龙眼鸡Fulgora candelaria（L.）生物学持性的初步研究

龙眼鸡Ｆｕｌｇｏｒａ ｃａｎｄｅｌａｒｉａ（Ｌ．）分布于东南亚,是中国南方龙眼树的一种重要害虫,年生一代,以成虫越冬。本文是作者等自七十年代末迄八十年代在福州金山以及福建南部的漳州、莆田等地,对这种害虫生物学特性进行初步研究的小结,并对分布、寄主以及天敌龙眼鸡寄蛾Ｆｕｌｇｏｒａｅｃｉａ ｂｏｗｒｉｎｇｉｉ Ｎｅｗｍａｎ等有关问题进行了讨论。     

广东省部分龙眼产区主要害虫调查及其防控策略

系统调查了粤西与珠三角地区龙眼园内的害虫种类,共记录到6目18科33种.对各类害虫的发生比例与危害程度进行了分析.结果表明在我省危害严重的龙眼害虫主要有荔枝蝽、龙眼角颊木虱、荔枝蛀蒂虫、荔枝尖细蛾和龙眼亥麦蛾等几种害虫.针对我省生产实际,提出了龙眼害虫综合防控的策略.     

龙眼园害虫群落结构与动态研究

研究结果表明,龙眼害虫群落包括8目38科62种,其中为害较严重的有10多种。荔枝蝽蟓、龙眼角颊木虱、荔枝蒂蛀虫、龙眼亥麦蛾、荔枝尖细蛾和三角新小卷蛾为害尤为严重,是龙眼害虫的关键物种。这些害虫直接影响龙眼的产量和质量,是生产上防治的重点。龙眼害虫群落的生物多样性指数全年变动范围为0．0919—2．2938,均匀度指数全年变动范围为0．0837—0．8273。总体上分析,龙眼害虫群落优势种的优势地位明显,生态优势度大,在药剂防治实践中,应该注意保护果园昆虫天敌和蜘蛛类等有益生物,保护果园生物多样性,达到害虫可持续控制目的。     

荔枝龙眼卷叶蛾科害虫及其防控研究进展

荔枝龙眼卷叶蛾是荔枝龙眼生产中的重要害虫防控对象,该类害虫幼虫取食寄主植物的嫩梢、叶片、花穗和幼果,在中国南方及东南亚地区危害严重.目前针对该虫的防治措施以化学防治为主,但是化学农药的滥用造成的问题众多,迫切需要研发推广绿色且高效的防控技术.目前荔枝龙眼卷叶蛾研究不够深入,而且关于危害较多且寡食性的圆角卷叶蛾Eboda cellerigera Meyrick和灰白卷叶蛾Argyroploce aprobola Meyrick的研究尚无报道.本文总结了荔枝龙眼卷叶蛾科害虫的种类和发生危害情况,论述了三角新小卷叶蛾Olethreutes leucaspis Meyrick和荔枝异形卷叶蛾Cryptophlebia ombrodelta Lower等6种主要优势种的研究概况.此外,本文还从农业防治、物理防治、生物防治和化学防治四个方面对该类害虫防治技术研究进展进行了描述,对该类害虫研究前景进行了展望,旨在为其相关的研究及综合防控新技术的研发提供参考.     

龙眼几种害虫观察初报

通过 1998年 - 1999年对莆田龙眼园的调查 ,发现我省龙眼 10种新害虫。同时 ,另写了“龙眼果实害虫种类调查初报”另一小结 (见《武夷科学》15 :10 4- 10 7) ,以供参考。龙眼的花、果、梢、叶、枝干和根系上的害虫据报道有 6 0余种。两年来 ,除喙副黛缘蝽另文报道外 ,我们在莆田龙眼园上还调查到波毛丝跳甲、纺星花金龟、西光胫锹甲、条蜂缘蝽、点蜂缘蝽、小蜂缘蝽、大稻缘蝽、茶翅蝽、忘忧尾蛱蝶、渺樟翠尺蛾等 10种省内未报道的为害龙眼的新害虫。现将这些龙眼新害虫的发生时期、为害习性等观察情况初步报道如下。1　波毛丝跳甲 Hespera …     

