玻璃肥料肥效试验(报告一)

微量元素(锰、锌、铜、钼、硼等)为植物正常生活所必需。在缺乏微量元素的土壤上栽培农作物产量很低,为了保证丰产必须施用微量肥料(含有微量元素的肥料)。植物体内微量元素的不足,可能由于它们生长的土壤中缺乏这些元素;但往往不是完全缺乏,而是微量元素以不溶解的状态存在,因而这些物质不能为植物所利用。例如土壤中石灰含量     

钙、硼对花生生长、产量和品质的影响

在土壤代换性钙和有效硼含量分别为0.84me/100g和0.163mg/kg的条件下,研究了施钙、施硼及钙、硼配施对花生生长、产量和品质的影响。结果表明,施用钙肥能提高花生的产量和品质;施用硼肥能改善品质,但在产量上却产生负效应;钙、硼配施也能提高产量,但主效应仍然是钙。施用钙硼肥料不但使花生成熟期植株中钙、硼含量提高,而且种植花生后土壤中的钙、硼残留量也明显增加。     

短链聚磷酸磷肥对土壤无机磷转化及铁锰锌有效性的影响

明确聚磷酸形态磷在土壤中的转化及其对土壤磷有效性的影响是聚磷酸类磷肥合理施用的前提.本研究通过盆栽试验比较了施用磷酸一铵和聚磷酸类磷肥对石灰性土壤和酸性红壤有效磷、无机磷转化和土壤微量元素活化的影响,同时研究了不同磷源在油菜上的施用效果.结果表明: 聚磷酸磷肥可显著提高石灰性土壤磷的有效性.与磷酸一铵(MAP)处理相比,聚磷酸处理的土壤水溶性磷和有效磷平均含量分别提高了19.0%和25.4%;对土壤无机磷连续浸提试验表明,Resin-P(树脂磷)和NaHCO₃-P(高活性磷)较MAP处理分别提高了22.8%和43.3%,NaOH-P(中活性磷)较MAP处理提高了33.8%,说明聚磷酸磷肥可显著减少石灰性土壤对磷的固定.在酸性红壤上,施用聚磷酸类磷肥对提高土壤磷的有效性及减少磷的固定效果不明显.聚磷酸磷肥可显著提高石灰性和酸性土壤Fe、Mn、Zn的有效性.与MAP处理相比,聚磷酸肥料处理下石灰性土壤有效Fe、Mn、Zn分别提高了2.1%、16.2%和20.8%,红壤的有效Fe、Mn、Zn含量分别高了6.6%、11.9%和9.2%.聚磷酸磷肥显著提高了石灰性土壤上油菜干物质、吸磷量和磷肥利用率,但在酸性红壤上聚磷酸磷肥处理肥料效应却低于MAP处理.总之,聚磷酸磷肥在提高石灰性土壤中磷的有效性、减少磷的固定、活化Fe、Mn、Zn等微量元素以及改善油菜磷素营养方面均具有显著效果,是在石灰性土壤上能有效替代正磷酸磷肥的新型磷肥.     

长期施肥对红壤旱地作物产量和土壤肥力的影响

历时14年的田间定位试验表明,红壤旱地磷素最为缺乏,施用磷肥对提高作物产量效果最好;施用石灰和微量元素对作物产量没有明显增产作用．施肥可以提高花生植株磷、钾的浓度,表明作物的养分含量受土壤养分供应水平的影响．土壤中赢余(亏损)的养分在养分库重建中的作用可以用速效养分库重建效率来表示．研究表明,当红壤旱地N、P2O5、K2O养分赢余1kg·hm^-2时,可分别使土壤中水解氮、有效磷、交换性钾含量提高0．6～6．26、0．20～0．28和1．1～8．5mg·kg^-1．红壤旱地氮和磷通过径流等损失较大,不同处理之间的变化幅度也较大．红壤每年可固定磷43．5kg·hm^-2,通过自身风化作用每年可提供氮48．1kg·hm^-2和钾40．5kg·hm^-2,以满足作物生长所需．     

硼、镉元素及其交互作用与油菜产量和品质

硼和镉两种元素是影响油菜产量和品质的两个重要因素.硼是植物生长所必需的微量元素,施硼是油菜种植的必需环节;镉是植物生长的非必要元素,易在油菜体内富集,可能通过食物链危害人体健康.本文主要从镉含量与油菜食品安全品质角度考虑,阐述了油菜对镉的积累和耐受机制;同时,概括了前人总结的硼对油菜的产量和品质的影响.最后,结合本人研究区广西地区土壤有效硼含量低,全镉含量高的现状,提出运用硼镉交互作用机理,通过施加适量硼肥,提高油菜的产量和品质,消除土壤镉的潜在危害,从本质上改善该地区土壤存在的低硼高镉现状.     

