太行山草地建群种远东羊茅地上生物量动态的研究

 远东羊茅地上生物量在10.80—979.30gFW／m2或5.00—351.33gDW／m2之间变动,峰期值在902.87—1092.15gFW／m2或331.45—370.53gDW／m2之间变动。地上生物量的季节生长曲线呈单峰型,峰值期出现在7月份。地上生物量的增长与生长高度的增长和投影盖度的扩大呈正直线相关(R=0.8929和R=0.9066)。地上生物量和生长高度的最高生长速率出现于同期,而两者的相对生长速率最高值则出现在生物量峰值期之前。在生长季节期间,降雨量的多少是影响地上生物量变化的主要生态因子,两者的直线回归方程为y=6.2596+1.4089x(R=0.9250)。     

珍稀濒危保护植物蒙古扁桃的生长特性研究

通过连续9 a定株观测方法,研究了蒙古扁桃物候期对应气候因子指标、年株高变化、地径生长、冠幅变化及根系变化规律,结果表明:物候期与气温、地表温度、地温(15 cm)、空气湿度和水汽压等因子关系密切,而与蒸腾量和日照时数关系较疏;年株高变化符合直线方程:y=18.91 8x-0.780 6(R2=0.991 5);年地径变化符合直线方程:y=0.275 6x 0.348 6(R2=0.999 2);年冠幅变化符合指数方程:y=50.371e0.2527x(R2=0.989 9);根系纵向和横向生长趋势分别符合指数函数方程:y=12.914e0.7358x(R2=0.971 5)和y=17.126e0.6918x(R2=0.965 4),但纵向生长落后于横向生长,即侧根生长优于主根。     

木兰科树种幼树生长特性的研究

 本文应用定性和定量分析相结合的研究方法,对南京地区引种的13种木兰科树种进行了生长特性的分析和比较。1．主成分(PCA)排序出的速生树种,幼林年平均生长量大于对照树种广玉兰,一年中有两次生长高峰,速生点多数在梅雨季节。 ．2．木兰科树种的季节生长规律符合logistic模型。通过对模型求导或参数求解,能够分别揭示出各树种的速生点、速生期和速生长量等信息,从而为树木生长发育规律的进一步认识及利用提供了理论依据。3．树木速生时间和最大生长速度的乘积与树木的生长量之间存在着极显著的线性相关关系。     

切花月季花枝生长规律及GA3对其生长的影响

用Logistic方程［y=K/(1+eA+Bt)］来表示切花月季花枝生长量与生长时间的关系,并得出花枝生长最快的时期是现蕾期。以100 mg/L GA3溶液喷施生长期花枝,可改变其原有生长规律,快速生长期延长,生长速度明显加快,从而使其长度比对照增加22.5%～63.1%,其中以现蕾时处理效果最优。     

海北高寒草甸金露梅灌丛根田鼠种群生产力的研究 Ⅱ.种群生产量

本文探讨了青海海北高寒草甸生态系统中根田鼠种群的生产力。野外工作采用标志重捕法(CMR),利用个体周转率(θN)、繁殖—生长生产量(P=P_r+P_g)和生长—存活曲线估算了两块样地上根田鼠种群1980—1982年3年间的生产量。根田鼠种群生产量的年间动态和重要的生态效应有:3种方法算得的各年生产量与个体日、平均密度及新生个体数成正比例;比值P_g/p与生态寿命、密度等有关;可捕年龄前动物的生产量在总量中所占比例很大(达81％);繁殖生产量P_r的季节动态表观为5月低、6月高、7月下降的倒"V"字型。     

