高粱属植物对土壤镉吸收及亚细胞的分配

通过盆栽模拟试验研究了3种高粱属植物(甜高粱、高丹草和苏丹草)对土壤cd的富集效应及其亚细胞的分配.结果表明:cd在3种高粱属植物不同部位的富集量随着cd处理浓度的增加而增加,生育期内3种高粱属植物根系中Cd的富集量大于茎鞘和叶片中的富集量;高丹草对Cd的富集量高,甜高梁次之,苏丹草最低;Cd在高粱属植物叶片、茎鞘和根系中各亚细胞组分中的分布相似表现为细胞壁>可溶性部分>细胞核、叶绿体组分>线粒体.     

镉胁迫下深色有隔内生真菌对玉米生长和根际土壤养分的影响

为探究重金属胁迫下深色有隔内生真菌(Dark septate endophytes, DSE)对植物和土壤微环境的影响,设置3个水平土壤Cd质量浓度(0,5,10 mg/kg),选择6种DSE菌种(链格孢菌Alternaria terricola、尖镰孢菌Fusarium acuminatum、穗状弯孢菌Curvularia spicifera、高粱细基格孢菌Ulocladium sorghi、丛赤壳菌Neonectria radicicola和根异茎点霉菌Phoma radicina)进行玉米回接试验,以阐明Cd胁迫下DSE真菌对玉米生长、光合作用、抗氧化性,以及土壤pH、养分及酶活性的重要意义。结果表明:Cd胁迫下,6种DSE菌种均能定殖玉米根系。双因素方差分析结果表明,DSE与Cd胁迫及其交互作用显著影响玉米地径、叶绿素含量、丙二醛(MDA)、过氧化物酶(POD)、土壤pH和养分及酶活性(P0.05)。当植物未受到Cd污染时,菌株U. sorghi(US)显著增加地下干质量和土壤有机质含量,降低MDA的积累和土壤速效磷含量。在5,10 mg/kg Cd质量浓度下,A. terricola(AT)显著增加玉米叶片数和地径;菌株P. radicina(PR)和N. radicicola(NR)显著提高植物地上干质量;AT、C. spicifera(CS)、F. acuminatum(FA)和US显著提高叶片中叶绿素含量和降低MDA在植物中的积累;AT降低了土壤速效磷含量;US显著提高土壤有机质含量并对土壤酸性磷酸酶和脲酶活性具有抑制作用(P0.05)。Pearson相关性分析表明:土壤pH与地径和叶绿素含量显著正相关,有机质与植物谷胱甘肽显著负相关,速效磷与叶片数显著负相关(P0.05)。方差分解表明:DSE菌种、Cd浓度和土壤因子共解释玉米生长和生理指标的42.1%和14.5%,其中DSE单独解释了27.4%和8.4%。随着Cd浓度升高,DSE显著促进植物生长,增加植物抵抗重金属能力,提高土壤养分可利用性,证明了在土壤Cd胁迫下DSE对植物生长和抗逆性有重要影响。     

樟子松和油松根叶对春季干旱胁迫的响应

以成年樟子松和油松为对象,分析春季干旱胁迫对叶片和根系形态和生理特性的影响,比较2个树种在干旱胁迫下的响应程度和受伤害大小。结果表明:樟子松叶片含水量、脯氨酸含量、POD和CAT活性均显著高于油松(P0.05),根系活力、含水量、可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸含量及CAT活性、比根长和比表面积均显著高于油松(P0.05)。樟子松叶片丙二醛含量显著低于油松(P0.05),而根系丙二醛含量显著高于油松(P0.05)。可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量及SOD活性在叶片中显著大于根系(P0.05),可溶性蛋白含量及CAT活性在樟子松叶片中显著小于根系(P0.05),POD活性在油松叶片中显著低于根系(P0.05)。上述结果表明,春季干旱胁迫下,樟子松比油松做出了更积极的响应,叶片和根系的响应关系不对应,干旱胁迫对油松叶片伤害更大,而对樟子松根系伤害更大。     

成年侧柏和刺槐对春季干旱的适应策略

本研究以成年侧柏和刺槐为对象,分析春季干旱胁迫对叶片、根系形态和生理特性的影响,比较2树种在干旱胁迫下的适应策略。结果表明:春季干旱胁迫下,侧柏叶片脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白含量及SOD和POD活性显著低于刺槐叶片(P0.05),可溶性糖含量和CAT活性显著高于刺槐叶片(P0.05),两树种叶片丙二醛含量无显著差异(P0.05);侧柏根系脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白含量及POD和CAT活性显著低于刺槐根系(P0.05),可溶性糖和丙二醛含量显著高于刺槐根系(P0.05)。侧柏比叶重和根系活力显著高于刺槐(P0.05),刺槐根长密度和根面积指数显著高于侧柏(P0.05)。这说明春季干旱胁迫下成年侧柏和刺槐的渗透调节物质含量及抗氧化酶活性不同,春季干旱对两树种叶片伤害程度相似,而对侧柏根系伤害更大;成年侧柏主要采取耐旱策略,刺槐主要采用避旱策略。     

