中国的恋岩花属(爵床科)植物

恋岩花属 Echinacanthus Nees Nees in Wall.Pl.As.Rar.3:75,90.1832 et in DC.,Prodr.11:168. 1847;Benth.in Benth.＆ Hook.f.Gen.Pl.2(1—2):1064,1080.1865; C.B.Clarke in Hook.f.Fl.Brit.Ind.4:414.1884;Lindau in Engler, Bot.Jahrb.18:60,63,Taf.I,fig,14,1894 et in Engler u.Prantl,Nat. Pflanzenf.Ⅳ.3B:301.1895. 花两性;萼5深裂几及基部,裂片等大;花冠紫色,很少黄色,冠管圆筒状,喉部扩大呈钟形,冠檐近辐射对称,5裂,裂片近等大,旋转状排列;雄蕊4,二强,花丝     

海南鱼骨木属一新变种

小乔木,高8-11米,胸径14-22厘米,小枝具梭;叶革质,倒卵形或倒卵状椭圆形,长3.3-9.0厘米,宽2.6-5.0厘米,先端凸尖,基部阔楔形至楔形,甚下延,全缘,两面无毛,有光泽,侧脉通常每面4-5对,网状小脉不明显,叶柄甚短,托叶卵状披针形或狭长三角形,长约5毫米,花簇生干叶腋间,每束具花4-6朵,具总花梗,小花柄长6-8毫米,无毛,萼管倒圆锥形,长2.5毫米,顶端5-6裂,花冠白花,冠管圆筒形,长约2毫米,喉部被小柔毛,顶端5-6裂,裂片近长圆形,与冠管等长,花丝短,花药长圆形或线形,长约2毫米,子房2室,每室具胚珠1颗,花住突出,长6-7毫米,柱头粗厚,常2裂或微缺,核果近球形或椭圆形,长6-8毫米,直径5-7毫米,内有种子2 粒花期5-6月。     

中国蒿属植物新资料(一)

本种外形近似于大籽蒿A.sieversiana Ehrhard. ex willd.,但本种植株高大、粗壮;茎中部叶大,长10-2厘米,宽6-8厘米,三-二回羽状全裂,裂片规整,每侧具裂片3-4枚,裂片长圆形或椭圆形,每裂片具3-4枚小裂片,常有小裂齿;头状花序大,半球形或近球形,直径5-7毫米,花序托无托毛。     

中国车前属（车前科）一新组合——丰都车前

将Plantago erosa Wall. var. fengdouensis Z. E. Zhao & Y. Wang提升为一独立的种,即丰都车前P. fengdouensis (Z. E. Zhao & Y. Wang) Y. Wang & Z. Y. Li。该种由于花冠无毛,花丝着生于花冠近基部,子叶在种子中与腹面（种脐面）相平行,应属于车前亚属subgen. Plantago。丰都车前P. fengdouensis以植株干后变黑和种子较大的特征接近湿生车前P. cornuti Gouan,但其叶具牙齿或羽状锐裂,具3脉,苞片三角状卵形,花冠裂片狭三角形,蒴果纺锤状椭圆球形,近中部周裂,种子腹侧具1纵槽而不同于后者。     

里普草属—中国茜草科一新纪录属

里普草属——Leptunis Stev。一年生草本植物。茎细弱,常茎中部分枝,枝细线状,圆柱形,无毛。叶轮生,全缘,无托叶,线状。花两性,辐射对称,花冠管状;无花萼;雄蕊4枚;子房二室;柱头二裂,柱头裂片球形;果为小坚果,常双生。     

中国的球盖菇科(四)裸盖菇属

通过观察吉林农业大学菌物研究所标本馆(HMJAU)、中国科学院微生物研究所菌物标本馆(HMAS)、广东省微生物研究所标本馆(HMIGD)及作者野外采集的共37份标本的宏观及微观形态结构,对中国裸盖菇属[Psilocybe(Fr.)Kumm.]进行了分类学研究,对已知的10个种进行了形态学描述,并编写了分种检索表。报道了采自内蒙古的1个新种:蒙古裸盖菇(Psilocybe mongolica Sarentoya et Tolgor);3个中国新记录种:鳞柄裸盖菇(Psilocybe baeocystis Singer & Smith)、拟变蓝裸盖菇(Psilocybe wayanadensis K.A.Thomas,Manim & Guzmán)、越南裸盖菇(Psilocybe yungensis Singer & Smith);4个省级新记录种:内蒙古新记录种喜粪生裸盖菇[Psilocybe coprophila(Bull.ex Fr.)Kumm.]、广东省新记录种古巴裸盖菇[Psilocybe cubensis(Earle)Sing.]、广西省新记录种黄裸盖菇(Psilocybe fasciata Hongo)和西藏新记录种毒裸盖菇[Psilocybe venenata(Imai)Imazeki & Hongo]。     