海南省东方市野生龙眼种群动态特征研究

野生龙眼是龙眼(Dimocarpus longan)的野生群体,是龙眼进行品种改良与创新的重要基因库。该研究对海南省东方市的野生龙眼资源进行实地调查,并从种群径级结构、静态生命表、存活曲线等方面进行了分析。结果表明:(1)东方市的野生龙眼所处群落的植被类型可以分为季雨林、热带雨林以及季雨林与热带雨林过渡带。(2)三种植被类型下野生龙眼种群大小依次为热带雨林过渡带季雨林。(3)三种植被类型下野生龙眼的存活曲线均趋于Deevey-Ⅱ型,种群各径级的死亡率基本接近。(4)数量变化动态指数表明季雨林、热带雨林区的野生龙眼种群为稳定型;过渡带的野生龙眼种群为增长型且趋于稳定。(5)时间序列预测分析表明,在未来的2、4个龄级后,季雨林下的野生龙眼种群从Ⅴ龄级之后的个体数呈现出增加的趋势,而热带雨林和过渡带是在Ⅳ级之后。从野生龙眼种群的整个发展阶段来看,目前三种植被类型下的野生龙眼幼年个体数相对丰富,种群维持有较充足的后备资源,中树、大树阶段的个体数能在现有基础上得到补充。继续保持现有野生龙眼种群分布的植株和生境斑块且采取有效保护措施,东方市的野生龙眼种群能有较好的恢复潜能。该研究的创新之处在于从不同植被类型下来分析东方市的种群动态结构,为处在不同植被类型的野生龙眼资源的种群特征提供了理论依据。     

三角新小卷蛾生物学特性及防治

三角新小卷蛾ＯｌｅｔｈｒｅｕｔｅｓｌｅｕｃａｓｐｉｓＭｅｙｒｉｃｋ ,别名黄三角黑卷蛾 ,属鳞翅目 ,小卷蛾亚科。该虫幼虫主要危害荔枝、龙眼嫩叶 ,分布于我国华南、日本、印度等地[1] ,但其卵、幼虫、蛹的形态特征、生物学特性及防治方法等尚未见报道。由于此虫对广西荔枝、龙眼的危害日趋严重 ,已成为主要害虫之一 ,为此 ,作者于 1 991年开始对此虫进行观察 ,1 997～ 1 999年列为广西农业外资项目的子课题进行系统考察研究 ,现将结果报道如下。图 1　三角新小卷蛾形态特征1 成虫　 2 卵 (放大 )　 3 ,4 幼虫　 5 蛹1　形态特征 (图…     

报告一种蔬菜新害虫

本文在国内首次记录了蔬菜上一种新害虫——洋葱线角个木虱Bactericera sp.,属同翅目木虱科(Psy-llidae),是洋葱等百合科蔬菜苗期的重要害虫。并对它在河北省的分布、寄主范围以及发生为害等进行了初步观察。     

从昆虫分布型测定看“病株空间分布型测定”在植物病害应用上的问题

运用生物统计学原理对害虫种群自然分布结构进行分布型测定,不仅可以帮助人们对害虫生态特性有进一步的了解,而且可以提高其防治效果以及合理抽样等,因此,国内外已对多种害虫的空间分布型做了测定。在植物病理学方面,虽然近年国内外也作了大量的探讨,不过从病害的特点看,完全通过病害分布型测定,来确定其最优抽样方法还需商讨。1.从有害生物对自然环境的选择看:虽然害虫、病原物都是有害生物,对自然环境的适应也都有一定的共性,但截然不同的是昆虫对环境的选择多是其自身生物学特性的表现,而病原微生物则主要是被     

荔枝、龙眼的两种重要蛀干害虫

荔枝、龙眼是水果上品,曾经大规模发展,由于多种原因,目前部分果园管理缺失,蛀干害虫危害程度加剧。记录当前严惩危害荔枝、龙眼树干、枝条枯萎甚至植株干枯的龟背天牛和咖啡木蠹蛾特征、习性和防治方法,维护果木的生长。     

Insecticidal effects of Artemisia dracunculus L. (Asteraceae) essential oil on adult of Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae) under laboratory conditions

Aphis gossypii Glover (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) is one of the most important pests of agriculture worldwide. To control the pest population, research on the use of the environmental and plant-based compounds has increased in recent decades. So, in this study, effect of fumigant toxicity of Artemisia dracunculus L. essential oil on adults of the mentioned pest was studied. The essential oil of this plant was subjected to hydro-distillation using a Clevenger apparatus. All bioassay examinations were conducted at 27?±?2 and 65?±?5?°C relative humidity and a photoperiod of 16:8?h (light:dark). This research was performed in a completely random design with six treatments in different concentrations and times to evaluate the level of LC₅₀ and LT₅₀. Each treatment was evaluated in three replicates for different concentrations and times with each replicate consisting of 20 same-age adult pests. The results showed that the use of the essential oil of A. dracunculus L. shows significant mortality of pest 24?h after treatment. LC₅₀ value of this essential oil on adults of A. gossypii was 18.63?μL/L of air and LT₅₀ value of the essential oil on the mentioned pest resulted to be 10.74?h with a concentration of 18.63?μL/L of air. The results showed that by increasing the concentration and duration of essence treatment, the mortality rate also increased. Experiment results showed that A. dracunculus L. oil has strong effect on the above-mentioned pest and it will be suggested for using in the mentioned integrated pest management programmes in greenhouses for its high potential in fumigant toxicity.     