水杨酸对锌胁迫下小麦幼苗生长抑制的缓解效应

以小麦品种‘新麦18’为材料,采用室内水培实验研究了不同浓度水杨酸(SA)处理对300 mg.L-1锌胁迫下小麦种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:在Zn2+胁迫下,小麦种子的发芽势和发芽率、幼苗根长、芽长以及幼苗叶片的可溶性蛋白含量、根系活力显著降低,而脯氨酸和丙二醛(MDA)含量显著增加(P<0.05);外施SA显著提高了Zn2+胁迫下小麦种子的发芽势和发芽率,同时也使Zn2+胁迫7 d后的小麦幼苗的根长、芽长,幼苗叶片的脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白含量以及根系活力显著升高,膜脂过氧化产物MDA含量却显著降低(P<0.05)。由此可见,外施SA可通过提高小麦幼苗根长和芽长来增加幼苗根系活力,通过提高小麦幼苗可溶性蛋白含量、脯氨酸含量来维持细胞膜的稳定性,降低膜脂过氧化伤害程度,从而缓解了Zn2+胁迫对幼苗生长的抑制,并以14 mg.L-1外源水杨酸缓解效果最好。     

1,2,4-三氯苯对水稻种子萌发及幼苗生长的毒性机理

以水稻为试材,采用水培方法研究了1,2,4-三氯苯(1,2,4-TCB)对水稻种子萌发、幼苗生长、叶绿素含量、蛋白质含量、脯氨酸含量、细胞膜通透性的影响.结果表明,水稻种子的萌发率和活力指数随1,2,4-TCB处理浓度的升高而逐渐降低,呈现一定的浓度-效应关系,高浓度(80和100 mg·L^-1) 1,2,4-TCB处理组水稻种子的活力指数仅为对照组的7. 89％和1.92％,水稻幼苗的株高和根长均受到抑制,表现出一定的浓度-效应和时间-效应关系.水稻叶片的叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素和蛋白质含量均随1,2,4-TCB浓度的升高而降低.水稻叶片游离脯氨酸含量和细胞膜的通透性随处理浓度的升高而增加.当1,2,4-TCB处理浓度＞15 mg·L^-1时,游离脯氨酸含量和叶片细胞膜的通透性急剧增加,与对照组相比各组差异均显著(P＜0.01).这表明1,2,4-TCB对水稻幼苗的损伤是一个复杂的过程,其机理可能与1,2,4-TCB使植物细胞膜、细胞内蛋白质和细胞器结构和功能损伤有关.     

镉、铅及其复合污染对油菜部分生理指标的影响

采用盆栽试验的方法研究了土壤外源重金属Cd、Pb及其复合污染对油菜部分生理指标的影响。结果表明：Cd单一处理组中,油菜体内硝酸还原酶活性及根系活力均随Cd胁迫浓度的增加出现不同程度的先升后降的趋势,表明油菜对低浓度的Cd有一定的抵抗能力,但在高浓度的Cd胁迫下则受到伤害;Pb单一处理和Cd+Pb复合处理组中,硝酸还原酶活性及根系活力均随Cd、Pb浓度的增加而降低;Cd、Pb单一处理组中,随Cd、Pb浓度升高,油菜根内游离脯氨酸含量逐渐增加,Cd处理组的脯氨酸含量积累量显著大于Pb处理组,这进一步证实了Cd对植物毒害效应比Pb严重;Cd+Pb复合处理组中脯氨酸含量均高于所有单一处理,表明Cd、Pb复合污染对脯氨酸的积累有促进作用,Pb加强了Cd对植物的毒害,其交互作用机理值得进一步研究。     

黄土性土壤固化对黑麦草生长和根系活力的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了安塞黄绵土不同容重、不同固化剂(路邦EN-1固化剂)掺量对黑麦草生长和根系活力的影响.结果表明:黄绵土容重在1.2～1.4 9·cm-3范围内,随土壤容重的增加,黑麦草叶绿素含量、根系活力、根冠比、根生物量和植株生物量均降低;各土壤容重条件下,黑麦草叶绿素含量、根系活力、根冠比、根生物量和植株生物量均高于对照,且随着固化剂掺量的增加均呈先增加后降低的趋势.土壤容重和固化剂掺量交互作用对根生物量和总生物量的影响均显著(P＜0.05).总体来看,土壤容重1.3 g·cm-3、固化剂掺量0.15％处理下,各指标值均最高.     