宁夏枸杞属（茄科）一新种和一新变种

描述了宁夏茄科枸杞属一新种小叶黄果枸杞和一新变种密枝枸杞。小叶黄果枸杞与宁夏枸杞相接近,但前者枝条成"之"字形曲折,叶片较小,条形、条状披针形、条状倒披针形或狭椭圆形,花1～2朵与叶一起簇生于短枝顶端,花萼杯状或筒状,常2浅裂,裂片边缘无毛;花冠筒部与冠檐近等长,雄蕊着生于花冠筒的喉部,花丝连同花冠无毛或在基部仅被稀疏短柔毛,浆果扁球形或椭圆球形,常为淡黄色,近透明,长6～10mm,直径6～8mm,种子5～8枚而与后者明显不同。在外部形态上,小叶黄果枸杞与新疆枸杞和土库曼枸杞也比较接近,但新疆枸杞和土库曼枸杞的枝条不成"之"字形曲折,花常2～3朵或更多与叶一起簇生于短枝顶端,花冠筒部长约为檐部裂片长的2倍,雄蕊着生于花冠筒的近中部,浆果红色。尤其是土库曼枸杞的花萼为宽钟形,常4～5裂,花冠裂片边缘有短而稀疏的缘毛而明显有异于小叶黄果枸杞。宁夏枸杞的变种密枝枸杞与原变种的区别在于前者植株分枝多而密,叶片小,狭长椭圆形、倒披针形或匙形,长1～1.8cm,宽1.5～2.5mm;雄蕊着生于花冠喉部,长短不等,其中两枚较短,其余3枚较长,花丝连同花冠无毛或在基部仅被稀疏短柔毛;浆果卵球形或椭圆形,长5～8mm,直径3～6mm,淡紫色,近透明,多汁,味甜,种子2～4粒。     

三尖杉属属名和三尖杉名称的引证错误与订正

三尖杉属(Cephalotaxus Sieb.& Zucc.)属名和三尖杉(Cephalotaxus fortunei Hook.)种名名称在文献引证时存在混乱和错误.三尖杉属属名被引证为“Cephalotaxus Sieb.& Zucc.——Gen.Pl.Suppl.2:27.1842.”和“Cephalotaxus Sieb.& Zucc.ex Endl.——Gen.Pl.Suppl.2:27.1842.”两种形式.而三尖杉的名称被引证为4种形式:①Cephalotaxus fortunei Hook.;②Cephalotaxus fortunii Hook.;③Cephalotaxus fortuni Hook.和④Cephalotaxus fortunei Hook.f..为保持分类群名称的唯一性和稳定性,经原始文献考证,以及按照国际植物命名法规(Vienna Code,2006)的有关规定,确认三尖杉属属名和三尖杉种名名称的正确引证形式应分别是:“Cephalotaxus Sieb.& Zucc.——Fl.Jap.Ⅱ.66.1870.”和“Cephalotaxus fortunei Hook.——Curtis,s Bot.Mag.76:t.4499.1850.‘fortuni’”.     

国产白珠树属植物分类的初步研究

白珠树属(Gaultheria Kalrn ex Linn.),全世界约100种以上。分布于太平洋周围,西达喜马拉雅西坡至印度南部,2种在北美,8种在巴西东部,日本2种,东南亚有22种。我国产24种,其中有3新种,长江以南各省皆有,但主产于云南西北部、四川西部和西藏东南部。 本属植物花药具2—4芒或钝头,蒴果室背开裂,由于有白色宿存萼包被而呈浆果状,易与科内其他属区别。     

湖北无心菜属(石竹科)一新种——神农架无心菜

描述了湖北省神农架地区发现的石竹科一新种——神农架无心菜Arenaria shennongjiaensis Z. E. Zhao &; Z. H. Shen,并绘出了线图。该种与秦岭无心菜A. giraldii (Diels) Mattf.相近,为柔弱草本,具纺锤形块根,花瓣顶端齿裂;不同之处在于其茎有1列腺毛,花瓣顶端具4齿裂,裂片又2浅裂。     

Right atrial predominance of atrial natriuretic peptide secretion in isolated perfused rat atria.