蔬菜栽培中的微量元素

人们很长时期认为植物的正常发育,除了需要碳、氢、氧和氮之外,还需要磷、钾、钙、镁、硫和铁。现在已经确定土壤里含有的以十万分之几来定量的所谓微量元素,在植物生活中起着很重要的作用。这些微量元素包括硼、锰、铜、锌、钼、砷、碘、钴等等。例如,当缺乏硼这种微量元素时,植物的根和茎就停止生长,并且植物会害重病。正常的供给植物以硼和锰,就能提高它们的收获量,同时对发生在植物体内的基本生理过程——光合作用、蛋白质和醣类的新陈代谢等——发生良好的影响。譬如,我们在“谢格洛沃”(列宁格勒州)集     

不同肥料对稻田红壤碳、氮、磷循环相关酶活性的影响

采用中国科学院千烟洲生态站1998年开始的定位试验数据,研究不同肥料(猪粪、秸秆、化肥)对稻田红壤碳、氮、磷养分及相关酶活性[3-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶(βG)、β-1,4-N-乙酰葡糖氨糖苷酶(NAG)、L-亮氨酸氨基肽酶(LAP)、酸性磷酸酶(AP)]的影响.结果表明:施用猪粪(OM)土壤中的βG、NAG和LAP活性显著高于其他处理,比对照(不施任何肥料)分别高1.4、2.6和1.9倍;土壤C/N提高、βG/(NAG+LAP)降低,说明施用猪粪有利于土壤中纤维素的降解和有机碳的积累.施用化肥提高了土壤中βG、NAG和LAP活性,而AP活性比对照低34％;土壤βG/AP和(NAG+LAP)/AP较高,而C/P和N/P较低,说明施用化肥导致稻田红壤无机磷的积累,抑制了土壤中分解磷酸多糖和磷脂的微生物功能.     

钙、硅对酸雨胁迫下小麦生长和养分吸收的影响

采用盆栽试验方法研究了在模拟酸雨胁迫下施用碳酸钙和硅酸钠对红壤酸化、土壤活性铝和速效养分含量以及小麦生长、养分吸收与积累的影响。结果表明,短期内(2个月)喷施pH3.0的酸雨对红壤酸化有一定的促进作用,但对小麦生长无显着不良影响,反而因酸雨中含有N、S、K等营养元素,可起到一定的促进作用。施用碳酸钙和硅酸钠具有抑制土壤酸化、降低活性铝的作用,但碳酸钙用量应控制在2.0g·kg^-1以下,否则将降低土壤磷的生物有效性,抑制小麦生长。与此相反,硅酸钠的施用则大幅度提高土壤有效磷含量,促进小麦对P的吸收和利用,同时也有利于N、K等元素的利用,从而显着促进作物生长。此外,Si还具有显着提高作物抗麦蚜危害的能力.     

不同肥料对稻田红壤碳、氮、磷循环相关酶活性的影响

采用中国科学院千烟洲生态站1998年开始的定位试验数据,研究不同肥料(猪粪、秸秆、化肥)对稻田红壤碳、氮、磷养分及相关酶活性\[β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶(βG)、β 1,4-N-乙酰葡糖氨糖苷酶(NAG)、L-亮氨酸氨基肽酶(LAP)、酸性磷酸酶(AP)\]的影响.结果表明：施用猪粪(OM)土壤中的βG、NAG和LAP活性显著高于其他处理,比对照(不施任何肥料)分别高1.4、2.6和1.9倍;土壤C/N提高、βG/(NAG+LAP)降低,说明施用猪粪有利于土壤中纤维素的降解和有机碳的积累.施用化肥提高了土壤中βG、NAG和LAP活性,而AP活性比对照低34%;土壤βG/AP和(NAG+LAP)/AP较高,而C/P和N/P较低,说明施用化肥导致稻田红壤无机磷的积累,抑制了土壤中分解磷酸多糖和磷脂的微生物功能.     