不同有机肥影响菠萝生长的生理生化机制

以菠萝品种'澳大利亚卡因'为材料,研究了施用不同有机肥对菠萝长叶期和抽蕾期植株生长量、生理生化指标以及土壤酶活性、微生物等的影响,以探讨不同有机肥对菠萝生长的影响机理.结果显示:(1)在花生麸处理中菠萝株高、青叶数、地上部和根鲜重较对照(施用化肥)提高,而在鸡粪和水肥处理中株高、青叶数、地上部鲜重较对照降低.(2)花生麸处理的菠萝叶片细胞膜透性较对照降低,而叶绿素含量、根系活力以及叶片和根系的可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量、SOD活性均较对照提高;鸡粪和水肥处理的叶片细胞膜透性和根系SOD酶活性较对照提高,而叶绿素含量、根系活力、长叶期叶片和根系的可溶性糖含量、长叶期和抽蕾期叶片的可溶性蛋白含量、叶片SOD酶活性均比对照降低.(3)花生麸能提高土壤脲酶、转化酶和过氧化氢酶的活性及土壤微生物数量;鸡粪和水肥能降低土壤脲酶、蛋白酶活性,却能增强土壤转化酶、过氧化氢酶活性,鸡粪使土壤微生物数量增加,水肥使长叶期土壤微生物数量增加,但使抽蕾期的减少.研究表明,施用花生麸能提高菠萝叶绿素含量、根系活力以及叶片和根系的可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量,并增强根和叶的SOD活性,同时增加了土壤相关酶活性和微生物数量,从而有效促进菠萝植株生长.     

塔里木河上游荒漠区4种灌木植物叶片与土壤生态化学计量特征

分析了塔里木河上游荒漠区灌木植物叶片和土壤碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)含量及其化学计量特征以及二者之间的相关性,旨在阐明荒漠植被在极端环境下养分循环及限制状况,为塔里木河上游荒漠生态系统的恢复与保护提供理论依据。以塔里木河上游多枝柽柳(Tamarix ramosissma)、盐穗木(Halostachys caspica)、黑果枸杞(Lycium ruthenicum)、铃铛刺(Halimodendron halodendron)4种荒漠灌木植物叶片和土壤为研究对象,分析植物叶片和土壤C、N、P生态化学计量特征及其相关性。结果表明:在4种不同荒漠灌木植物叶片中柽柳叶片的C含量为(484.77±59.74)mg/g,显著高于其他灌木植物(P0.05);铃铛刺的N含量是(14.20±1.58)mg/g,显著高于其他灌木植物(P0.05);柽柳叶片的P含量为(0.54±0.16)mg/g,显著低于其他灌木植物(P0.05)。4种灌木植物叶片C/N比值大小为黑果枸杞柽柳铃铛刺盐穗木,且黑果枸杞的C/N比值显著最高为(37.83±7.74)(P0.05);C/P为柽柳铃铛刺盐穗木黑果枸杞,盐穗木和黑果枸杞的C/P显著低于其他灌木(P0.05),其比值分别为(379.76±158.63)和(383.47±128.95);N/P为柽柳铃铛刺盐穗木黑果枸杞,柽柳的N/P比值显著最高为(22.34±4.60)(P0.05)。4种不同荒漠灌木土壤的有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)含量及其化学计量比特征均未表现出显著的差异。由相关性分析可知柽柳叶片仅P含量与土壤TP含量呈现出显著正相关(P0.05);铃铛刺叶片C含量与土壤TN、叶片P含量与土壤TN/TP均呈显著负相关(P0.05),而叶片C含量与土壤TN/TP呈极显著负相关(P0.01);盐穗木和黑果枸杞叶片化学计量特征与土壤的化学计量特征均未表现出显著相关性(P0.05)。说明植物叶片化学计量特征并非是由土壤养分含量特征直接决定的,更多受植物自身遗传特性的影响,体现了荒漠灌木植物对极端生境的适应性。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

医疗机构合理用药评价模型的构建研究

目的 针对医疗机构的合理用药水平进行评价研究。方法 根据医疗机构合理用药的具体要求,构建医疗机构合理用药评价指标体系,采用基于模糊群决策的方法和多指标评价分析法构建医疗机构合理用药评价模型。结果 构建了基于模糊群决策的医疗机构合理用药评价模型,并通过实例分析证明了评价模型的可行性。结论 建立的基于模糊群决策的医疗机构合理用药评价模型能够对医疗机构的合理用药水平进行科学评价,为提高医疗机构合理用药水平奠定基础。