重要地下害虫东北大黑鳃金龟研究进展

东北大黑鳃金龟Holotrichia diomphalia是我国东北地区重要的蛴螬类地下害虫,主要危害麦类、玉米、豆类等大田作物,以及薯类、花生等经济作物。华北大黑鳃金龟Holotrichia oblita和江南大黑鳃金龟Holotrichia gebleri是华北及江南地区的主要蛴螬类害虫。近年来,传统分类学、杂交实验以及分子生物学的研究都证明,3种鳃金龟是同一个物种的不同地理种群,这些研究成果使东北大黑鳃金龟从一个区域性害虫转变成为分布范围从东北到长江流域的广布害虫。本文综合介绍了东北大黑鳃金龟(包括华北大黑鳃金龟、江南大黑鳃金龟)近二十年来的研究成果,包括分类学、发生规律、防治措施,以及生理生化及分子生物学等,并对东北大黑鳃金龟的综合治理研究进行了展望。     

京郊草坪蛴螬的种类和为害特点

2004–2006年,在北京及周边地区对草坪生产基地、绿化草坪、高尔夫球场草坪及运动场草坪地下害虫蛴螬种类和为害进行了调查。共鉴定蛴螬2 220头,隶属2亚科10属17种,其中华北大黑鳃金龟、黄褐丽金龟和铜绿丽金龟是重要的为害种。提供了鉴别特征图和北京地区草坪蛴螬种类检索表。     

陕西杨凌地区黑光灯下金龟甲种类组成及优势种群发生动态

2011年5～9月,在陕西省杨凌区西北农林科技大学植物保护学院试验站设置黑光灯,系统诱集金龟甲并鉴定种类,分析金龟甲种群的发生动态。结果表明,陕西杨凌地区黑光灯可诱到金龟甲3科17种,从5月上旬至9月上旬均可发生,以6月下旬至7月中旬为发生盛期;优势种类为铜绿丽金龟、赤绒鳃金龟、华北大黑鳃金龟和暗黑鳃金龟,发生盛期分别为6月下旬至7月下旬、7月下旬至8月上旬、7月上旬和6月下旬至7月下旬。     

高尔夫球场不同功能区草地优势种蛴螬种群生态位分析

研究了亚热带高尔夫球场不同功能区优势种蛴螬种群空间分布及时间和空间的生态位．结果表明,球场4种优势种草地蛴螬时间生态位宽度几乎均在0．9以上(除果岭Ⅲ区及Ⅳ区个别蛴螬种外),其中短草高地和果岭Ⅰ、Ⅱ区中4种蛴螬时间生态位宽度均最大,长草高地和果岭Ⅳ区的时间生态位宽度则最低．除浅棕鳃金龟垂直空间生态位宽度在球道4区均达0．8以上外,其它种蛴螬在球场各区普遍偏低(0．2～0．7)．在球道和果岭4区中,4种蛴螬种对时间生态位相似性指数均高达0．8以上,垂直空间生态位相似性指数大多数蛴螬种对在0．1～0．6之间,球道以铜绿丽金龟与大绿金龟种对为最高(0．8以上),果岭则是铜绿丽金龟与大绿金龟、华南大黑鳃金龟与浅棕鳃金龟种对为最高(0．8以上)．垂直空间分布上,球道和果岭各区中4种蛴螬主要活动于食源最为丰富的上、中层土壤空间(0～5和5～10cm),少数出现于球道部分区10～15cm土层中活动和取食,4种蛴螬几乎不在果岭10～15cm土层中活动和取食。     

安徽省花生田3种常见金龟子灯诱种群数量动态分析

2009-2011年连续3年利用频振式杀虫灯调查安徽省花生田3种常见金龟子成虫的种群动态,结果表明:2009-2011年3种金龟子灯诱总数整体呈下降趋势,且诱捕量为铜绿丽金龟暗黑鳃金龟华北大黑鳃金龟。华北大黑鳃金龟趋光性差,灯诱量低;暗黑鳃金龟和铜绿丽金龟初见日一般为5月中下旬,高峰期为6月中旬,但暗黑鳃金龟比铜绿丽金龟一般晚7-10 d。金龟子出土与气候关系密切,当平均气温上升至20℃-25℃持续数日并保持上升的过程中,暗黑鳃金龟和铜绿丽金龟诱捕量增大,但性比未呈现规律性差异。     

