四种水稻品种的光合光响应曲线及其模型拟合

应用4种典型的光响应模型对4个水稻品种“02428”、“淦鑫688”、“JR8892-1”和“JR8892-2”叶片的光合光响应曲线进行了拟合.结果表明:直角双曲线模型、非直角双曲线模型、指数函数以及修正的直角双曲线模型对4个水稻品种的光合光响应曲线都可以进行拟合,决定系数均为R2 ＞0.99.但只有修正的直角双曲线模型可以拟合发生光抑制部分的光响应曲线,且可直接计算其饱和光强(Isat);由各模型计算的光合参数可知,直角双曲线模型、非直角双曲线模型求得的最大净光合速率(Pnmax)远高于实测值,指数函数与修正的直角双曲线模型求得的Pnm.与实测值最为接近;直角双曲线、非直角双曲线模型以及指数函数求得的Isat均与实测值相差较大,除了“JR8892-1”采用指数函数求得的Isat大于实测值外,其余3个品种用上述3种模型拟合求得的Isat均小于实测值,唯有修正的直角双曲线模型求得的Isat与实测值最为相符;对于低光强部分的参数光补偿点(Ic)与暗呼吸速率(Rd),修正的直角双曲线模型最接近其测量值;不同水稻品种的光合特性,“JR8892-1”饱和光强与最大净光合速率明显高于高光效品种“02428”;处于分蘖盛期的“JR8892-2”也表现出较高的饱和光强和最大净光合速率,而超级稻“淦鑫688”相对于其他品种,则具有较低的暗呼吸速率,光合产物消耗少.     

温州地区主栽蓝莓品种叶片饱和光强的研究

为探讨温州地区蓝莓(Vaccinium darrowi?V.corymbosum)叶片的光饱和点,对2个蓝莓品种(?奥尼尔?和?薄雾?)叶片的光合速率和电子传递速率的光响应曲线进行拟合。结果表明,直角双曲线修正模型能较好地拟合光合速率和电子传递速率对光的响应曲线,给出的光饱和点值与实际观测值接近;而直角双曲线模型、非直角双曲线模型及指数方程模型拟合结果远低于实际观测值。在全光和遮荫下,?奥尼尔?叶片的光饱和点分别为656.32?806.17和605.83?756.22μmol m–2s–1;而?薄雾?叶片的分别为1 034.63?1 641.25和933.09?988.18μmol m–2s–1,说明这2个品种均为半阳生植物。     

黄河小浪底栓皮栎、刺槐叶片电子传递速率-光响应的模拟

为了比较直角双曲线模型、非直角双曲线模型与叶子飘模型的优缺点, 研究阴生叶和阳生叶电子传递速率的差异, 探讨环境/生物因素对电子传递速率等参数的影响, 该文采用LI-6400XT荧光测定系统对黄河小浪底栓皮栎(Quercus variabilis)、刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)叶片电子传递速率-光响应(J-I)曲线进行了测定, 利用直角双曲线模型、非直角双曲线模型和叶子飘模型对J-I曲线进行了拟合。结果表明, 3种模型对叶片J-I曲线拟合的决定系数(R ²)在0.96以上, 叶子飘模型的R ²最高(> 0.99)。直角双曲线模型和非直角双曲线模型无法模拟植物叶片光系统II动力学下调现象, 且不能得出饱和光强(I_sat); 直角双曲线模型对最大电子传递速率(J_max)的模拟明显大于实测值; 叶子飘模型能很好地模拟光系统II动力学下调现象, 得出的J_max和I_sat均最接近实测值。对阴生叶和阳生叶J-I曲线研究发现, 栓皮栎、刺槐阴生叶的J_max分别低于阳生叶25.0%和18.0%, 阳生叶的I_sat分别高于阴生叶26.0%和10.1%。栓皮栎和刺槐J_max与气温显著正相关; 刺槐I_sat与气温、土壤水分含量和净光合速率具有显著的正相关关系; 栓皮栎和刺槐J-I曲线初始斜率α均与净光合速率呈显著负相关关系。     

Simulation on the light-response curves of electron transport rate of Quercus variabilis and Robinia pseudoacacia leaves in the Xiaolangdi area,China

