拟爪绵蚜新属及三新种记述 (同翅目:蚜总科:瘿绵蚜科)

该文记述了瘿绵蚜科一新属拟爪绵蚜属ＳｉｃｉｕｎｇｕｉｓＺｈａｎｇｅｔＱｉａｏｇｅｎ．ｎｏｖ．和这个属的二个新种,即十绵蚜Ｓ．ｄｅｃｉｍａＺｈａｎｇｅｔＱｉａｏ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,九绵蚜Ｓ．ｎｏｖｅｎａＺｈａｎｇｅｔＨｕ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,另外还记述了爪绵蚜属ＡｐｈｉｄｏｕｎｇｕｉｓＴａｋａｈａｓｈｉ,１９６３一个新种,苹果根爪绵蚜Ａ．ｐｏｍｉｒａｄｉｃｏｌａＺｈａｎｇｅｔＨｕ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,模式标本存放在中国科学院动物研究所．拟爪绵蚜新属ＳｉｃｉｕｎｇｕｉｓＺｈａｎｇｅｔＱｉａｏｇｅｎ．ｎｏｖ．模式种：十绵蚜ＳｉｃｉｕｎｇｕｉｓｄｅｃｉｍａＺｈａｎｇｅｔＱｉａｏ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．本新属与爪绵蚜属ＡｐｈｉｄｏｕｎｇｕｉｓＴａｋａｈａｓｈｉ,１９６３和绵蚜属ＥｒｉｏｓｏｍａＬｅａｃｈ,１８１８有较近的亲缘关系,不同在于：有翅孤雌蚜腹管位于腹部背片Ⅵ,隆起,周围有毛环绕（前者：位于背片Ⅵ,不隆起,无毛环绕;后者：位于背片Ⅴ,隆起,有毛环绕）;触角稍长,至少为体长０．３５,具有线形次生感觉圈;后者：稍长,至少为体长０．４０,具有环形次生感觉圈）。十绵蚜ＳｉｃｉｕｎｇｕｉｓｄｅｃｉｍａＺｈａｎｇｅｔＱｉａｏ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ     

时间生物学研究的新突破：小鼠昼夜节律生物钟基因的定位

时间生物学研究的新突破：小鼠昼夜节律生物钟基因的定位据美国Ｊｏｓｅｐｈ．Ｓ．Ｔａｋａｈａｓｈｉ等在“Ｓｃｉｅｎｃｅ”上报道,他们用Ｎ－乙基－Ｎ－亚硝基脉（ＥＮＵ）处理的小鼠后代筛选昼夜节律生物钟基因突变,鉴定出控制昼夜节律周期及维持节律性生物钟的半显...     

榆梨绵蚜一些型与卵的新发现和记述（同翅目：蚜总科：瘿绵蚜科）

对榆梨绵蚜Ｅｒｉｏｓｏｍａ ｌａｎｕｇｉｎｏｓｕｍ ｄｉｌａｎｕｇｉｎｏｓｕｍ Ｚｈａｎｇ,１９８０的干母,无翅干雌,有翅干雌,无翅侨蚜,有翅性母,雌,雄性蚜放卵进行了描述,除有翅干雌外,其余各型与卵均为首镒记述。所有研究用标本均保存在中国科学院动物研究所昆虫标本馆内。     