典型草原大针茅种群空间格局及对长期过度放牧的响应

种群空间格局是生态学研究的基本问题之一。典型草原带由于过度放牧退化严重, 原生群落罕见, 探讨原生群落的种群空间格局具有重要生态学意义。大针茅(Stipa grandis)草原是典型草原区广泛分布的主要群落类型, 1979年围封的大针茅样地, 是目前保存完整的大针茅草原原生群落。本文选择大针茅草原原生群落和长期过度放牧群落, 应用O-Ring函数结合不同零假设模型分析了大针茅种群的空间格局。结果表明: 在原生群落中大针茅种群在小尺度范围内呈均匀分布, 而在长期过度放牧群落中则表现为聚集分布。这说明在大针茅草原原生群落中竞争是主要的相互作用, 而在长期过度放牧群落中正相互作用居主导, 验证了胁迫梯度假说; 同时证明长期过度放牧改变了种群空间格局。     

四种金龟成虫触角的板形感器和腔锥形感器形态对比

板形感器(placodea sensilla)和腔锥形感器(coeloconica sensilla)是金龟子类害虫最重要的两种嗅感器.本文运用扫描电子显微镜分别对铜绿丽金龟Anomala corpulenta Motschulsky、华北大黑鳃金龟Holotrichia oblita Fald.、棕色鳃金龟Holotrichia titanis Reitter和暗黑鳃金龟Holotrichia parallela Motschulsky的雌雄成虫触角的板形感器和腔锥形感器进行了对比观察.结果表明,四种金龟成虫触角的板形感器和腔锥形感器形态既有相似性,但也存在显著差异,表现出较高的形态多样性,如铜绿丽金龟板形感器表面特化形成龟纹、华北大黑鳃金龟的梭形腔锥形感器等.研究结果丰富了四种金龟的比较形态学理论,也为金龟子的系统分类学研究积累了资料.     

内蒙古呼伦贝尔草原土壤氨氧化细菌多样性及群落结构

采用聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳技术及扩增产物序列分析方法,研究了呼伦贝尔5种草地类型(线叶菊草原、贝加尔针茅草原、羊草草原、大针茅草原、克氏针茅草原)土壤氨氧化细菌多样性及群落结构特征.研究表明:不同草地类型间土壤氨氧化细菌群落结构组成差异显著,相似性均低于50%.线叶菊草原土壤氨氧化细菌群落多样性最高,其次是贝加尔针茅草原、羊草草原和克氏针茅草原,大针茅草原最低.5种草地类型土壤氨氧化细菌均以Nitrosospira cluster 3为优势种群,此外还发现有Nitrosospira cluster 1、2、4和Nitrosomonas.线叶菊草原土壤氨氧化细菌群落组成较其他草地类型复杂,而羊草草原和大针茅草原群落组成较简单.经相关性分析,土壤含水量、土壤全氮、有机碳、土壤C/N与土壤氨氧化细菌群落多样性显著正相关(P<0.05).     

内蒙古中部地区土壤金龟子群落特征

2003-2004年,采用土壤样方法和粪诱捕法调查了内蒙古中部地区7个不同生境中的土壤金龟子群落特征,并以群落系数、欧氏距离、百分率相似系数和因子分析等方法对不同土壤金龟子群落之间的相似性进行了分析.共计捕获土壤金龟子101 788头,分属于7科22属59种.其中,植食性种类3科12属18种,主要为鳃金龟科和丽金龟科的种类;粪食腐食性种类4科10属41种,主要为金龟科、蜉金龟科和粪金龟科的种类.对几种群落相似性聚类分析方法所得结果的对比表明,因子分析方法所得的结果是较为合理的,因子分析排序的结果将7个土壤金龟子群落分为2类:一类为典型草原、草甸草原、荒漠草原和沙地;另一类为农田、退耕地和人工林地.     