为了比较直角双曲线模型、非直角双曲线模型与叶子飘模型的优缺点, 研究阴生叶和阳生叶电子传递速率的差异, 探讨环境/生物因素对电子传递速率等参数的影响, 该文采用LI-6400XT荧光测定系统对黄河小浪底栓皮栎(Quercus variabilis)、刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)叶片电子传递速率-光响应(J-I)曲线进行了测定, 利用直角双曲线模型、非直角双曲线模型和叶子飘模型对J-I曲线进行了拟合。结果表明, 3种模型对叶片J-I曲线拟合的决定系数(R ²)在0.96以上, 叶子飘模型的R ²最高(> 0.99)。直角双曲线模型和非直角双曲线模型无法模拟植物叶片光系统II动力学下调现象, 且不能得出饱和光强(I_sat); 直角双曲线模型对最大电子传递速率(J_max)的模拟明显大于实测值; 叶子飘模型能很好地模拟光系统II动力学下调现象, 得出的J_max和I_sat均最接近实测值。对阴生叶和阳生叶J-I曲线研究发现, 栓皮栎、刺槐阴生叶的J_max分别低于阳生叶25.0%和18.0%, 阳生叶的I_sat分别高于阴生叶26.0%和10.1%。栓皮栎和刺槐J_max与气温显著正相关; 刺槐I_sat与气温、土壤水分含量和净光合速率具有显著的正相关关系; 栓皮栎和刺槐J-I曲线初始斜率α均与净光合速率呈显著负相关关系。     

不同水分条件下胡杨光响应曲线拟合模型比较

本研究通过测量不同水分条件下胡杨（Populus euphratica Oliv.）叶片的光响应曲线,并采用4种光响应模型对其光合特征参数拟合值与实测值进行比较,分析了不同水分条件下光响应曲线模型对胡杨适用性的影响机制。结果表明,当水分供应充足时,胡杨非直角双曲线模型对暗呼吸速率（R_d）的拟合效果最优,直角双曲线修正模型拟合光饱和点（LSP）、最大净光合速率（P_nmax）、光补偿点（LCP）的结果与实测值较接近;但当胡杨受到水分亏缺后,直角双曲线修正模型对P_nmax和光饱和点（LSP）的拟合效果最优,直角双曲线模型对R_d和LCP的拟合效果最佳。因此,水分条件有利时胡杨应用直角双曲线修正模型、非直角双曲线模型较好;水分亏缺条件下采用直角双曲线修正模型、直角双曲线模型更为适合。     

光响应曲线的指数改进模型与常用模型比较

光响应曲线的参数是研究植物生理状态的重要指标, 常用的光响应曲线模型无法准确地计算出光饱和点和最大净光合速率。该文利用光响应曲线新模型——指数改进模型、直角双曲线模型、直角双曲线修正模型、非直角双曲线模型和指数模型, 拟合高粱(Sorghum bicolor)、苋(Amaranthus tricolor)、大麦(Hordeum vulgare)和半夏(Pinellia ternata)的光响应曲线, 并随机选取部分数据进行检验, 得到了各模型计算出的主要生理参数, 并对这些数据进行了比较分析, 讨论了各模型之间的优缺点和准确性, 描述了C₃、C₄植物光响应的适宜性。结果表明, 基于C₃植物得到的指数改进模型和直角双曲线修正模型能较准确地计算出C₃、C₄植物饱和光强和最大净光合速率, 并在描述光响应曲线时比另外3个模型具有更高的精确性和适宜性。实验结果可为光响应曲线模型在C₃和C₄光合途径植物中的应用提供参考。     

不同CO_2浓度下苦槠(Castanopsis sclerophylla)叶片光合光响应模型模拟比较

以亚热带森林建群种苦槠为试验材料,采用5种光响应模型对4个CO_2浓度下苦槠叶片的光响应曲线进行模拟,比较不同CO_2浓度下适宜的光响应模型,探讨苦槠对CO_2浓度变化的响应规律。结果表明:5种模型对苦槠叶片光响应曲线的拟合效果优劣次序为直角双曲线修正模型指数改进模型指数模型非直角双曲线模型直角双曲线模型;直角双曲线修正模型对光饱和点(LSP)和最大净光合速率(Pmax)的拟合效果最好,非直角双曲线模型对暗呼吸速率(Rd)的拟合效果最好;5种光响应模型对不同CO_2浓度有不同的适应性,直角双曲线模型、指数模型和直角双曲线修正模型适合低CO_2浓度,非直角双曲线模型适合高CO_2浓度;随CO_2浓度的增加,光补偿点(LCP)和Rd逐渐减小而Pmax逐渐增大;CO_2浓度的增大可以提高苦槠的光合能力及其对弱光的利用能力,并抑制呼吸作用。     