福建南亚热带丰产果园土壤微量元素含量的研究

福建南亚热带丰产果园土壤微量元素含量状况,,总体是柑桔园基本良好,龙眼、荔技园尚不平衡。不同树种或园地的某些元素有效含量偏低（锰、硼、铜、钼等）。在土壤ｐＨ３．６０～８．７６时,土壤ｐＨ值与元素有效含量间的相关性,多数符合一般规律,少数不尽一致。本研究初步提出南亚热带地区柑桔、龙眼、荔枝园土壤微量元素有效含量的适宜指标,可供土壤营养诊断之参考。     

Trace element budget in an African savannah ecosystem

The concentration of selected trace elements (Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Se, and Zn) were analysed in soils, grass, bush, and tree samples from the Mole National Park, Ghana. The distribution of the essential nutrients: cobalt, copper, manganese, and selenium is controlled by bedrock geology, whereas iron, molybdenum, and zinc distribution is controlled by soil and hydrological processes. In the soils, iron, manganese, and cobalt are largely fixed in the mineral fraction while most of the copper, molybdenum, and selenium in the soils can be extracted by disodium ethylenediaminetetracetate. Copper, cobalt, and manganese appear to be preferentially concentrated in grass species while molybdenum and selenium are concentrated in browse plants. Variations in uptake exist between wet and dry seasons with all trace elements studied, except iron and manganese, showing a marked increased availability in the wet season and increased concentration in the residual fraction of the mineral and organic soils in the dry season. In the dry season the plant concentration of molybdenum and selenium decreased while copper and zine showed increased concentrations and this may be related to a lower pH of the groundwaters at this time. A budget of metal input and output in the ecosystem at Mole has been computed. From this potential dietary deficiencies in cobalt can be observed, however for other metals soil and plant concentrations are sufficient to prevent straightforward deficiencies while the concentrations of molybdenum and selenium are sufficiently low to be considered safe.     

硒肥对豆科牧草圆叶决明生长和植株养分含量及其固氮能力的影响

通过田间小区试验,研究了施用不同量硒肥对种植于南方红壤的圆叶决明植株生长、牧草品质和根瘤固氮能力的影响.结果表明,1hm²施用硒肥75g(S₁)、150g(S₂)、225g(S₃)、300g(S₄)处理的圆叶决明植株株高、分枝数、根干重和茎叶干重分别比不施硒肥的对照(S₀)处理提高0.3%～6.2%、65.1%～79.5%、155%～252%和23.5%～70.6%,其中以S₂处理最佳.施用4种水平硒肥处理(S₁～S₄)的植株全氮、全磷和全钾吸收量分别比对照(S₀)处理提高21.79%～41.46%、20.74%～34.67%和34.3%～62.4%;而圆叶决明植株粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗纤维和氨基酸含量则分别比对照(S₀)处理提高了21.79%～41.46%、1.4%～89.6%、34.1%～56.6%和6.33%～63.24%,其中以S₂处理对提高圆叶决明植株营养成分含量的效果最为明显.S₄处理的圆叶决明植株体硒含量最高,达0.695mg·kg^-1,比不施硒肥的S₀处理提高了0.658mg·kg^-1.在S₂处理中,圆叶决明的根瘤重、根瘤数和根瘤固氮酶活性均呈现为最大值,分别比对照(S₀)提高了131.7%、114.3%和1417.9%.     