养殖美洲鲥的生长特性

通过对各周年生长阶段的养殖美洲鲥(Alosa sapidissima)体长、体重的测量与分析,研究了工厂化养殖美洲鲥的周年生长特性。养殖美洲鲥雌雄鱼的体长与体重关系均呈幂函数增长相关,其方程分别为,雌:W=0.8062×10~(-5) L~(3.1113)(n=122,R~2=0.997 5,P0.01);雄:W=1.0047×10~(-5) L~(3.0574)(n=125,R~2=0.997 5,P0.01),b均接近于3,呈等速生长;雌雄鱼生长均可分快速生长期(0~+龄)、稳定生长期(1~+龄)、生长衰老期(2~+龄)三个时期,雌鱼生长快于雄鱼。拟合出von Bertallanffy生长方程,雌:Lt=467.92(1﹣e~(-0.5748(t+0.1710))),Wt=1637.72(1﹣e~(-0.5748(t+0.1710)))~(3.1113);雄:Lt=389.21(1﹣e~(-0.7374(t+0.1975))),Wt=834.08(1﹣e~(-0.7374(t+0.7189)))~(3.0574)。雌雄鱼体重生长拐点分别位于1.517 8 a和1.224 7 a,属性成熟拐点,拐点前生长较快;拐点后,特别是性成熟后(2龄),2~+龄鱼的生长速度明显降低;同时,2龄鱼繁殖季节过后会出现大量死亡。建议商业化工厂化养殖美洲鲥以2龄前上市为宜。     

呼伦贝尔地区贝加尔针茅草甸草原土壤CO_2排放特征

采用Li-8150多通道土壤碳通量自动观测系统,于2009年6月—2010年6月对呼伦贝尔地区贝加尔针茅草甸草原土壤呼吸进行连续野外观测,分析该地区土壤CO2通量排放特征.结果表明:生长季内贝加尔针茅草甸草原土壤呼吸日动态呈单峰曲线,最高值出现在13:00—15:00,最低值出现在5:00—6:00,土壤呼吸呈明显的季节变化,与土壤温度和土壤含水量季节动态相吻合.土壤呼吸与各层土壤温度和土壤含水量关系可以用线性模型和指数-乘幂模型来表示;土壤呼吸与各层土壤温度呈显著的指数回归关系,Q10变化范围分别为1.68~2.14和3.03~3.60,非生长季土壤温度对土壤呼吸的影响更为显著;生长季内土壤呼吸与10 cm土壤含水量呈显著正相关.2009和2010年土壤CO2年排放量分别为488.47和507.20 g C·m-2·a-1,生长季排放量约占年排放量的90%.     

珠江水系倒刺鲃生长的初步研究

对采集于珠江水系西江及北江流域的倒刺(Spinibarbus denticulatus denticulatus)样本进行了年龄鉴定和性腺组织学观察,并对鳞长、卵径等进行了测定。结果表明,倒刺鳞片的年轮特征为疏密切割型,新年轮出现时期主要在4~6月。体长和体重呈幂函数关系,西江和北江可分别用公式WX=2.498 4×10-2L2.999 6(r=0.956 1)和WB=1.373 3×10-2L2.815 9(r=0.925 3)表示。根据生长阶段分析,雌性倒刺的性成熟年龄为5龄,5龄以前为幼鱼生长阶段,5~10龄为成鱼生长阶段。雄性倒刺的性成熟年龄为3龄。3龄以前为幼鱼生长阶段,3龄以上为成鱼生长阶段。倒刺的繁殖季节为4~6月份。     

苏铁的引种栽培与生长状况调查

厦门园林植物园自20世纪60年代开始开展苏铁的迁地保育工作,对园内引种苏铁的栽培现状、生物学特性以及生长状况的调查表明,厦门园林植物园引种种植的苏铁长势良好,花期为5~6月,种子10~11月成熟;植株生长缓慢,干高年均生长量3.026cm,地径年均生长量0.726cm。     

火烧伤害对兴安落叶松树干径向生长的影响

在大兴安岭塔河林业局瓦拉干林场22支线截取3个兴安落叶松(Larix gmelinii)火疤圆盘,预处理和交叉定年后,测定垂直年轮(径向)和沿年轮(横向)方向2次火烧间的年轮宽度变化.通过生长趋势拟合、火烧后生长面积与正常(理论)生长面积比较,分析火烧伤害对兴安落叶松树干生长的影响.结果表明:火烧后横向年轮生长呈现出窄—宽—正常的趋势,这种趋势可以用3次曲线来拟合,即y=0.01x3-0.14x2+ 0.85x+ 0.56(DF=3,F=227.7,P＜0.0001,y为平均年轮宽度,x为偏离火烧点距离).在本文分析的3个圆盘中,火烧后的横向生长释放都出现在距火烧部位1/3范围内.火烧后径向上年轮宽度变化规律也较为明显,即在火灾后的几年时间内,年轮宽度值较火灾前都呈增加趋势.火烧后3个圆盘的径向生长释放持续时间分别为14、5a和11a.通过面积计算整体来看,火烧导致圆盘1较正常情况下损失了67.2％,圆盘2比正常情况下增加了6.6％,圆盘3增加了13.7％.上述分析表明,火烧导致的径向生长损失,可以较好地由横向和径向生长释放予以补偿,但是具体补偿多少因烧伤程度不同而有差异.火烧可直接改变树干径向生长变化,同时,这种变化也受其他因素影响,例如像树龄、树种特性、火灾间隔期等因素,这些因素的差异就可能导致补偿程度的不同.     