中国斑蚜科一新属——群斑蚜属及新种记述（同翅目：蚜总科）

对中国斑蚜科 Drepanosiphidae叶蚜亚科 Phyllaphidinae叶蚜族 Phyllaphidini1新属——群斑蚜属 Thelazacallis Zhang进行了研究 ,提供了该新属的寄主植物、地理分布及其与近缘属的示差鉴别。同时记述 1新种——毛茛群斑蚜 Thelazacallis ranunculicolaQiao et Zhang。模式标本保存在中国科学院动物研究所昆虫标本馆。群斑蚜属 Thelazacallis Zhang,新属模式种 :Thelazacallis ranunculicola Qiao et Zhang,sp.nov.本新属的胚胎和成蚜与新叶蚜属 N eophyllaphis Takahashi相近 ,但喙端部有次生毛 (后者无 ) ;尾片完整 (后者分裂呈双叶状 ) ;触角节 I短于节 II(后者长于 ) ;生殖突 3个(后者 4个 )。与迪叶蚜属 Diphyllaphis Takahashi在胚胎毛序、成蚜的触角、体蜡片、喙端节等方面十分接近 ,但复眼仅由 3个小眼面组成 (后者多于 3个 ) ;生殖突 3个 (后者 2个 )。毛茛群斑蚜 Thelazacallis ranunculicola Qiao et Zhang,新种 (图 1～ 9)正模 :无翅孤雌蚜 ,No.Y16 0 3- 1- 2 - 1,1979- - 1,四川 (西昌 ) ;常勇楠采 ;副模 :1头无翅孤雌蚜 ,其他同正模。寄主 :毛茛 Ranunculus sp.。本新种与新叶蚜属已知种和迪叶蚜属已知种的区别见群斑蚜属与新叶蚜属和迪叶蚜属的区别。     

枸杞棉蚜形态和生物学特性研究

【目的】棉蚜Aphis gossypii Glover是一种分布广泛的重要农业害虫,其寄主范围较广。近年发现棉蚜严重为害一种新的寄主植物枸杞Lycium barbarum L.。枸杞是名贵中药材和食物,枸杞上生活的棉蚜的生活史特征尚不清楚。为了更好地预测预报和有效防控枸杞棉蚜,减轻枸杞的受害损失,本研究对栽培枸杞上棉蚜的生物学特性进行了系统研究。【方法】在田间条件下,对青海栽培枸杞树上的棉蚜各蚜型和虫态进行了详细调查,记述了各虫态的形态特征、发育历期、生活史、寄主植物、习性、发生规律及天敌种类。【结果】枸杞树上的棉蚜为害嫩枝梢、叶片、花蕾和果实,引起枸杞果产量和品质严重下降。枸杞棉蚜有6种蚜型,即孤雌蚜(有翅型和无翅型)、性母蚜、性蚜(性雄蚜和性雌蚜)和干母蚜,蚜型间的形态有明显差异,可用于区别不同的生活史阶段。枸杞棉蚜原寄主是枸杞,在青海一年发生10~16代,以滞育卵在枸杞树干和树枝上越冬,翌年4月上中旬开始孵化产生干母,5月产生无翅孤雌蚜进行孤雌生殖,6月开始产生有翅孤雌蚜,在田间迁飞扩散,7月和8月田间出现两次蚜虫数量高峰,孤雌蚜一直延续至9月,田间开始产生性母蚜、性雄蚜和性雌蚜,在枸杞树上进行有性生殖,10月中旬是交配、产卵高峰期,随后卵进入滞育越冬。若虫共4龄。无翅型若蚜期平均10.22±3.32 d,有翅型若蚜期平均9.55±2.53 d;无翅型成蚜寿命平均10.10±1.07 d,有翅型成蚜寿命平均8.97±1.34 d;1代无翅型蚜虫总寿命平均20.32±6.31 d,有翅型蚜虫总寿命平均18.52±4.51 d;孤雌蚜繁殖后代中无翅型若蚜数量平均为17.86±5.66头/雌,有翅型若蚜数量平均为15.33±3.76头/雌。枸杞田捕食和寄生棉蚜的优势天敌有多异瓢虫Hippodamia variegata(Goeze)、七星瓢虫Coccinella septempunctata L.、丽草蛉Chrysopa formosa Brauer和蚜茧蜂。【结论】枸杞树上棉蚜生活周期为全周期型。与其他寄主上的棉蚜比较,枸杞棉蚜体型更大、发育期更长、繁殖后代个数明显较少。在枸杞树上种群数量一年发生有2个高峰期,分别在7月和8月,有别于前人报道的其他寄主上棉蚜种群数量的1个高峰期出现在5-6月。这些差异可能与棉蚜对枸杞寄主和青藏高原环境产生生态适应性有关,其适应机制需进一步探索。     