Quantification and Comparison of Soil Elements in the Tibetan Plateau Kaschin-Beck Disease Area

The prevalence rate of Kaschin-Beck disease (KBD) in most parts of China is currently decreasing, but the disease is still active and severe on the Tibetan Plateau. Soil samples including the surface layer (0–20 cm) and the subsurface layer (20–40 cm) in the cultivated and natural soil profiles were collected, and the mechanical composite and total concentration of arsenic, cobalt, copper, iron, mercury, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, and zinc were determined. Concentrations of arsenic, iron, manganese, copper, and selenium in the surface soil were lower than those in the subsurface soil. The same was true of physical clay in the soil profiles. However, there were no significant differences between the different soil layers. The concentrations of selenium, molybdenum, and mercury were somewhat lower compared with the average concentrations of soils in China. Deficiencies of molybdenum and selenium both play a critical role in occurrence of KBD, but whether or not soil mercury at a low level contributes to KBD is still unclear. A correlation analysis of soil elements showed that there is a positive correlation between iron, cobalt, and manganese due to their similar chemical characteristics. Selenium concentrations in soil as well as the physical clay and iron descend with the deterioration of KBD, but mercury concentrations in soil ascend with the aggravation of the disease. The results show that selenium deficiencies greatly influence the disease, and a deficiency of molybdenum is likely another important factor in inducing KBD. Moreover, determining whether low levels of soil mercury contribute to KBD should be investigated in the future.     

Evaluation of sewage sludge, septic waste and sludge compost applications to corn and forage: Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn and B content of crops and soils

This is the second of two papers presenting the data from an experiment on the application of aerobically-digested sewage sludge (AES), anaerobic lagoon septic wastes (ANS), sewage sludge compost and fertilizer to soils for grass forage and feed corn production at two different sites in Nova Scotia. Crop yields, plant tissue and Mehlich-1 extractable soil nutrients were evaluated; 15 elements were analyzed in the plant tissue and 9 elements in the soil extracts. This paper describes the Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn and B content of the crops and the Mehlich-1 extractable content of the soils. The response to the amendments was not consistent at the two sites with the two different crops. We found that the septic sludge (ANS) produced the highest forage Fe, Cu and Zn levels and was equal to compost in elevating corn stover and forage S and the forage B content. The compost produced the highest forage Ca and corn Zn, the AES produced the highest corn Mn, and fertilizer produced the highest forage Mn. None of the amendments produced excessive levels of the above nutrients; rather, the amendments improved the feed quality of the forage and corn stover. Lastly, it was noted that the Mehlich-1 extract only had a significantly positive correlation with forage Cu content.     

Enhancement of trace-element content of cabbages grown in urban areas

Summary Significantly higher contents of boron, molybdenum and zinc were observed in cabbages in urban than in rural areas. The levels of extractable boron, copper, lead, nickel and zinc were markedly enhanced in the urban soils but there was no corresponding enhancement of the levels of copper, lead and nickel in the cabbages.     

Effect of farmyard manure on the trace element content of soils and of plants grown thereon

Farmyard manure, added to six soils at intervals over a two-year period until the equivalent of 240 tons of fresh manure per acre had been applied, significantly increased pH values, organic matter and nitrogen contents, water-soluble boron levels and total amounts of copper, zinc and molybdenum. The uptake of boron and manganese by ladino clover was less, and that of molybdenum was greater, on the manured than on the unmanured soils. It is suggested that the influence of manure on trace-element availability may be an indirect one, due to its effect on soil reaction rather than to any increased amount of these elements that may be added in the manure.Contribution No. 377, Chemistry Division, Science Service.     

叶面喷施微肥对川白芷主要有效成分含量的影响

在川白芷生长旺盛期叶面喷施锌、硼、钼,研究微量元素锌、硼、钼配合喷施对川白芷主要有效成分含量的影响以及最适宜的喷施量.结果表明: 叶面喷施锌、硼、钼有利于川白芷欧前胡素和总香豆素含量的提高,对异欧前胡素含量的影响不显著;硼对欧前胡素和总香豆素含量的积累影响最大,锌次之,钼最小;硼和钼互作对欧前胡素含量有拮抗效应,锌和硼互作对总香豆素含量有协同效应;施锌0.15～0.24 kg·hm^-2、硼2.02～2.36 kg·hm^-2、钼0.08～0.13 kg·hm^-2时,川白芷总香豆素含量≥0.7%;施锌0.15～0.20 kg·hm^-2、硼1.37～1.47 kg·hm^-2、钼0.09～0.13 kg·hm^-2时,欧前胡素含量≥0.2%.叶面喷施锌、硼、钼有利于川白芷中香豆素类成分的积累和品质的提高.     