Swede midge (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), ten years of invasion of crucifer crops in North America

The Swede midge, Contarinia nasturtii Kieffer (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), a common insect pest in Europe, is a newly invasive pest in North America that constitutes a major threat to cruciferous vegetable and field crops. Since its first identification in Ontario, Canada, in 2000, it has rapidly spread to 65 counties in the provinces of Ontario and Quebec and has recently been found in canola (one of two cultivars of rapeseed, Brassica napus L. and Brassica campestris L.) in the central Prairie region where the majority of Canada's 6.5 million ha (16 million acres) of canola is grown. The first detection of Swede midge in the United States was in 2004 in New York cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.), but it has now been found in four additional states. Here, we review the biology of Swede midge, its host plant range, distribution, economic impact, pest status, and management strategies. We provide insight into this insect's future potential to become an endemic pest of brassica crops in North America. We also proposed research needed to develop tactics for handling this invasive pest in brassica crops.     

山东茶褐蓑蛾生物学特性及防治

茶褐蓑蛾MahasenacolonSonan是茶树的主要害虫之一。该虫在山东茶区每年发生 1代 ,以 7龄幼虫越冬。作者于 1 997年起对其幼虫、蛹、成虫及天敌进行了初步研究 ,统计出害虫在各龄期的分布规律 ,并提出了针对性的防治方法。     

Inheritance of resistance to yellow mosaic virus in blackgram (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper)

Summary The inheritance of resistance to mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) was studied in blackgram (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper). The highly resistant donors Pant U-84 and UPU-2 and a highly susceptible line, UL-2, their F₁'s, F₂'s and backcrosses were grown with spreader located every 5 to 6 rows. The resistance was found to be digenic and recessive in all the crosses and free from cytoplasmic effect.     

Resynthesized lines and cultivars of Brassica napus L. provide sources of resistance to the cabbage stem weevil ( Ceutorhynchus pallidactylus (Mrsh.))

The cabbage stem weevil (Ceutorhynchus pallidactylus (Mrsh.)) (Col., Curculionidae) is a serious pest of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L. var. oleifera Metzg.) in central and northern Europe. Although host-plant resistance is a key tool in integrated pest management systems, resistant genotypes are not yet available for this species. Resynthesized rapeseed lines (B. oleracea L.×B. rapa L.) are broadening the genetic diversity and might have potential as sources of resistance to pest insects. The host quality, of nine resynthesized rapeseed lines and six genotypes of B. napus to cabbage stem weevil, was evaluated in laboratory screening tests and in a semi-field experiment. In dual-choice oviposition tests, female C. pallidactylus laid significantly fewer eggs on five resyntheses and on swede cv 'Devon Champion' than on the moderately susceptible oilseed rape cv 'Express', indicating a lower host quality of these genotypes. Results of laboratory screenings were confirmed in a semi-field experiment, in which twelve genotypes were exposed to C. pallidactylus females. The number of larvae was significantly lower in two resyntheses and in cv 'Devon Champion' than in oilseed rape cv WVB 9. The total, as well as individual, glucosinolate (GSL) content in the leaves differed substantially among the genotypes tested. The amount of feeding by larvae of C. pallidactylus, as measured by a stem-injury coefficient, was positively correlated with the indolyl GSL compounds 3-indolylmethyl and 4-methoxy-3-indolylmethyl, and with the aromatic GSL 2-phenylethyl, whereas it was negatively correlated with 4-hydroxy-3-indolylmethyl. Thus, the composition and concentration of GSL compounds within the plant tissue might be a key factor in breeding for pest resistance in oilseed rape.     

警惕椰子织蛾Opisina arenosella Walker （鳞翅目：织蛾科）传入中国

【背景】椰子织蛾是棕榈植物上的主要害虫。该害虫在印度和斯里兰卡危害严重,现已入侵泰国。【方法】在收集、整理椰子织蛾原产地或已知入侵地的生物学、生态学、地理学等信息的基础上,介绍了椰子织蛾的主要形态特征、寄主、分布、生物特性,并对该有害生物入侵我国的风险及后果进行综合分析。【结果】椰子织蛾幼虫通常为5龄,大多在棕榈植物叶背面为害。卵期约为5 d,幼虫期约为42 d,蛹期约为12 d,成虫产卵约为137粒。从适生性风险角度看,目前椰子织蛾在南亚和东南亚棕榈植物分布区危害严重,我国南方棕榈植物产区具有相似的生物气候,是椰子织蛾潜在的地理分布区;从传入扩散风险角度看,椰子织蛾成虫能够飞翔,且我国与该害虫发生国家特别是东盟国家的贸易日益频繁,加大了该害虫传入我国的可能性;从经济与生态风险角度看,椰子织蛾入侵我国后将危害椰子等棕榈植物,给相关产业带来损失,影响从业人员收入,同时影响本地生态环境,可能导致生态灾害。【结论与意义】椰子织蛾有入侵我国的可能,有效的检疫管理措施是防范其入侵的主要手段。生物防治是治理该害虫的重要措施之一。     

