是HIV/AIDS患者抗病毒治疗前HIV-1耐药的危险因素（P＜0.05）。HIV/AIDS组外周血CD₄⁺T淋巴细胞计数、CD₈⁺T淋巴细胞计数低于对照组（P＜0.05）,CD₈⁺CD₃₈⁺T淋巴细胞百分比高于对照组（P＜0.05）。CD₈⁺CD₃₈⁺T淋巴细胞百分比与CD₄⁺T淋巴细胞计数、CD₈⁺T淋巴细胞计数呈负相关（P＜0.05）。结论：抗病毒治疗前HIV/AIDS患者存在一定HIV-1耐药率,传播途径、HIV-1病毒载量与HIV-1耐药有关。CD₈⁺T细胞表面CD₃₈过表达与HIV/AIDS 患者CD₄⁺T T细胞的过度消耗有关。     

不同剂量硼替佐米联合地塞米松对多发性骨髓瘤T细胞亚群及血清C反应蛋白、β2-微球蛋白的影响

目的:探讨不同剂量硼替佐米联合地塞米松对多发性骨髓瘤(MM)T细胞亚群及血清C反应蛋白(CRP)、β_2-微球蛋白(β_2-MG)的影响。方法:选取2010年1月～2019年8月期间皖南医学院附属马鞍山中心医院收治的52例MM患者以及南京中医药大学附属泰州医院收治的28例MM患者,共计纳入患者例数80例。根据随机数字表法分为A组(n=40,给予1.3 mg/m~2硼替佐米联合地塞米松治疗)和B组(n=40,给予1.6 mg/m2硼替佐米联合地塞米松治疗),比较两组患者的疗效、T细胞亚群、血清CRP、β_2-MG水平,记录两组治疗期间不良反应情况。结果:两组临床总有效率比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。两组治疗5个疗程后CD3~+CD4~+、CD3~+CD4~+/CD3~+CD8~+均升高,且B组高于A组(P0.05);CD3~+CD8~+下降,且B组低于A组(P0.05)。两组不良反应发生率比较无差异(P0.05)。两组治疗5个疗程后β_2-MG、CRP均下降,且B组低于A组(P0.05)。结论:MM患者采用1.6 mg/m2硼替佐米或者1.3 mg/m2硼替佐米联合地塞米松治疗,可获得相当的疗效及安全性,但1.6 mg/m2硼替佐米联合地塞米松治疗可更好地改善患者T细胞亚群及血清CRP、β_2-MG水平。     

血清IL-2、IL-16水平的变化和艾滋病患者机会性感染的关系探究

目的:研究血清IL-2、IL-16水平的变化和艾滋病患者机会性感染的关系。方法:选择2016年1月至2018年10月在我院接受治疗的艾滋病患者120例作为观察组,根据美国疾病预防控制中心及世界卫生组织标准将其分为三期,A期24例,B期41例,C期55例,其中96例为机会性感染者。同期选择20例在本院进行正常体检者作为对照组。观察组采用高效抗逆转录病毒疗法(HAART)治疗。检测和比较各期艾滋病患者与对照组、机会性感染组与非机会性感染组、艾滋病各期治疗前后血清白介素-2(IL-2)、白介素-16(IL-16)、CD4~+细胞、CD8~+细胞计数的差异。结果:观察组各期艾滋病患者血清IL-2、IL-16水平明显低于对照组,且C期患者血清IL-2、IL-16水平均显著低于A、B期患者(P0.05);观察组及各期患者CD4~+细胞计数均低于对照组,CD8~+细胞计数均高于对照组,且C期患者CD4~+细胞计数均显著低于A、B期患者,CD8~+细胞计数均高于A、B期患者(P0.05);机会性感染组患者血清IL-2、IL-16水平明显低于非机会性感染组(P0.05);治疗后,观察组各期患者血清IL-2、IL-16水平较治疗前明显显著升高,且A期患者血清IL-2、IL-16显著高于B、C期患者(P0.05)。结论:艾滋病机会性感染患者血清IL-2、IL-16水平均显著降低,通过监测血清IL-2、IL-16水平可积极防治机会性感染。     