A Preliminary and Qualitative Metallomics Study of Mercury in the Muscle of Fish from Amazonas, Brazil

In this study, we report the effect of zinc supplementation on the distribution of elements in kidney tissue of diabetic rats subjected to acute swimming exercise. Diabetes was induced by two subcutaneous injections of 40 mg/kg of streptozotocin within a 24-h period. Zinc was given intraperitoneally at a dose of 6 mg/kg per day for a period of 4 weeks. The rats (n = 80) were equally divided into eight study groups: controls, zinc-supplemented, swimming, diabetic, zinc-supplemented diabetic, zinc-supplemented swimming, diabetic swimming, and zinc-supplemented diabetic swimming. The levels of lead, cobalt, molybdenum, chromium, boron, magnesium, iron, copper, calcium, zinc, and selenium were determined in the kidney tissue samples by ICP-AES. Higher molybdenum, calcium, zinc, and selenium values were found in both swimming and nonswimming diabetic rats. Significantly higher iron values were found in swimming, diabetic, diabetic swimming, and zinc-supplemented diabetic swimming rats (p < 0.001). Diabetic, zinc-supplemented diabetic, diabetic swimming, and zinc-supplemented diabetic swimming rats had the highest copper values. These results show that zinc supplementation normalized the higher levels of molybdenum, calcium, selenium, and iron levels seen in diabetic rats, indicating that zinc may have a regulatory effect on element metabolism in kidney tissue.     

Some adverse effects of soil amendment with organic Materials—The case of soils polluted by copper industry phytostabilized with red fescue

The study was aimed to examine the effects of soil amendment with organic waste materials on the growth of red fescue and the uptake of Cu and Zn by this grass, in view of its potential usage for phytostabilization of Cu-polluted soils. Five soils, containing 301–5180 mg/kg Cu, were collected from the surroundings of copper smelter Legnica, and amended with lignite (LG) and limed sewage sludge (SS). Plant growth and the concentrations of Cu and Zn in the shoots and roots of grass were measured in a pot experiment and related to the results of Pytotoxkit and Microtox® tests performed on soil solution. The effects of soil amendment with LG and SS differed greatly, and depended on soil properties. In some cases, the application of alkaline SS resulted in dramatic increase of Cu phytotoxicity and its enhanced uptake by plants, while application of LG to slightly acidic soil caused increased accumulation of Zn in plants, particularly in their roots. The study confirmed good suitability of red fescue for phytostabilization of Cu-contaminated soils except for those extremely polluted. Organic amendments to be used for metal immobilization should be thoroughly examined prior to application.     

Modelling ungulate dependence on higher quality forage under large trees in African savannahs

In African savannahs, large trees improve grass quality, particularly in dry and nutrient poor areas. Enhanced below-canopy grass nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus contents should therefore attract and benefit grazers. To predict whether ungulates really need these forage quality islands we focused on four grazer species, i.e., zebra, buffalo, wildebeest, and warthog, differing in body size and digestive system. We confronted literature estimations of their feeding requirements with forage availability and quality, observed in three South African savannah systems, through linear modelling. The model predicted the proportion of below-canopy grass that grazers should include in their diet to meet their nutritional requirements.During the wet season, the model predicted that all animals could satisfy their daily nutrient requirements when feeding on a combination of below- and outside-canopy grasses. However, wildebeest, having relatively high nutrient demands, could meet their nutrient requirements only by feeding almost exclusively below canopies.During the dry season, all animals could gain almost twice as much digestible protein when feeding on below – compared to outside-canopy forage. Nonetheless, only warthogs could satisfy their nutrient requirements – when feeding almost exclusively on below-canopy grasses. The other ungulate species could not meet their phosphorus demands by feeding at either site without exceeding their maximum fibre intake, indicating the unfavourable conditions during the dry season.We conclude that grazing ungulates, particularly warthog, zebra, and buffalo, actually depend on the available below-canopy grass resources. Our model therefore helps to quantify the importance of higher quality forage patches beneath savannah trees. The composition of grazer communities depending on below-canopy grasses can be anticipated if grazer food requirements and the abundance of large trees in savannahs are known. The model suggests that the conservation of large single-standing trees in savannahs is crucial for maintenance of locally grazing herbivores.