我国新发现一种外来蚜虫——刺槐附毛斑蚜Appendiseta robiniae

记述了采自北京刺槐上的1种中国的记录外来蚜虫——刺槐附毛斑蚜,它原产于北美,寄主为刺槐,在当地一些地区较为常见,并已扩散到欧洲等地。描述了有翅孤雌蚜、无翅雌性蚜和有翅雄性蚜的鉴别特征,并提供了生态图片。最后讨论了它的潜在危害性及蚜虫寄主植物、蚜群生活状及生态照片在蚜虫识别上的重要性。     

寄生白蜡虫雌虫的蚜小蜂

四川是我国养殖白蜡虫最多的地区。寄生白蜡虫雌虫的蚜小蜂,尚未见有报道。本文报道的二种蚜小蜂是寄生在白蜡虫雌虫二龄幼虫和成虫体内,在四川白蜡虫养殖区较为常见的种类,即日本软蚧蚜小蜂及环刺花翅蚜小蜂。白蜡虫雌虫是它们的新宿主。1.日本软蚧蚜小蜂Coccophagus japonicu     

菜蚜迁飞期短期预测的研究Ⅰ

在1961年及1963—65年,我们在北京和天津对十字花科蔬菜上的两种蚜虫——桃蚜Myzus persicae(Sulzer)和菜缢管蚜Hyadaphis erysimi pseudobrassicae(Davis)——分别在留种白菜、留种萝卜、甘蓝、苤蓝、小白菜、小油菜、秋白菜,以及春天的风障菠菜上进行了系统的蚜群分析。研究表明,在蚜群中出现有翅若蚜前,繁殖力有下降趋势;因而若蚜与成蚜数量的比值亦逐渐下降。降到一定的比值,蚜群中即将出现有翅若蚜。因此,可以通过系统调查,用统计蚜群中若蚜与成蚜的数量比,来作蚜虫迁飞期的短期预测。 数量分析表明:桃蚜出现有翅若蚜前4—6天,其若蚜与成蚜的数量比为2.17—2.91(95%置信限)或2.03—3.05(99%置信限)。菜缢管蚜有翅若蚜出现前5—6天其比值为8.56—9.76(95%置信限)或8.29—10.03(99%置信限)。     

中国短痣蚜科新属新种记述（同翅目：蚜总科）

本文记述了短痣蚜科１新属——环短痣蚜属ＫｒｉｋｏａｎｏｅｃｉａＺｈａｎｇｅｔＱｉａｏ,ｇｅｎ．ｎ．及１新种——环短痣蚜ＫｒｉｋｏａｎｏｅｃｉａｃｉｒｃｕｌａＱｉａｏｅｔＺｈａｎｇ,ｓｐ．ｎ．,并探讨了该属的分类地位。模式标本存于中国科学院动物研究所昆虫标本馆内。环短痣蚜ＫｒｉｋｏａｎｏｅｃｉａＺｈａｎｇｅｔＱｉａｏ,新属模式种：环短痣蚜ＫｒｉｋｏａｎｏｅｃｉａｃｉｒｃｕｌａＱｉａｏｅｔＺｈａｎｇ,ｓｐ．ｎ．根据环短痣蚜新属腹部有缘瘤,有翅蚜前翅中脉分岔一次等特征,该新属应归于短痣蚜亚科内,与伪短痣蚜属ＡｉｃｅｏｎａＴａｋａｈａｓｈｉ,１９２１明显不同,而与短痣蚜属ＡｎｏｅｃｉａＫｏｃｈ,１７７５有较近的亲缘关系,不同则在于：新属次生感觉圈环形（后者卵圆形或椭圆形）;原生感觉圈有睫（无睫）;体背毛少（体背毛多）;体背无大型褐色斑纹（有）;前翅翅痣狭长,近长平行四边形（近三角形或椭圆形）。就次生感觉圈的形状,原生感觉圈有无睫,跗节Ｉ毛数的进化方向（Ｓｈａｐｏｓｈｎｉｋｏｖ,１９８１）,认为新属较短痣蚜属更为进化。分布：甘肃岷县（西寨２３００ｍ）。正模：有翅孤雌蚜Ｎｏ．８７３３－２－１－１,甘肃岷县（西寨２３００     