Ecophysiology of Species with Distinct Leaf Morphologies: Effects of Plastic and Shadecloth Tree Guards

Ecological restoration using seedling tubestock is challenging under a Mediterranean-type climate of hot, dry summers. We investigated the ecophysiological effects of plastic tree guards and shadecloth tree guards during seedling establishment of four co-occurring tree species that differ in leaf morphology. Average temperature was 6.7°C higher in plastic guards than controls over a summer, with a maximum of 53.5°C compared to 47.9°C in controls. Light levels were 2-fold lower in both tree guard treatments relative to control. In spring, photosynthesis and specific leaf area were significantly elevated in shadecloth tree guards relative to other treatments. In summer, photosynthetic rate was significantly lower, and midday photochemical efficiency was significantly higher, in both tree guard treatments relative to controls. The effect of elevated temperature in plastic tree guards may partially explain our results of higher mortality of seedling in plastic tree guards. The relatively elevated spring photosynthesis of seedlings in shadecloth tree guards may partially explain the result of reduced mortality and increased growth in this treatment. We conclude that shadecloth tree guards create a microclimate more favorable for seedling establishment in a Mediterranean-type environment than plastic tree guards and control treatments. Our results may have wide applicability to the range of restoration settings where seedling tubestock is planted, except in environments where low temperature is limiting to plant growth.     

Daily stem growth patterns in irrigated Eucalyptus globulus and E. nitens in relation to climate

Daily increments in stem radius were determined from hourly dendrometer measurements in each of three irrigated Eucalyptus nitens and E. globulus trees. Multiple regressions determined from daily weather variables accounted for 40–50% of the variance in increment. The use of weather variables lagged by 1–2 days increased the variance explained. The diurnal variation in stem radius was resolved into three mathematically defined phases: shrinkage, recovery and increment. The positive daily net increment in stem radius, by definition, occurred in the increment phase. Average weather conditions during this phase (predominantly night-time) did not explain any more variance in increment than the average daily conditions, determined over a 24 h period. Daily increment was resolved into a rate of stem radius increase during the increment phase and the duration (hours) of that phase. Significant species by month interactions were evident with growth in summer characterised by faster rates of stem expansion over shorter time periods within each diurnal cycle. E. nitens tended to have longer increment phases in spring and autumn, and faster phase rates in autumn than E. globulus. Interactions between weather variables and cambial growth were complicated and varied over the year. The correlation between temperature and stem growth varied from positive in spring to zero or negative during summer. The data indicate a need to understand weather-by- climate interactions at the level of whole tree physiology in order to fully understand the effect of weather on cambial activity and therefore stem increment and wood properties. Received: 12 April 1999 / Accepted: 6 July 1999     

帽儿山地区兴安落叶松人工林树木年轮气候学研究

通过帽儿山兴安落叶松（Larix gmelinii）人工林树木年轮样本和气象资料,对该地区兴安落叶松进行了树木年轮气候学研究,结果表明：过去50年年均温度上升达到了显著水平（p<0.05）,平均温度每10年约上升0.4℃,年平均最高气温每10年约上升0.3℃,年平均最低气温每10年约上升0.5℃,但是年降水量随着年份变化不显著（p>0.05）。从月均温度来看,所有月份均出现明显上升趋势,其中冬季2月份温度上升最为明显,达到0.9~1℃/10年,而夏季（6~8月）上升的较小,达到0.2~0.7℃/10年;多数月份降雨量随年龄变化不显著（p>0.05）。在这一气候变暖过程中,早材及总年轮宽度生长随着夏季（6~7月）温度上升而下降,春季(5月)温度的升高而升高,晚材随着秋季（9月）温度上升而增加,导致在年水平上,年轮生长随着年均温的变化不显著（p>0.05）。降雨量在未来气候变化过程中,没有稳定的变化趋势,但是对年轮影响明显,在年水平上,早材与年轮的生长均受降水量的影响较大(p<0.05)。如果未来东北地区气候变暖趋势明显,而降水量变化不明显,春季和秋季温度升高导致的年轮生长增加会被夏季过高温度抑制年轮生长所抵消,因此,落叶松林径向生长受到的影响可能不大。     