In order to investigate the regulatory mechanism for the atrial release of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), a perfused rabbit atrial model was devised. In the present experiments, the effect of a reduction in atrial distension on the immunoreactive ANP (irANP) secretion was investigated and compared in the perfused right and left atria of rats. Elevations in right and left atrial pressure resulted in proportional increases in the volume of atrial distension-reduction which was larger in the right than in the left atria. The basal rate of irANP secretion was higher in the right than in the left atria. Increases in the volume of atrial distension-reduction resulted in proportional increases in irANP secretion in both atria. Increment in irANP secretion in response to a reduction in atrial distension was significantly higher in the right than in the left atria. Higher rate of irANP secretion in response to unit volume change was observed in the right atria. Increases in the volume of atrial distension-reduction resulted in accentuated irANP responses in the right atrium. IrANP content was significantly higher in the right than in the left atria. The results suggest that the right atrium is a predominant site in ANP secretion in rats.     

Experimental and epidemiological estimation of seasonal and climato-geographical features of non-specific resistance of the organism to influenza

One and the same series of live influenza vaccine from the strains B/Dushanbe/66 and B/Leningrad/67 or A2/Moscow/21/65 administered intranasally to non-immune persons in Leningrad and 'krasnodar in winter caused an increase in body temperature in 6.7-8% of vaccinated subjects, but in summer in 0.8%. In the transitional seasons of the year (in May and in October), 6.3-16.8% of reactions were observed in Murmansk and 0.1% in Krasnodar. An increase in antibodies in the vaccinated in Leningrad and Arkhangelsk in winter was observed 1.5 times more frequently than in summer. In Krasnodar, seroconversion occurred in only 5.7% in May and october, but in 31.3% in January; in Murmansk in 41.2-48% in May and in 75.6-78.8% in October. The seasonal as well as latitudinal and climatic differences in reactogenicity and antigenic activity of the vaccine can be explained by seasonal oscillations in non-specific resistance of people of influenza viruses. The importance of this factor in the mechanism of seasonal occurrence of influenza is discussed.     

Intercellular communication in in vivo- and in vitro-produced bovine embryos.

In vivo bovine embryos were obtained by nonsurgical flushing of uterine horns of cows submitted to superovulatory treatment, while in vitro embryos were generated from oocytes collected from slaughtered donors. Lucifer Yellow injected into single blastomeres did not diffuse into neighboring cells until the morula stage in in vivo embryos and the blastocyst stage in in vitro embryos. In both cases diffusion was limited to a few cells. In contrast, diffusion was extensive in microsurgically isolated inner cell mass (ICM) but absent in the trophectoderm (TE). At the blastocyst stage, diffusion was always more extensive in in vivo than in in vitro embryos. Ultrastructural analyses confirmed these functional observations, and gap junction-like structures were observed at the blastocyst stage. These structures were diffuse in the ICM of in vivo embryos, scarce in the ICM of in vitro embryos and in the TE of in vivo embryos, and not observed in the TE of in vitro embryos. Blastomeres at all stages of development from the 2-cell stage to the blastocyst stage in in vitro embryos and at the morula and blastocyst stage in in vivo embryos were electrically coupled, and the junctional conductance (Gj) decreased in in vitro embryos from 4.18 +/- 1.70 nS (2-cell stage) to 0.37 +/- 0.12 nS (blastocyst stage). At each developmental stage, in vivo embryos showed a significantly (P < 0. 05) higher Gj than in vitro-produced embryos. Moreover, a significantly (P < 0.01) higher Gj was found in isolated ICM than in the respective blastocyst in both in vivo- and in vitro-produced embryos (3.5 +/- 1.4 vs. 0.7 +/- 0.3 and 2.6 +/- 1.6 vs. 0.37 +/- 0. 12 nS, respectively). The electrical coupling in absence of dye coupling in the early bovine embryo agrees with observations for embryos from other phyla. The late and reduced expression of intercellular communicative devices in in vitro-produced embryos may be one of the factors explaining their developmental low efficiency.     

Production of tumor necrosis factor in cells of hibernating ground squirrels Citellus undulatus during annual cycle

TNF production has been studied in peritoneal macrophages and splenic T cells of Arctic Yakutian ground squirrel (Citellus Undulatus Pallas) in hibernating and awake animals in winter and in prehibernating autumn as well as in active euthermic spring-summer animals. A high level of TNF production in macrophages of ground squirrel is observed over the active period and during arousals in winter. There are no significant season variations in TNF production in splenic T lymphocytes of ground squirrels. This suggests the major role of activated macrophages in the arousals of hibernating animals. T lymphocyte proliferation in ground squirrels in the active period is higher than in winter, and the most significant seasonal variations are found in T cell mitogenic response, which increases in spring-summer period. Evidence is presented that functional activity of macrophages of squirrel in autumn has much in common with that in winter rather than in spring-summer period.     