无牧草原生态系统营养元素的生物地球化学特征

以内蒙古锡林河流域的两种优势草原群落羊草草原和大针茅草原为研究对象,探讨了中纬度地区未放牧情况下的草原生态系统植物营养元素的生物地球化学特征．结果表明,两类草原群落土壤-植物系统中土壤分室N、P、K、S、Ca、Mg、Si的贮量远大于植物亚系统的贮量,地上活体和枯草分室的各元素贮量小于根分室．在两类草原群落中,N、P、K、S从枯草分室中消失的速率要大于Ca、Mg和Si．羊草草原的枯草分室元素流失量大于大针茅草原．研究区草原生态系统中,羊革草原物质的生物地球化学循环近于平衡状态,大针茅草原处于失衡状态．物质循环量羊草草原远大于大针茅草原．     

大陈洋产卵场保护区甲壳类群落结构特征及其与环境因子的关系

为了解浙江省大陈洋产卵场保护区甲壳类的群落结构特征,于2018年春季(4月)和秋季(11月)对甲壳类生物资源进行了底拖网调查,应用相对重要性指数(IRI)、生物多样性指数和典范对应分析(CCA)等方法对其群落结构及其与环境因子的关系进行了综合分析。结果表明: 共鉴定出甲壳类38种,隶属14科25属,其中口虾蛄、三疣梭子蟹、双斑蟳和哈氏仿对虾为优势种。春季甲壳类资源密度在50 m以浅海域较高;秋季在50 m以深海域较高,且保护区内南部甲壳类资源密度高于北部。关于多样性特征,春季甲壳类丰富度指数(D)、多样性指数(H)和均匀度指数(J)均高于秋季,空间分布上50 m以深海域甲壳类的H最高。根据生物量进行等级聚类分析(CLUSTER)和非度量多维标度排序(NMDS)分析,春季可将甲壳类划分为3个群落,秋季划分为4个群落,春季甲壳类群落结构组内差异性较秋季显著。典范对应分析结果表明,水深、底温、盐度和溶解氧为影响甲壳类种类组成和时空变化的主要环境因子。     

What do we know about winter active ground beetles (Coleoptera,Carabidae) in Central and Northern Europe?

This paper summarizes the current knowledge on winter active Carabidae in Central and Northern Europe. In total 73 winter active species are listed, based on literature and own observations. Ground beetles are among the three most numerous Coleoptera families active during the autumn to spring period. The winter community of Carabidae is composed both of larvae (mainly autumn breeding species) and adults, as well as of epigeic species and those inhabiting tree trunks. Supranivean fauna is characterized by lower species diversity than the subnivean fauna. The activity of ground beetles decreases in late autumn, is lowest during mid-winter and increases in early spring. Carabidae are noted as an important food source in the diet of insectivorous mammals. They are also predators, hunting small winter active invertebrates.     

厦门凤林红树林湿地大型底栖动物群落

为摸清厦门集美凤林红树林湿地的大型底栖动物群落结构及其多样性现状,2002年1、4、7和10月在厦门集美凤林红树林区进行大型底栖动物调查,4个季度共获得大型底栖动物42种。生物量优势种是软体动物门的珠带拟蟹守螺(Cerithideacingulata)和节肢动物门的弧边招潮(Ucaarcuata)。密度优势种是软体动物门的短拟沼螺(Assimineabrevicula)和环节动物门的沼蚓(Limnodriloidessp.)。集美凤林红树林区大型底栖动物年平均密度和年平均生物量分别为1,990ind./m2和139.0g/m2。密度的季节变化是:1月>4月>10月>7月,生物量的季节变化是1月>10月>4月>7月。聚类分析和数量分布表明,优势种珠带拟蟹守螺、短拟沼螺、弧边招潮和沼蚓的季节变化各不相同。与2002年10月深圳湾福田红树林区大型底栖动物群落的物种多样性指数平均值(0.56)比较,厦门凤林红树林区的平均值较高(2.66)。文中分析了影响大型底栖动物多样性的环境因素。     