银杏黄酮苷和萜类内酯含量的季节变化

以银杏（Ginkgo biloba L.)2年生实生苗和大树为试材,分析根、茎和叶中银杏黄酮苷及萜类内酯含量的季节变化规律。银杏叶中萜类内酯含量从春季起逐渐增加,至夏末秋初达最高值,随后逐渐减少;根和茎中萜类内酯含量的季节变化与叶中相类似,但在冬季休眠期维持较高含量,进入春季伴随叶的萌发生长降低到全年的最低点。银杏茎中萜类内酯含量最低,相当于叶含量的1／3和根含量的1／2。叶中白果内酯含量在总萜类内酯中所占比例较高,而在根和茎中所占比例则较低。随着树龄增加,银杏叶萜类内酯含量下降,这可能与萜类内酯合成能力下降有关。银杏黄酮苷含量在春季幼叶中最高,夏季和秋季相对较低且变化不明显;长枝叶中槲皮素较多,而短枝叶中山柰黄素较多。对不同季节和不同部位的不同成分含量的相关机理进行了讨论。     

贵州雷公山秃杉种群生活史特征与空间分布格局

秃杉是一种珍稀濒危植物,以斑块状分布于雷公山东南面斜坡海拔800-1300 m之间的沟谷两侧。从年龄结构、生命表特征、存活曲线以及种群不同龄级个体空间分布格局等方面研究了雷公山秃杉种群生活史特征与空间分布格局。研究结果表明:秃杉的种群结构存在波动性,成年阶段个体较丰富,幼苗与老龄数目相对较少,秃杉自身的生物学特性及环境因素是形成这种现象的主要原因;秃杉种群存活曲线趋于DeeveyⅡ型,出现2个死亡率高峰,一个出现在第6龄级阶段,另一个出现在第12龄级阶段,期望寿命单调下降;秃杉种群空间分布格局总体上为聚集分布,处于不同发育阶段的秃杉种群,其分布格局随时间而发生变化,从幼龄期到中龄期再到老龄期,种群分布格局由聚集分布逐渐变为随机分布,秃杉种群在不同发育阶段的空间分布格局差异与其生物学和生态学特性密切相关,同时受群落小环境的影响。     

Age validation and growth of three commercially important hemiramphids in south-eastern Australia

The method of using sectioned otoliths to estimate age in three species of garfishes (family Hemiramphidae) was validated by: (1) staining fishes with the vital stain alizarin complexone (ALC) and periodically examining their otolith growth, and (2) marginal increment analyses. Staining fishes with ALC indicated that opaque zones were formed during winter and spring, but did not become visible on the otolith edge until late spring and summer. Hyporhamphus australis were found to be similar to the hemiramphids of the Atlantic in having fast growth rates and a maximum observed age of 4+ years old. Hyporhamphus regularis ardelio and Arrhamphus sclerolepis krefftii were found to be more similar to the southern sea garfish, Hyporhamphus melanochir , in being moderately long-lived, with maximum observed ages of 7+ years old for both species. Females grew faster and attained greater fork lengths than males for each species. Sectioned otoliths showed large variation in the appearance of opaque zones between the three species studied, with those from the wide-ranging, oceanic H. australis appearing inconsistent and diffuse when compared to the estuarine H. r. ardelio and A. s . krefftii . This variation was also apparent from fishes kept in aquaria, suggesting that the appearance of opaque zones in otoliths of these species is largely influenced by physiology, rather than by environmental conditions.     

