西双版纳原始热带季节雨林生物量研究

用标准木回归分析法（ 乔木、木质藤本） 和样方收获法（ 灌木、草本） , 研究了西双版纳原始热带季节雨林生物量及其分配。雨林总生物量为６９２－５９０ ｔ／ｈｍ２ , 其分配为： 乔木层占９８－６６ ％ 、灌木层占０－７６ ％ 、木质藤本占０－５０ ％ 、草本层占０－０９ ％ , 生物量主要集中于乔木层。乔木层生物量的器官分配向树干和树根集中： 树干占６９－８０ ％ , 树根占２１－５６ ％ , 树枝占７－７７ ％ ,树叶占０－７７ ％ ; 生物量径级分配向中等径级（６０ ～７０ ｃｍ） 和最大径级（１５０ ～１６０ ｃｍ） 集中; 生物量垂直分配向上层集中; Ⅰ亚层（ 高度＞ ４０ ｍ） 占６０－５５ ％ 、Ⅱ亚层（２０ ～４０ ｍ） 占３６－７２ ％ 、Ⅲ亚层（３ ～２０ ｍ） 占２－７３ ％ ; 优势种番龙眼生物量占乔木层的２０－０７ ％ ; 乔木层叶面积指数为６－９１ 。     

西双版纳热带山地雨林生物量研究

观测了西双版纳山地气候,建立了山地雨林生物量回归方程,调查了海拔1 100~1 820 m范围5块样地(面积0.16~0.25 hm2)的热带山地雨林生物量。结果表明,海拔1 105和1 610 m的年平均温度分别为20.1和16.6℃,年降雨量分别为1 659和2 011 mm,旱季(11~4月)降雨量分别为295和283mm,年平均相对湿度分别为81%和84%;5块样地生物量变化为256.4~368.6 t.hm-2,平均为312.6t.hm-2,其中乔木占97.1%、木质藤本占1.2%、幼树和灌木占1.3%、草本和幼苗占0.4%;采用热带季节雨林生物量回归方程估计山地雨林生物量,会使得总生物量以及树干和树根生物量高估38.3%~61.5%,树枝生物量低估7.6%~30.8%。可见,西双版纳山地海拔增加导致雨季降雨量增加,山地雨林生物量较热带季节雨林降低32.6%,季节雨林生物量方程不适用于山地雨林。     

西双版纳热带季节雨林的生物量及其分配特征

 根据3块1 hm² 样地的调查资料,利用123株样木数据建立以胸径(D)为单变量的生物量预测方程。采用样木回归分析法(乔木层、木质藤本)和样 方收获法(灌木层、草本层), 获取西双版纳热带季节雨林的生物量,并分析了其组成和分配特征。结果表明,西双版纳热带季节雨林的总生物 量为423.908±109.702 Mg•hm^－2(平均值±标准差,n=3) ,其中活体植物生物量占95.28%,粗死木质残体占4.07%,地上凋落物占 0.64%。在 其层次分配方面：乔木层优势明显,占98.09%±0.60%;其次为木质藤本,占0.83%±0.31%;灌木层和草本层生物量均小于木质藤本的生物量; 附生植物最低,仅为0.06%±0.03%。总生物量的器官分配以茎所占比例最高,达68.33%;根、枝、叶的比例分别为18.91%、11.07%和1.65 %。 乔木层生物量的径级分配主要集中于中等径级和最大径级。大树(D＞70 cm)具有较高的生物量,占整个乔木层的43.67%±12.67%。树种分配方 面,生物量排序前10位的树种占乔木层总生物量的63.43%±4.09%,生物量集中分配于少量优势树种。西双版纳热带季节雨林乔木层叶面积指数 为6.39±0.85。西双版纳热带季节雨林乔木层的地上生物量位于世界热带湿润森林的中下范围。     

西双版纳原始热带湿性季节雨林生物量及净初级生产

应用生物量回归模型和生产力方程,研究了西双版纳原始热带湿性季节雨林生物量及净初级生产量（NPP）。雨林总生物量为692．590t·hm-2,总生物量分配为：乔木层占98．66％、灌木层占0．76％、木质藤本层占0．50％、草本层占0．09％,生物量主要集中于乔木层。雨林年平均NPP为25．764t·hm-2·a－1,其中各层次的NPP分别为（t·hm-2·a－1）：乔木层23．972（占总NPP的93．04％）、灌木层0．749（占2．91％）、木质藤本层0．431（占1．67％）和草本层0．612（占2．38％）。乔木层NPP分配为（t·hm－2·a-1）：凋落量11．566、叶虫食量0．694和生物量增量11．712。结果表明：西双版纳虽地处热带北缘,当地原始热带湿性季节雨林同样具有典型热带雨林一样高的生物量和NPP。     