Effects of brief starvation on brain protease activity

Changes in the activity of proteases (cathepsin D and calpains) caused by 48-h food withdrawal were studied in the brain, liver, kidney, spleen, and heart of 3-, 12-, and 24-month-old Fischer rats. Cathepsin D activity was similar in brain, liver, and heart of control animals; in kidney it was 5-fold higher and in spleen about 10-fold higher. With age, activity increased in all organs tested except spleen. Brief starvation caused no change of cathepsin D activity in brain, but caused an increase in liver and a decrease in spleen. Neutral proteolytic activity in control was highest in the pons-medulla-cerebellum fraction of brain, and activity in liver and heart was below that in brain. Activity increased with age in brain and decreased in other organs. Brief starvation in young animals caused an increase in activity in brain, and a decrease in liver and spleen. Isolated calpain II activity was high in control brain. It increased with age in the cerebrum. Brief starvation resulted in a decrease in the brain. The results indicate that the protease content of the brain is altered with age and in malnutrition, with changes not being the same for all proteases, and changes in brain being different from those in other organs.Special issue dedicated to Dr. Louis Sokoloff.     

Circadian rhythms in catecholamine metabolites and cyclic nucleotide production

Circadian rhythms in noradrenergic (NE) and dopaminergic (DA) metabolites and in cyclic nucleotide production were measured in discrete regions of rat brain. A circadian rhythm was found in the concentration of the NE metabolite, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG), in the hippocampus. No MHPG rhythm was found in frontal, cingulate, parietal, piriform, insular or temporal cortex, or in hypothalamus. Circadian rhythms in the concentration of the NE metabolite, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol (DHPG), occurred in occipital and parietal cortex and hypothalamus, with no rhythm observable in temporal or insular cortex, hippocampus, pons-medulla or cerebellum. The 24-hr mean concentration of MHPG varied 3.5-fold, highest in cingulate and lowest in parietal, temporal and occipital cortex. The 24-hr mean concentration of DHPG varied 6-fold, highest in hypothalamus and lowest in parietal cortex. Circadian rhythms in the concentration of the DA metabolite, homovanillic acid (HVA), were found in olfactory tubercle, amygdala and caudate-putamen, but not in nucleus accumbens. A circadian rhythm in the concentration of the DA metabolite, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), occurred in nucleus accumbens, but not in olfactory tubercle or caudate-putamen. The mean 24-hr concentration of HVA was highest in caudate-putamen, intermediate in nucleus accumbens, and lowest in olfactory tubercle and amygdala. The mean 24-hr concentration of DOPAC was highest in nucleus accumbens and lower in olfactory tubercle and caudate-putamen. Circadian rhythms were found in the concentration of cyclic GMP (cGMP) in all regions measured except parietal cortex. The mean 24-hr concentration varied 128-fold, highest in nucleus accumbens, frontal poles, and hypothalamus and lowest in cingulate cortex. Circadian rhythms in cyclic AMP (cAMP) concentration were found in piriform, temporal, occipital, cingulate, and parietal cortex, amygdala and nucleus accumbens. No rhythms were found in frontal or insular cortex, hypothalamus, hippocampus, caudate-putamen or olfactory tubercle. The 24-hr mean cAMP concentration varied 4-fold, highest in parietal cortex and lowest in caudate-putamen and amygdala. Norepinephrine metabolites and dopamine metabolites were rhythmic in few regions. It is, therefore, unlikely that the rhythmicity measured in adrenergic receptors is, in general, a response to rhythmic changes in adrenergic transmitter release. The putative second messenger response systems, especially cGMP, were more often rhythmic. The rhythms in cGMP are parallel in form and region to those in the alpha 1-adrenergic receptor and may act as 2nd messenger for that receptor.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

Hypothalamic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) and LH secretion in aging female rats

Age-related changes in hypothalamic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion were studied in young (6 months), middle-aged (12 months) and old (18 months) female rats. The LHRH levels in the mid-hypothalamic area were higher in intact middle-aged and old females than in young ones. Additionally, there was no age difference in the hypothalamic LHRH levels in male rats. In order to clarify the significance of this age-related increase in female rats, we examined the effects of progesterone treatment in estrogen-primed ovariectomized young and old rats on the LHRH levels in the median eminence (ME) and on plasma LH levels. We found phasic changes in ME-LHRH and plasma LH levels in estrogen-primed rats following progesterone treatment in rats of both ages, but the progesterone-induced change in ME-LHRH levels tended to be delayed in old rats compared with young females. This delay may correspond to the delayed onset, slow and low magnitude of plasma LH increase in old females. The ME-LHRH levels were generally higher in old rats than in young rats. Nevertheless, we found that the increase in plasma LH in response to progesterone treatment in estrogen-primed ovariectomized females was smaller in old rats than young rats. These results suggest that the LHRH secretory mechanism changes with age in female rats. Such alterations may result in the accumulation of LHRH in the mid-hypothalamic area and an increase in ME-LHRH.     