Episodic seedling growth in Allosyncarpia ternata,a lignotuberous,monsoon rainforest tree in northern Australia

On the western Arnhem Land Plateau, Northern Territory, Australia, seedlings of the canopy tree Allosyncarpia ternata S.T. Blake typically spend many years (perhaps decades) as small (<1 m), multistemmed plants on the forest floor. In this establishment phase, long periods of apparent inactivity are interrupted by episodes of rapid growth. This paper describes a 5‐year field‐monitoring program to examine the pattern of seedling growth and survival in allosyncarpia forest, and field and shadehouse measurements of lignotuber size. Individual seedlings may produce, each wet season, a number of fast‐growing stems, which then die back in the following dry season. As a result, mean annual above‐ground growth during this life stage is negligible. With each wet season, however, the seedling extends its below ground parts – a large lignotuber and a deep root system. After a number of years, when the lignotuber has grown large enough to sustain massive shoot growth, when a suitable light gap becomes available, and presumably when roots reach reliable dry‐season water supplies, the seedling grows rapidly. Thus, the shortage of saplings in allosyncarpia forest is due to the short time that individual plants spend at that particular growth‐stage, rather than to any dysfunction in recruitment.     

L'evolution postembryonnaire du poids du pigeon domestique

Summary A detailed study of the postembryonic evolution of the weight of the pigeon, by means of daily weighing of the young birds, is given (table). The young bird grows very fast during the first days of its postembryonic life, the classical S shaped growth curve being steep in the beginning. Growth slows down during the period the feeding changes from crop milk to grains regurgitated from the crop of the parents, and also during the period that the young bird begins to come out of the nest and to feed on his own (Fig. 1).The rate of growth is affected by the quantity of food the young bird receives: in normal conditions there are two young for a couple of parents; when there is only one young, it grows faster; the differences are significative till the 16^th day of age (table).     

中国马褂木不同种源苗期生长规律研究

对中国马褂木6个种源(云南金平、浙江安吉、福建武夷山、贵州黎平、广西全州、江西庐山)一年生实生苗的苗高生长规律进行研究。结果表明:(1)各种源在苗高生长上存在着极显著的差异。(2)利用logistic曲线拟合其苗高生长方程,发现各种源苗高生长均呈现明显的"慢—快—慢"的"S"型生长节律。(3)利用有序样本聚类分析将苗木生长划分为幼苗期、生长前期、速生期、生长后期4个阶段,福建武夷山种源最早进入速生期,且持续时间最长,江西庐山种源最晚进入速生期,且持续时间最短。速生期苗高净生长量占总生长量最大的是浙江安吉种源,达56.05%;第二是福建武夷山;最小的是江西庐山种源,只有34.29%。(4)依据苗高和地径两个性状的聚类分析把6个种源分成三大类,第一类是全州种源,苗高生长表现最好;第二类是金平、安吉、武夷山、黎平种源;第三类是庐山种源。     

Recent climate hiatus revealed dual control by temperature and drought on the stem growth of Mediterranean Quercus ilex

A better understanding of stem growth phenology and its climate drivers would improve projections of the impact of climate change on forest productivity. Under a Mediterranean climate, tree growth is primarily limited by soil water availability during summer, but cold temperatures in winter also prevent tree growth in evergreen forests. In the widespread Mediterranean evergreen tree species Quercus ilex, the duration of stem growth has been shown to predict annual stem increment, and to be limited by winter temperatures on the one hand, and by the summer drought onset on the other hand. We tested how these climatic controls of Q. ilex growth varied with recent climate change by correlating a 40‐year tree ring record and a 30‐year annual diameter inventory against winter temperature, spring precipitation, and simulated growth duration. Our results showed that growth duration was the best predictor of annual tree growth. We predicted that recent climate changes have resulted in earlier growth onset (?10 days) due to winter warming and earlier growth cessation (?26 days) due to earlier drought onset. These climatic trends partly offset one another, as we observed no significant trend of change in tree growth between 1968 and 2008. A moving‐window correlation analysis revealed that in the past, Q. ilex growth was only correlated with water availability, but that since the 2000s, growth suddenly became correlated with winter temperature in addition to spring drought. This change in the climate–growth correlations matches the start of the recent atmospheric warming pause also known as the ‘climate hiatus’. The duration of growth of Q. ilex is thus shortened because winter warming has stopped compensating for increasing drought in the last decade. Decoupled trends in precipitation and temperature, a neglected aspect of climate change, might reduce forest productivity through phenological constraints and have more consequences than climate warming alone.