不同光照环境下荷花叶片光合光响应模型比较

以上海荷花品种‘伯里夫人’为试验材料,设置全光照和林下遮荫(50%全光照)2种不同的光照环境,采用4种光响应模型拟合分析荷花叶片净光合速率光响应过程,比较不同光照下适宜的光响应模型,研究荷花品种对遮荫环境的适应规律.结果表明: 4种模型对荷花叶片光合作用光响应过程拟合效果的优劣顺序为：直角双曲线修正模型>指数模型>非直角双曲线模型>直角双曲线模型,后3种模型均为没有极值的函数,不能直接求得最大净光合速率(P_{n max})和光饱和点(LSP).直角双曲线修正模型对LSP、P_{n max}、暗呼吸速率(R_d)和光补偿点(LCP)等光响应参数表现出最佳的拟合效果,拟合值与实测值相对误差最小.随光强减弱,荷花主要的光合生理参数均降低,其中,R_d下降幅度显著,其他参数变化不显著.说明荷花对适度弱光环境具备一定的适应能力,表现出良好的光合适应性反应与调节,能够维持植株的正常生长.
     

科尔沁沙丘-草甸相间地区黄柳和小叶锦鸡儿光合速率对光照强度和CO_2浓度的响应

本文采用Li-6400光合作用仪对科尔沁沙丘-草甸相间地区固定沙丘低洼部位的小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla Lam.)群落和半流动沙丘阴坡上部的黄柳(Salix gordejevii Chang et Skv.)群落进行光响应曲线和CO_2响应曲线的测定,然后通过直角双曲线模型、非直角双曲线模型、直角双曲线修正模型3种拟合模型对两种植物光合-光/CO_2响应曲线进行拟合分析。结果表明:直角双曲线修正模型能更好地拟合植物光合速率随光强和CO_2浓度变化的真实情况,并且计算出的最大净光合速率、光饱和点、CO_2饱和点等光合参数都与实测值最接近;受不同生境的影响,两种植物的光合特性参数存在差异,小叶锦鸡儿存在较高的光饱和点(LSP)和较低的光补偿点(LCP),表现出对环境较强的适应能力,而黄柳的表观量子效率大于小叶锦鸡儿,所以对光能的转化效率高,低的暗呼吸速率使小叶锦鸡儿消耗更少的光合产物;在CO_2饱和情况下,小叶锦鸡儿和黄柳的最大净光合速率(Pn max)分别达到了44.5、29.7μmol·m-2·s-1,为光饱和下的3.98和1.87倍。CO_2浓度高的生境更能促进黄柳生长,而小叶锦鸡儿在较低的CO_2浓度下能进行光合作用形成有机物的积累,同时小叶锦鸡儿有较高的羧化效率,表现出较强的CO_2同化能力。     

光强与水分处理下景宁木兰光合光响应模型拟合比较

采用5种数学模型(直角双曲线模型、非直角双曲线模型、二次函数模型、指数模型、直角双曲线修正模型)对不同光照与水分处理下景宁木兰(Magnolia sinostellata)幼苗光响应过程进行拟合分析,以期筛选出光照与水分胁迫下景宁木兰适宜的光响应模型。结果表明:(1)5种拟合模型对景宁木兰光响应过程拟合精度为:指数模型直角双曲线修正模型直角双曲线模型非直角双曲线模型二次函数模型。(2)光合参数的拟合效果表现为:指数模型对景宁木兰最大净光合速率(Pnmax)、光饱和点(LSP)进行求解较准确,直角双曲线修正模型对光补偿点(LCP)求解最佳,而暗呼吸速率(Rd)的结果采用非直角双曲线模型较为合理。(3)景宁木兰幼苗能适应一定的弱光及流动水环境,而深度遮阴及积水环境抑制景宁木兰幼苗的光合速率。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.