Immunolocalization of Na/K–ATPase and Na/K/2Cl cotransporter in the tubular epithelia of sea snake salt glands

The sublingual salt gland is the primary site of salt excretion in sea snakes; however, little is known about the mechanisms mediating ion excretion. Na⁺/K⁺–ATPase (NKA) and Na⁺/K⁺/2Cl⁻ cotransporter (NKCC) are two proteins known to regulate membrane potential and drive salt secretion in most vertebrate secretory cells. We hypothesized that NKA and NKCC would localize to the basolateral membranes of the principal cells comprising the tubular epithelia of sea snake salt glands. Although there is evidence of NKA activity in salt glands from several species of sea snake, the localization of NKA and NKCC and other potential ion transporters remains unstudied. Using histology and immunohistochemistry, we localized NKA and NKCC in salt glands from three species of laticaudine sea snake: Laticauda semifasciata, L. laticaudata, and L. colubrina. Antibody specificity was confirmed using Western blots. The compound tubular glands of all three species were found to be composed of serous secretory epithelia, and NKA and NKCC were abundant in the basolateral membranes. These results are consistent with the morphology of secretory epithelia found in the rectal salt glands of marine elasmobranchs, the nasal glands of marine birds and the gills of teleost fishes, suggesting a similar function in regulating ion secretion.     

Effects of 2-deoxy-d-glucose on the glucose metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae studied by multinuclear-NMR spectroscopy and biochemical methods

The effects of various concentrations of deoxyglucose (DG) on the aerobic metabolism of glucose in glucose-grown repressed Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells were studied at 30°C in a standard pyrophosphate medium containing 4.5 10⁷ cells/ml. ³¹P-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used to monitor DG phosphorylation and the formation of polyphosphates. The production of soluble metabolites of glucose was evaluated by ¹³C- and ¹H-NMR and biochemical techniques. The cells were aerobically incubated with 25 mM of glucose and various concentrations of DG (0, 5 and 10 mM) in order to determine the DG concentration leading to optimum of 2-deoxy-d-glucose 6-phosphate (DG6P) formation without over-inhibiting the synthesis of other metabolites. The production of DG6P increased by about 25% when the external DG concentration was doubled (from 5 to 10 mM). The formation of polyphosphates (polyP), on the other hand, was found to be mainly conditioned by the DG concentration. The amount of polyP decreased by a factor of four upon addition of 5 mM DG and became undetectable in the presence of 10 mM DG. The glucose consumption and the production of soluble metabolites of [1-¹³C]glucose were then evaluated as a function of time in both the absence and presence of 5 mM DG. The effect of DG is to decrease the glucose consumption and the formation of polyphosphates, ethanol, glycerol, trehalose, glutamate, aspartate and succinate while stimulating the formation of arginine and citrate. Upon co-addition of 25 mM glucose and 5 mM DG, the ratio between the initial rates of glucose consumption (0.16 mM/min) and DG6P production (0.027 mM/min) is about (5.9 ± 1.2), not very different from the ratio of the initial concentration of glucose and DG (= 5.0). Therefore, hexokinase can phosphorylate deoxyglucose as well as glucose. However, after 100 min of incubation, the glucose concentration in the external medium decreased by about 64% while only 10% of DG was phosphorylated. DG6P was formed and quickly reached the limiting value about 30 min after co-addition of glucose and DG. Nevertheless, when the maximum quantity of DG6P was obtained, the DG consumption became negligible. By contrast, the glucose consumption and the production of ethanol and glycerol, although substantially reduced by about 42%, varied linearly with time up to 80 min of incubation. Thus even in the presence of an excess of DG, glycolysis is only slowed but not gradually or completely inhibited by DG. The reasons why DG6P cannot accumulate indefinitely in cells are discussed, together with the reasons why the consumption of DG, but not glucose, becomes negligible after 30 min of incubation. In the absence of DG, the amount of polyphosphates (polyP) increased regularly with time as long as glucose was sufficiently present (≥ 5 mM) in the suspension. When glucose was exhausted, long chain polyphosphates disappeared to give rise, at first, to polyP with shorter chains and finally to inorganic phosphate. In the presence of 5 mM DG, the reduction in quantity of polyP can be explained by the fact that ATP, normally used for the polyP synthesis, is now diverted to phosphorylation of DG to DG6P. The presence of 5 mM DG also had significant effects on the glutamate C2, C3 and C4 signal intensity and the production of all aminoacids. The results seem to indicate that the enzymes involved in the Krebs cycle are also affected by the presence of DG.     