Molecular evidence of cryptic species within the Liriomyza huidobrensis (Diptera: Agromyzidae)

Phylogenetic relationships among populations of the polyphagous pea leafminer, Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard), were investigated using DNA sequence data. Maximum parsimony analysis of 941 bp of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I and II genes showed that L. huidobrensis contains two well-defined monophyletic groups, one composed of specimens from California and Hawaii and one composed of specimens from South and Central America together with populations that have been recently introduced into other parts of the world. The differentiation between the two clades within L. huidobrensis is equivalent to that seen between other agromyzid species, suggesting that L. huidobrensis as currently defined contains two cryptic species. This finding is consistent with field observations of differences in pest status and insecticide resistance between L. huidobrensis populations. Until additional studies are complete, no changes in L. huidobrensis taxonomy are proposed. However, researchers and quarantine officials may wish to consider the findings of the current study in designing research, pest management, and quarantine programs for L. huidobrensis.     

Origin of the serpentine-endemic herb Layia discoidea from the widespread L. glandulosa (Compositae)

Phylogenetic analyses of nuclear rDNA sequences uphold Gottlieb et al.'s hypothesis that Layia discoidea, a morphologically unusual, serpentine-endemic herb of narrow distribution in central California, "budded off" recently (less than one million years ago) from a nearby lineage of the widespread L. glandulosa, which occurs on sandy soils across much of far western North America. Although L. discoidea and L. glandulosa retain complete interfertility, nuclear rDNA data for the two species are almost free of evolutionary noise, without evidence of gene flow between them; allopatric divergence of L. discoidea cannot be ruled out. Molecular data are consistent with a hypothesis of accelerated morphological evolution of L. discoidea and Gottlieb et al.'s suggestion that the closest relatives of L. discoidea are populations of L. glandulosa with yellow, rather than white, ray corollas, in accord with Clausen, Keck, and Hiesey's evidence of a gene for yellow ray coloration in the rayless L. discoidea.     

Comparative life history and fecundity of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on different soybean varieties

The effect of different soybean varieties ( Glycine max 356, M4, M7, M9, Clark, Sahar, JK, BP, Williams, L17, Zane, Gorgan3 and DPX) on the life history and fecundity of the gram pod borer Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) (synonym Heliothis armigera (Hubner), also known as the American or African bollworm) was determined at 25 ± 1°C, 65 ± 5% r.h. and a light : dark cycle of 16:8 h. The larval period ranged 17.30 to 26.20 days on M7 and L17, respectively. The longest development time was on L17, BP and Sahar (42.71, 40.29 and 39.20 days, respectively) and the shortest was on M7, M9, Williams and Clark (34.21, 36.06, 36.60 and 36.82 days, respectively). The development index of overall immature stages varied from 1.39 to 2.41, with the minimum on L17 and BP and the maximum on M7. The highest daily fecundity and total fecundity (118.92 and 582.70 eggs, respectively) and the lowest (37.88 and 177.10 eggs, respectively) were observed on DPX and 356, respectively. Cluster analysis of the biological parameters of H. armigera on different soybean varieties demonstrated that BP, Sahar and L17 were partially resistant to H. armigera . Knowledge of the extent of susceptibility or resistance of crop varieties and biology of a pest on that crop are fundamental components of integrated pest management (IPM) programs for many crops. Such information can help to detect and monitor pest infestation, variety selection and crop breeding.     

Preliminary resistance screening on abamectin in pear psylla (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) in northern Italy

In northern Italy (Emilia-Romagna region), integrated pest management has been used for several years against pear psylla, Cacopsylla pyri L. (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), a relevant pest of pear (Pyrus spp.) trees. After the outlawing of amitraz in 2005, the most common active ingredient involved is abamectin, a mixture of avermectin B1a and avermectin B1b. After the development of C. pyri resistance to azinphos methyl in southern France, we evaluated, by topical application, the different sensitivities to abamectin on C. pyri populations collected in orchards from Emilia-Romagna, where different field strategies were used, with alternative success in terms of pest management. The LC50 values ranged between 1.61 and 28.37 mg/liter, and they revealed variations more related to collection time than to field strategies. The failure of abamectin treatments against C. pyri in some Emilia-Romagna locations is probably unrelated to resistance development, but rather it is related to incorrect pest defense management, which could interfere with pest parasitoids and predators.