西双版纳热带湿性季节雨林生物量及其分配规律研究

 本文采用标准木回归分析法(乔木层、木质藤本)和样方收获法(灌木层、草本层)研究了西双版纳湿性季节雨林生物量及其分配规律。群落总生物量为360.909t·hm-2,其在各层的分配为：乔木层352.563t·hm-2(占群落生物量的97.69％)、灌木层4.737t·hm-2(占1.31％)、木质藤本3.108t·hm-2(占0.86％)、草本层0.501t·hm-2(占0.14％)。群落生物量绝大部分集中于乔木层。乔木层生物量的器官分配为：干241.270t·hm-2(占乔木层生物量的68.43％)、根69.614t·hm-2(占19.75％)、枝37.287t·hm-2(占10.57％)、叶4.392t·hm-2(占1.25％);乔木层生物量的径级分配主要集中于中等径级,胸径在20～80cm间的6个径级,生物量达255.460t·hm-2(占72.46％);生物量在乔木层中垂直分配为：Ⅰ亚层219.365t·hm-2(62.22％)、Ⅱ亚层107.743t·hm-2(30.56％)、Ⅲ亚层25.455t·hm-2(7.22％);生物量大于乔木层生物量0.5％的树种共计26种,其中大于5％的有番龙眼(Pometia tomentosa)(19.67％)、云南玉蕊(Barringtonia macrostachya)(5.44％)、千果榄仁(Terminalia myriocarpa)(5.27％),生物量种类分配反映出优势种明显的特点。乔木层叶面积指数为5.724。     

桂西南28年生米老排人工林生物量及其分配特征

应用相对生长法对桂西南28年生米老排人工林生物量及其分配特征进行了研究。结果表明:28年生米老排人工林生物量为281.47t·hm-2,生态系统生物量分配格局为乔木层(97.89%)>凋落物层(1.87%)>灌木层(0.16%)>草本层(0.08%);其中,乔木层生物量为275.54t·hm-2,其生物量在各器官的分配规律为树干(63.01%)>树根(21.01%)>树枝(9.64%)>树皮(4.38%)>树叶(1.72%)>果实(0.25%);乔木生物量的径级分布接近正态分布,生物量主要集中在径级为25～29cm的林木,占乔木层生物量总量的48.15%;28年生米老排人工林林分年均净生产力为15.61t·hm-2·a-1,各组分净生产力大小顺序为乔木层(81.50%)>凋落物层(16.82%)>灌木层(0.98%)>草本层(0.70%);乔木层年均净生产力为12.72t·hm-2·a-1,各器官净生产力大小顺序为树干(48.76%)>树叶(18.64%)>树根(16.26%)>树枝(7.46%)>果实(5.50%)>树皮(3.39%)。     

中国西南地区热带季节雨林及山地常绿阔叶林热值及能量分配格局

能量分配格局是研究生态系统能量流动的基础,但是由于热带森林结构的高度复杂性和物种多样性,对它的热值和能量分配格局的全面研究还很少。该文研究的热带季节雨林位于西双版纳,是分布于热带亚洲北缘的一种森林类型;山地常绿阔叶林位于云南省中部的哀牢山,属于我国西部亚热带地区的山地常绿阔叶林。该研究的目的是探讨这两种重要森林类型的热值和能量分配格局,验证Golley(1961,1969)提出的世界范围内植被的热值由低纬度向高纬度、由低海拔向高海拔升高的规律。热值的测定采用SDCM-Ⅲa氧弹测量仪。两个森林样地面积都是1 hm²,能量分配格局及年固定量根据生物量和生物量增量计算。研究结果表明,热带季节雨林样地的热值低于山地常绿阔叶林,乔木层的热值>灌木层>草本层,所有器官中叶片的热值较高。由于以前种植砂仁(Amomum villosum)的影响,热带季节雨林样地的能量现存量小于山地常绿阔叶林,但是因为地处高温高湿、光照充足的地区,热带季节雨林的能量年固定量高于山地常绿阔叶林。对于热带季节雨林样地来说,97%的能量储存在乔木层中;山地常绿阔叶林样地的乔木层储存了88%的能量,可见乔木层是维持森林能量结构的关键层。研究结果为Golley的结论提供了更加丰富的实验证据。     