Community characteristics and of zooplankton in Qinzhou Bay

Qinzhou Bay, the biggest bay in Guangxi Province, is very species-rich and is developing a robust marine economy. In recent years, as human impact has increased, problems associated with the environment have become more complicated. Measuring zooplankton diversity and abundance is a way to monitor environmental conditions. According to the data from four ecological surveys of the zooplankton in Qinzhou Bay during 2008 and 2009, a total of 134 species of zooplankton were identified, including 52 Copepoda species, 27 Medusa species, 14 Planktonic larvae, 9 Chaetognatha species, 8 Pteropoda species, 5 Amphipoda species, 4 Cladocera species, 4 Ostracoda species, 3 Thaliacea species, 2 Appendiculata species, 2 Sergestdae species, 2 Protlsta species, 1 Rotiera species and 1 Cumacea species. The fauna was clearly characterized as tropical population. The total species number was highest in autumn, followed by spring, winter and summer. Zooplankton species diversity in Qinzhou Bay has increased compared with the results obtained in 1983–1985 (83 species). However, compared with other bays, the number of zooplankton species in Qinzhou Bay is close to Daya Bay (128), higher than in Zhilin Bay (60), Jiaozhou Bay (81) and Luoyuan Bay (70), and far lower than in the north South Sea (709). We adopted the dominant index Y > 0.02 as the distinguishing standard of dominant species. The number of dominant species in spring, summer, autumn and winter were six, nine, eight and five. There was only one common dominant species (Penilia avirostris) appeared in different seasons, For summer and autumn, the shared dominant species numbered about four. Between other seasons, the shared dominant species varied between two and three. The number of uniquely dominant species was four in summer, three in autumn and one in both spring and winter. The dominant species in different seasons have some overlaps and some differences. The average biomass of zooplankton was 378 mg/m³ at all times of year. The average biomass was largest in autumn, followed by winter, and was the least in spring and summer. The average density of zooplankton for the entire year was 805.11 ind/m³. The average density was largest in summer, followed by winter, and was least in autumn and spring. Copepoda and Planktonic larvae were the major components of zooplankton in spring and summer at Qinzhou Bay, with the other species’ densities under 10%. In autumn, Copepoda, Planktonic larvae and Chaetognatha were the major components of the biomass, and in winter, the major species were Copepoda and Cladocera, with the others species’ density under 10%. The average value of the Shannon–Wiener diversity index (H′) was 3.84 and the evenness index (J′) was 0.77. The zooplankton diversity index and community evenness overall were good and the community organization had a complete and stable state, but the status of the community was relatively weak. The relationship between biomass/density of zooplankton and environmental factors is remarkable. Biomass and density are positively correlated with temperature and nutrient concentration, and are negatively correlated with salinity.     

江西省庐山地区蜻蜓多样性的研究

于2004~2005年对江西庐山地区蜻蜓资源进行调查,通过对春、夏、秋三季蜻蜓多样性的研究,共收集蜻蜓1145只,隶属于10科、35属、52种。种类个体数量均表现为夏季最多,春季次之,秋季最少;属数和科数也是以夏季最多,春季次之,秋季最少。三季多样性指数(H′)的排序为春季(2.7603)>夏季(2.6420)>秋季(2.5601)。     

Seasonal changes in the invertebrate community of small shallow ephemeral pans at Bain's Vlei, South Africa

Changes in invertebrate population numbers and composition were monitored in six small shallow ephemeral pans during four consecutive inundations of spring, summer and autumn 1988/1989. The community was generally characterized by crustaceans and was invaded by insect larvae in summer. Community changes and succession were prominent in spring but less so in summer and autumn. Large pans supported more species than small pans. During longer inundation there was less difference between the initial and the final population composition than during shorter inundation, although the total population density did not increase significantly. This indicated that population composition stabilized as inundation lengthened. Population changes of six representative taxa were not correlated to changes in the physical and chemical characteristics of the water.     