Effects of sex factors and hemispheric localization on the involvement of serotonin from the frontal cortex, striatum, and nucleus accumbens into the processing of novel and repeatedly presented information in rats

The effects of novel or relevant (a single exposure to experimental chamber) and irrelevant (20 exposures to experimental chamber) stimuli on the levels of serotonin (5-HT) and its metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in the frontal cortex, striatum, and nucleus accumbens in the left and right hemispheres were studied in male and female rats. It was found that 5-HT and 5-HIAA contents in the frontal cortex changed in response to neither relevant nor irrelevant stimuli. However, there were hemispheric difference in 5-HT and 5-HIAA in the frontal cortex of intact animals. The level of 5-HT in males and the level of 5-HIAA in females were higher in the left frontal cortex. In females, the level of 5-HIAA in the left striatum decreased in response to the novel stimulus. Sex differences in: a) 5-HT metabolism (increase in the level of 5-HIAA in males and increase in 5-HT in females) and b) lateralization (the striatal 5-HT metabolism in males changed bilaterally and only in the left hemisphere in females) were observed in reactions to irrelevant stimuli. Both in male and female rats, serotonin content in the nucleus accumbens changed only in response to the irrelevant stimuli. The 5-HT level increased in the left and right hemispheres independently of sex, but hemispheric difference was revealed only in females, in which the serotonin level was higher in the left nucleus accumbens. It is concluded that serotonergic neurotransmitter mechanisms are involved in hemispheric and sex differences in selective attention.     

Seasonal characteristics of the functioning of the hypophysis-gonad system in the suslik Citellus parryi

In experiments on the arctic ground squirrel C. parryi, studies have been made on seasonal changes in the weight of testes, follicular diameter in the ovaries and the content of sex and gonadotropic hormones in the peripheral blood. Testicular involution and arrest of follicular development were observed in prehibernation period. During hibernation, follicular growth and the increase in the weight of testes take place. The level of LH decreases during hibernation. In sleeping animals, its level is higher as compared to that in active animals during short periods of arousal. The increase in LH level takes place both in males and females in April. FSH can not be detected in males during the first half of hibernation, appearing in the peripheral blood only in March and April. In females, FSH was found in the blood in October, being absent from November to January; beginning from February, it may be found both in sleeping and active animals. Testosterone was found in hibernating males and females, its level significantly increased in March in males, being approximately constant in hibernating females. Estradiol secretion was noted in hibernating females, whereas progesterone was found in the blood only in May.     

Dark Leaf Respiration in Light and Darkness of an Evergreen and a Deciduous Plant Species

Dark respiration in light as well as in dark was estimated for attached leaves of an evergreen (Heteromeles arbutifolia Ait.) and a deciduous (Lepechinia fragans Greene) shrub species using an open gas-exchange system. Dark respiration in light was estimated by the Laisk method. Respiration rates in the dark were always higher than in the light, indicating that light inhibited respiration in both species. The rates of respiration in the dark were higher in the leaves of the deciduous species than in the evergreen species. However, there were no significant differences in respiration rates in light between the species. Thus, the degree of inhibition of respiration by light was greater in the deciduous species (62%) than in the evergreen species (51%). Respiration in both the light and darkness decreased with increasing leaf age. However, because respiration in the light decreased faster with leaf age than respiration in darkness, the degree of inhibition of respiration by light increased with leaf age (from 36% in the youngest leaves to 81% in the mature leaves). This suggests that the rate of dark respiration in the light is related to the rate of biosynthetic processes. Dark respiration in the light decreased with increasing light intensity. Respiration both in the light and in the dark was dependent on leaf temperature. We concluded that respiration in light and respiration in darkness are tightly coupled, with variation in respiration in darkness accounting for more than 60% of the variation in respiration in light. Care must be taken when the relation between respiration in light and respiration in darkness is studied, because the relation varies with species, leaf age, and light intensity.