A nhaD Na/Hantiporter and a pcd homologues are among the Rhodothermus marinus complex I genes

The NADH:menaquinone oxidoreductase (Nqo) is one of the enzymes present in the respiratory chain of the thermohalophilic bacterium Rhodothermus marinus. The genes coding for the R. marinus Nqo subunits were isolated and sequenced, clustering in two operons [nqo₁ to nqo₇ (nqo_A) and nqo₁₀ to nqo₁₄ (nqo_B)] and two independent genes (nqo₈ and nqo₉). Unexpectedly, two genes encoding homologues of a NhaD Na⁺/H⁺ antiporter (NhaD) and of a pterin-4α-carbinolamine dehydratase (PCD) were identified within nqo_B, flanked by nqo₁₃ and nqo₁₄. Eight conserved motives to harbour iron-sulphur centres are identified in the deduced primary structures, as well as two consensus sequences to bind nucleotides, in this case NADH and FMN. Moreover, the open-reading-frames of the putative NhaD and PCD were shown to be co-transcribed with the other complex I genes encoded by nqo_B. The possible role of these two genes in R. marinus complex I is discussed.     

Ca2+和Sr2+诱导大肠埃希菌感受态细胞的形成及转化的影响

为研究金属离子诱导下感受态细胞形成的机理及揭示转化发生的机制,分别用Ca~(2+)和Sr~(2+)(0~140mmol/L)制备大肠埃希菌感受态细胞并转化。研究结果表明,不同浓度的Ca~(2+)和Sr~(2+)诱导的感受态细胞的效价不同,两种金属离子对大肠埃希菌细胞内外膜的通透性均有较大影响,但细胞内外膜的改变程度与转化率无直接关系;电镜结果显示,未处理的细胞呈簇聚集发生粘连现象,感受态细胞整体呈分散状态,局部发生聚集,而转化后的细胞独立存在,边缘异常清晰。     

应用15N示踪研究欧美杨对PM2.5无机成分NH4+和NO3-的吸收与分配

通过气溶胶发生系统模拟PM2.5颗粒的发生,运用15N示踪技术研究了欧美杨107(Populus euramericana Neva.)对PM2.5中水溶性无机成分NH+4和NO-3的吸收与分配规律。结果表明,欧美杨能够有效吸收PM2.5中的NH+4和NO-3。轻度和重度污染下,欧美杨叶片对NH+4和NO-3的吸收速率均于处理后第1天达到峰值,之后,轻度污染下对NH+4和NO-3的吸收速率迅速降低以后趋于稳定,而重度污染下对NH+4和NO-3的吸收速率缓慢下降至趋于稳定。轻度污染下的欧美杨叶片的15N含量在处理后第1天达到峰值,15N(NH+4)的含量为0.11 mg/g,干重,15N(NO-3)的为0.14 mg/g,干重,之后15N含量迅速下降至趋于稳定。重度污染下的叶片15N含量在处理第1天迅速增长,之后缓慢增长至处理后第7天达到最高值,15N(NH+4)的含量为0.11 mg/g,干重,15N(NO-3)的为0.13 mg/g,干重。处理7 d后,欧美杨不同组织器官吸收或通过再分配获取的15N含量存在差异。轻度污染下,细根对NH+4和NO-3的吸收量最高,树皮、叶柄、叶片次之,髓最低。而重度污染下,叶片对NH+4和NO-3的吸收量最高,细根、叶柄、树皮次之,髓最低。欧美杨各组织器官中NH+4和NO-3的含量均表现为重度污染大于轻度污染,且两种污染程度下的欧美杨各组织器官对NO-3的吸收均大于对NH+4的吸收。重度污染下,欧美杨茎木质部对15N(NH+4和NO-3)的吸收征调能力(Ndff,Nitrogen derived from fertilizer)最大,其次为髓,叶片最小;欧美杨各组织器官中的15N分配率表现为叶片细根叶柄树皮粗根茎木质部髓。研究结果对进一步揭示植物吸收PM2.5的机制及有效利用植物降低颗粒物污染、净化环境提供了重要的科学理论依据。     

