中国木霉属七个土生新种（英文）

报道了来自我国吉林、黑龙江、湖北、湖南、海南和四川省土壤中的木霉属7个新种:白绿木霉Trichoderma alboviride、长白山木霉T.changbaiense、聚梗木霉T.confertum、二型木霉T.dimorphum、密集木霉T.gregarium、霜状木霉T.pruinosum和黄木霉T.xanthum。基于形态学特征、培养特性和DNA序列(RNA聚合酶II亚基和翻译延长因子基因)分析的结果对其进行了详细的描述,比较并讨论了新种与相似种之间的区别。序列分析结果表明,白绿木霉和黄木霉位于Longibrachiatum分支,长白山木霉位于Semiorbis分支,聚梗木霉属于Harzianum分支,二型木霉属于Stromaticum分支,密集木霉是Strictipile分支的一员,霜状木霉位于Polysporum群(分支)。     

中国云南及西藏水生环境中的新种——棕孢香港霉（英文）

在大湄公河次区域的水生真菌调查中,从中国云南和西藏的沉水腐木中分离得到4个菌株。基于LSU、SSU、ITS、TEF1-α和RPB2序列进行多基因系统发育分析,表明4个菌株属于菩提科香港霉属真菌。系统发育分析结果显示4个菌株聚集在一起,并与泰国香港霉形成姐妹支。基于形态学及分子系统学研究,将这4个菌株鉴定为新种棕孢香港霉。棕孢香港霉是香港霉属的第二个有性型物种,它因子囊果的孔口处有棕色至黑色的刚毛,且子囊孢子呈梭形,孢子两端逐渐变窄且钝圆,红棕色至暗棕色,具有多个隔膜而区别于另一个有性型物种泰国香港霉。本研究提供了该真菌新种的描述及图版并比较了该种与其他物种的形态差异。     

葡萄孢盘菌属一新种——蚕豆葡萄孢的有性阶段

本文报道了葡萄孢盘菌属的一个新种:蚕豆葡萄孢盘菌(Botryotinia fabae Lu et T.H.Wu sp.nov.)即蚕豆葡萄孢的有性阶段;并报道了新种子囊盘形成过程;新种有汉文和拉丁文描述。     

中国云南及西藏水生环境中的新种——棕孢香港霉

在大湄公河次区域的水生真菌调查中,从中国云南和西藏的沉水腐木中分离得到4个菌株。基于LSU、SSU、ITS、TEF1-α和RPB2序列进行多基因系统发育分析,表明4个菌株属于菩提科香港霉属真菌。系统发育分析结果显示4个菌株聚集在一起,并与泰国香港霉形成姐妹支。基于形态学及分子系统学研究,将这4个菌株鉴定为新种棕孢香港霉。棕孢香港霉是香港霉属的第二个有性型物种,它因子囊果的孔口处有棕色至黑色的刚毛,且子囊孢子呈梭形,孢子两端逐渐变窄且钝圆,红棕色至暗棕色,具有多个隔膜而区别于另一个有性型物种泰国香港霉。本研究提供了该真菌新种的描述及图版并比较了该种与其他物种的形态差异。     

一个耐热的戴氏霉新种(英文)

从海南三亚的河泥中分离获得戴氏霉属一新种,即小孢戴氏霉Taifanglania parvispora。它与相近种的主要区别是菌丝段有时稍膨大,瓶梗短和分生孢子小且呈梨形至倒卵形。基于戴氏霉属、腐质霉属、单瓶霉属和瓶霉属中一些种的ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 r DNA序列构建了系统发育树,结果表明新种与戴氏霉属亲缘关系较近,聚在一个分支中,并在该分支中独立为一亚分支。形态和分子特征分析表明小孢戴氏霉可以作为戴氏霉属中的一个新分类单元。     

指定木霉属三个种的附加模式并报道中国新记录种

对来自我国南方的木霉属标本进行分类学研究,首次发现灵芝木霉T. ganodermatis、异味木霉T. ingratum 和特里克木霉T. trixiae的有性阶段,对它们进行描述并指定3个种的附加模式。报道了3个中国新记录种：新厚木霉Trichoderma neocrassum、垫状木霉T. pulvinatum和塞缪尔斯木霉T. samuelsii、提供了它们的形态描述和图示。基于RPB2和TEF1基因序列的系统发育分析确定了上述种的系统发育位置。建立一个新名称取代晚出同名Trichoderma crystalligenum W.T. Qin & W.Y. Zhuang。     

葡萄孢盘菌属一新种——蚕豆葡萄孢的有性阶段*

本文报道了葡萄孢盘菌属的一个新种： 蚕豆葡萄孢盘菌 (Botryotinia fabae Luet T．H．Wu sp．nov．)即蚕豆葡萄孢的有性阶段;并报道了新种子囊盘形成过程;新种有汉文和拉丁文描述。     

辽宁木霉属(Trichoderma)真菌的形态分类研究

对采自辽宁省内14个地方的173份土样和植物组织材料进行分离,获得了54株Trichoderma菌株,采用形态学分类方法鉴定出12种木霉菌,分别是拟康氏木霉(Trichoderma pseudokoningii)、长枝木霉(T.longi-brachiatum)、粘绿木霉(T.virens)、卷曲木霉(T.spirale)、顶孢木霉(T.fertile)、粗壮木霉(T.strigosum)、长孢木霉(T.longipile)、钩状木霉(T.hamatum)、绿色木霉(T.viride)、康氏木霉(T.koningii)、深绿木霉(T.atroviri-de)和哈茨木霉(T.harzianum)。其中长孢木霉为中国新记录种,粗壮木霉和卷曲木霉为东北地区首次报道。文中列有辽宁省木霉属真菌的分种检索表,并附有各木霉菌的生境和分布。     

中国尾孢菌属及其近似属研究XIV.