西双版纳石灰山季雨林的生物量及其分配规律

通过3块2 500 m2样地的调查资料,采用相对生长法(乔木层)和样方收获法(灌木层、草本层),研究西双版纳石灰山季雨林的生物量及其分配规律.建立了石灰山季雨林优势种尖叶闭花木、缅桐、轮叶戟、短棒柄花、油朴及林分2～5、5～20和＞20 cm等3种不同径级的生物量回归方程.结果表明,西双版纳石灰山季雨林的总生物量为(319.158±79.740)t·hm-2.其中,活体植物的贡献达96.32%,粗死木质残体和地上凋落物的总量占3.68%.乔木层生物量占活体植物的96.80%,木质藤本占2.68%,灌木层和草本层生物量分别为0.39%和0.12%.乔木层生物量的器官分配以茎为最高(63.72%)、根为18.82%、枝为15.63%,叶的比例仅为1.84%.乔木层生物量的径级分配主要集中于中等径级(20≤D≤40 CB)和大径级(D＞40 cm)中,并集中分配于少量优势树种内.石灰山季雨林的生物量处于该地区的较低水平,其叶面积指数为7.697±1.419.     

西双版纳橡胶林的生物量及其模型

利用30株不同年龄和径阶的橡胶树样木数据,建立了以胸径(D)和胸径的平方乘以树高(D2H)为自变量的生物量回归模型.根据所建立的生物量回归模型,推算了15个1000 m2不同林龄橡胶林的生物量,并分析了其组成和分配特征及不同林龄生物量的变化趋势.林分的总生物量随林龄而增加,7、13、19、25和47年生橡胶林生物量分别为23.98、66.90、150.37、171.12和250.21 t·hm-2.生物量的器官分配以干材所占的比例最大,占50%以上,并随林龄而递增;枝生物量所占比例也随着林龄的增加而增大;叶和根的生物量所占比例则随林龄呈下降趋势.橡胶林生物量远低于本地区的热带季节雨林和石灰山季雨林,但高于本地区的热带次生林及其他热带地区年龄相近的人工林.     

弄岗喀斯特季节性雨林不同群丛物种多样性随海拔的变化

为研究北热带喀斯特季节性雨林不同群丛物种多样性特征及其随相对海拔变化,在对广西弄岗15 hm2北热带喀斯特季节性雨林样地进行群丛划分的基础上,运用丰富度指数、物种多样性指数和均匀度指数对处于不同相对海拔高度群丛的物种多样性以及不同群丛乔木层、亚乔木层和灌木层的物种多样性进行比较。结果表明弄岗喀斯特季节性雨林各群丛的多样性指数存在极显著差异(P0.01),各群丛类型的物种多样性指数的顺序为:枝花流苏树-广西牡荆-蚬木群丛齿叶黄皮-黄梨木-蚬木群丛山石榴-广西牡荆-蚬木群丛南方紫金牛-苹婆-中国无忧花群丛垂茉莉-苹婆-广西棋子豆群丛割舌树-闭花木-蚬木群丛米仔兰-闭花木-蚬木群丛对叶榕-苹婆-董棕群丛;Patrick丰富度指数、Shannon多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数在中坡以下(弄岗样地相对海拔76.3 m以下)随相对海拔变化规律符合"中间高度膨胀"理论,即处于该地段中部群丛的多样性高,相对海拔较低和较高的群丛的多样性低;而中坡以上(弄岗样地相对海拔76.3 m以上)多样性随相对海拔增高而增大;群丛各层次多样性与热带山地雨林一致,与亚热带喀斯特常绿阔叶林截然相反,呈现出乔木层亚乔木层灌木层。这些结果表明地形空间异质性导致的水热差异影响着北热带喀斯特季节性雨林物种多样性,相对海拔低、水热条件较好的中、下坡乔木多样性高,相对海拔较高、条件恶劣的中、上坡亚乔木、灌木多样性较高,所以在对喀斯特地区水热条件恶劣的中、上坡地带进行植被恢复时,应更多选择亚乔木、灌木。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.