杉木天然次生林金龟子多样性及季节动态变化

1　引　言杉木 (Ｃｕｎｎｉｎｇｈａｍｉａｌａｎｃｅｏｌａｔａ(Ｌａｍｂ .)Ｈｏｏｋ .)在我国南方各省有着悠久的栽培历史 ,它生长快 ,材质好 ,在我国林业生产和国民经济建设中占有重要地位。但长期生产实践表明 ,杉木人工林重复连栽会引起地力衰退及生产力下降。影响杉木人工林稳定性的因素很多 ,其中包括地下害虫蛴螬。但有关方面的研究很少 ,只保留在个体生物学和生态学水平上 ,并且许多是室内工作 ,并未把金龟子种群在杉木天然次生林生态系统中分布、发生及季节动态作为一个整体加以研究。本研究工作通过对杉木天然次生林生态系统中金…     

Population dynamics of the water mite Unionicola arcuata (Unionicolidae) in the freshwater bivalve Cristaria plicata (Unionidae) in Poyang Lake, eastern China

Population dynamics of the water mite Unionicola arcuata were investigated in the freshwater bivalve Cristaria plicata during the period from January to December 2002 in Poyang Lake, East China. A pattern of seasonal variation was observed, with prevalence and abundance peaking in early spring and autumn. The number of mites in individual hosts was significantly correlated with the size, but not with the sex, of bivalves. The change in infection level of mites on different infection sites in C. plicata was significant, with >58% of the mites found on the outer and inner gills, indicating that U. arcuata shows site preference.     

长白山地典型农田生态系统土壤跳虫群落结构及其生态分布特征

为了解长白山地不同地貌类型典型农田生态系统土壤跳虫群落结构及其分布,探讨不同地貌类型对土壤跳虫群落结构和分布及其季节动态的影响,于2015年春季(5月)、夏季(7月)、秋季(9月)分别对长白山地玄武岩台地、花岗岩低山、花岗岩丘陵三种地貌类型玉米田土壤跳虫进行了研究。研究表明,3个生境共获土壤跳虫881头,隶属10科16属22种。其中,玄武岩台地土壤跳虫个体密度是1 760头/m~2,17种;花岗岩低山个体密度是2 206.67头/m~2,13种;花岗岩丘陵个体密度是1 906.67头/m~2,18种。地貌及取样时间的差异对土壤跳虫个体密度、物种数、多样性指数均有一定的影响。花岗岩低山与花岗岩丘陵的个体密度和物种数大小为秋季春季夏季,而玄武岩台地的个体密度和物种数表现出随季节变化呈递增的趋势(P0.05)。不同地貌土壤跳虫多样性均在秋季达到最大,夏季玄武岩台地多样性指数显著高于花岗岩低山和花岗岩丘陵,秋季,玄武岩台地丰富度指数和均匀度指数显著高于花岗岩低山,玄武岩台地优势度指数显著低于花岗岩低山(P0.05)。不同土壤环境因子对跳虫的影响不同,土壤温湿度、有机质、全氮、速效氮和全磷与土壤跳虫的群落结构、生态分布有明显的相关性。综上可知,长白山地农田生态系统土壤跳虫群落结构和生态分布因地貌类型不同而存在差异,季节变化也对其影响明显。     

基因序列在金龟总科(Scarabaeoidea)分子系统学研究中的应用

基因序列分析是揭示金龟总科系统发育关系的重要工具。统计了应用于金龟总科中13个科的线粒体和核基因序列,综述了COⅠ、16S rRNA、28S rRNA、18S rRNA等基因序列在金龟总科分子系统学研究的新进展,探讨了不同基因序列在分类鉴定、隐存种发现、系统发育关系重建等方面的作用,对未来研究趋势进行了展望,为进一步阐明金龟总科系统发育机制奠定基础。