报道钉孢属Passalora Fr.的1个新种,日本防己钉孢Passalora cocculi-trilobi,1个新组合,漆钉孢P. rhoidis和2个新名称,梾木生钉孢P. cornicola,穿龙薯蓣钉孢P. dioscoreae-nipponicae。文中提供了各个种的形态描述、绘图及讨论,新种还提供了拉丁文描述。研究的标本包括模式标本保存在中国科学院菌物标本馆（HMAS）。     

千层塔内生真菌的分离与鉴定

目的：为从千层塔中分离具有药用价值的内生真菌奠定基础。方法：新鲜千层塔茎段,经酒精和升汞消毒后,接种于PDA平板培养基上进行内生真菌的分离、纯化;根据菌落形态和孢子等形态特征,结合核糖体基因居间序列（ITS序列）进行菌株鉴定。结果：从千层塔的茎中分离出4株内生真菌。内生真菌I菌落形态和孢子特征与枝状枝孢霉属的特征相符合,ITS序列与GenBank中多条属于枝状枝孢霉的ITS序列相似,鉴定该菌株属于枝状枝孢霉;内生真菌II菌落形态和孢子特征与黄青霉的特征相符合,鉴定该菌株属于黄青霉;内生真菌III菌落形态和孢子特征与尖孢镰刀菌的特征相符合,ITS序列与GenBank中多条属于尖孢镰刀菌的ITS序列相似程度高,鉴定该菌株属于尖孢镰刀菌;内生真菌Ⅳ菌落形态与盾壳霉相似,ITS序列与GenBank中6条属于盾壳霉的ITS序列具有较高的相似性,鉴定该菌株属于盾壳霉。结论：从千层塔中分离和鉴定出4株内生真菌,分别属于枝状枝孢霉、黄青霉、尖孢镰刀茵和盾壳霉。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.     

Composition and diversity of bird communities in Swedish farmland–forest mosaic landscapes

CapsuleThe amount of forest (at local and landscape scales) and occurrence of residual habitats at the local scale are shown to be the major factors influencing bird community composition in farmland–forest landscapes in central Sweden.

Aims To investigate the importance of local habitat and landscape structure for breeding birds in farmland–forest landscapes in central Sweden.

Methods Breeding birds were censused at 292 points. A detailed habitat mapping was made within 300 m of the points. Within a 300–600 m radius only two major habitats (forests and arable fields) were identified.

Results Cluster analyses of bird communities identified three site types that also differed in habitat composition: (i) partially forested sites in forested landscapes; (ii) heterogeneous sites with residual habitats in mosaic landscapes; and (iii) field-dominated farmland sites in open landscapes. A total of 19 of 25 farmland bird species (restricted to farmland or using both farmland and forest) had the highest abundance in farmland sites with mosaics of forest and farmland, while only six farmland species had the highest abundance in field-dominated sites. The bird community changed from being dominated by farmland species to being dominated by forest species (common in forest landscapes without farmland) at small proportions (10–20%) of forest at the local scale. A major difference in habitat composition between heterogeneous and field-dominated sites was the occurrence of different residual habitats (e.g. shrubby areas and seminatural grasslands). These habitats seemed to influence bird community composition more than land-use, despite covering <10% of the area. Seminatural grasslands were important for bird community composition and species-richness, but grazing seemed to be less important. Among different land-use types, cereal crops were the least preferred fields. Set-asides with tall vegetation and short rotation coppices were positively associated with species-richness of farmland birds.

Conclusion In general, the composition of the landscape was important for bird community composition, although amount and distribution of forests, occurrence of residual habitats and land-use of fields at the local scale had the strongest influence on bird community composition. The possible implications of these patterns for managing farmland–forest landscapes are discussed.     

Chemical constituents from the fruits of Rhus typhina L. and their chemotaxonomic significance

This work describes the isolation and characterization of twenty-nine compounds from the fruits of Rhus typhina L., including eleven flavonoids (1–11), eleven phenols (12–22), two pentacyclic triterpenes (23–24), two organic acids (25–26), one lumichrome (27), one courmarin (28) and one pyrimidine (29) on the basis of their spectroscopic data. Compounds apigenin (1), daidzein (4), orobol (5), 3′, 5, 5′, 7-tetrahydroxyflavanone (6), naringenin (7), butein (8), (-)-catechin (9), quercetin-3-O-α-L-(3″-O-galloyl)-rhamnoside (11), 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (13), 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (14), vanillin (15), methyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (16), 3,5-dihydroxybenzamide (18), tyrosol (19), caffeic acid (20), 3-(2,4,6-trihydroxyphenyl)-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propan-1-one (21), phlorizin (22), friedelin (23), oleanolic acid (24), 4,4-dimethyl-heptanedioic acid (25), anthranilic acid (26), lumichrome (27), scoparone (28) and uracil (29) have not been recorded before in this plant. This is the first report on the occurrence of compounds 4–7, 9, 11, 13–14, 16, 18–21, 25–29 from the genus Rhus. Moreover, the chemotaxonomic significance of these isolated compounds was also summarized.