K~(+)、Cr~(6+)对网纹藤壶幼虫发育和存活的影响

以华南沿海污损生物群落优势种网纹藤壶(Balanus reticulatus)的幼虫为研究对象,探讨钾、铬2种金属离子对其幼虫存活及发育的影响。实验所用金属离子溶液是将K+和Cr6+母液添加到过滤消毒海水中配制。将活泼健壮的网纹藤壶无节幼虫置于上述溶液中,以亚心形扁藻(Platymonas subcordiformis)为饵料于30℃左右的黑暗环境中培养5d,镜检观察记录幼虫发育状况并进行统计分析。结果表明,K+对网纹藤壶幼虫发育和存活的影响均不明显;而Cr6+对幼虫发育具有一定的毒杀和抑制作用,不仅幼虫存活率低于对照组,而且金星幼虫所占百分率也低于对照组。     

Monoclonal antibodies for the structural analysis of the Na/H antiporter NhaA from Escherichia coli

Since their advent some 25 years ago, monoclonal antibodies have developed into powerful tools for structural and functional analysis of their cognate antigens. Together with the respective antigen binding fragments, antibodies offer exclusive capacities in detection, characterization, purification and functional assays for every given ligand.Antibody-fragment mediated crystallization represents a major advance in determining the three-dimensional structure of membrane-bound protein complexes. In this review, we focus on the methods used to generate monoclonal antibodies against the NhaA antiporter from Escherichia coli as a paradigm of secondary transporters. We describe examples on how antibodies are helpful in understanding structure and function relationships for this important class of integral membrane proteins.The generated conformation-specific antibody fragments are highly valuable reagents for co-crystallization attempts and structure determination of the antiporter.     

In vivo and in vitro effects of copper and cadmium on the plasma membrane H+-ATPase from cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) roots

The plasmalemma vesicles isolated from cucumber and maize roots were used to study the effect of Cu²⁺ and Cd²⁺ on the hydrolytic and proton pumping activities of ATPase. In vivo application of metal ions to the plant growth solutions resulted in stimulation of the proton transport in maize. In cucumber roots the action of metals was not the same: cadmium stimulated the H⁺ transport through plasmalemma whereas Cu²⁺ almost completely inhibited it. Copper ions decreased the hydrolytic activity of H⁺-ATPase in cucumber, without any effect on this activity in membranes isolated from maize roots. The effect of cadmium on the hydrolytic activities was opposite: ATP-hydrolysis activity in plasmalemma was not altered in cucumber, whereas in maize its stimulation was observed. The amount of accumulated metals was not the main reason of different influence of metals on H⁺-ATPase activity in tested plants. In in vitro experiments Cu²⁺ inhibited H⁺ transport in the cucumber, to a higher degree than Cd²⁺ and both metals did not change this H⁺-ATPase activity of plasmalemma isolated from corn roots. Cu²⁺ added into the incubation medium reduced the hydrolytic activity of ATPase in the plasma membrane isolated from cucumber as well as from corn roots. Cd²⁺ diminished the hydrolytic activity of ATPase in cucumber, and no effect of Cd²⁺ in the plasmalemma isolated from corn roots was found. Our results indicated different in vitro and in vivo action of both metals on H⁺-ATPase and different response of this enzyme to Cu²⁺ and Cd²⁺ in maize and cucumber.