豆蚜有翅蚜产生的原因

本文研究拥挤、寄土质量、温度和蚜型等因子对大豆蚜(Ahis glyeines)有翅蚜产生的影响。结果表明：1.大豆蚜无翅胎生成好个体间的拥挤是有翅蚜产生的主要原因。在低密度下拥挤反应随密度增大而增强,但过度拥挤会导致反应的降低。无翅若好间的拥挤不能导致其本身发育为有翅胎生蚜。 2.寄主质量能改变无翅胎生成蚜对拥挤的反应。每笼2头经成熟叶片处理的无翅胎生成蚜后代中有姻蚜的比例高于幼嫩叶片和对照(无叶片)处理,且饥饿不能促进有翅蚜的产生。3.温度能影响有翅蚜的产生。较高的温度(30℃和25℃)较21℃对有翅胎生蚌的产生有较强的抑制作用。4.不同母蚜型产生有翊蚜的能力不同。有翅胎生蚜间的拥挤也能使其在后代中产生少量的有翊蚜,但对拥挤的敏感程度低于无翅胎生蚜。     

On the origin of the Hirudinea and the demise of the Oligochaeta

The phylogenetic relationships of the Clitellata were investigated with a data set of published and new complete 18S rRNA gene sequences of 51 species representing 41 families. Sequences were aligned on the basis of a secondary structure model and analysed with maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood. In contrast to the latter method, parsimony did not recover the monophyly of Clitellata. However, a close scrutiny of the data suggested a spurious attraction between some polychaetes and clitellates. As a rule, molecular trees are closely aligned with morphology-based phylogenies. Acanthobdellida and Euhirudinea were reconciled in their traditional Hirudinea clade and were included in the Oligochaeta with the Branchiobdellida via the Lumbriculidae as a possible link between the two assemblages. While the 18S gene yielded a meaningful historical signal for determining relationships within clitellates, the exact position of Hirudinea and Branchiobdellida within oligochaetes remained unresolved. The lack of phylogenetic signal is interpreted as evidence for a rapid radiation of these taxa. The placement of Clitellata within the Polychaeta remained unresolved. The biological reality of polytomies within annelids is suggested and supports the hypothesis of an extremely ancient radiation of polychaetes and emergence of clitellates.     

On the ontogeny of the haptor and the evolution of the Monogenea

Data on the ontogeny of the posterior haptor of monogeneans were obtained from more than 150 publications and summarised. These data were plotted into diagrams showing evolutionary capacity levels based on the theory of a progressive evolution of marginal hooks, anchors and other attachment components of the posterior haptor in the Monogenea (Malmberg, 1986). 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks are assumed to be the most primitive monogenean haptoral condition. Thus the diagrams were founded on a 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hook evolutionary capacity level, and the evolutionary capacity levels of anchors and other haptoral attachement components were arranged according to haptoral ontogenetical sequences. In the final plotting diagram data on hosts, type of spermatozoa, oncomiracidial ciliation, sensilla pattern and protonephridial systems were also included. In this way a number of correlations were revealed. Thus, for example, the number of 5 + 5 marginal hooks correlates with the most primitive monogenean type of spermatozoon and with few sensillae, many ciliated cells and a simple protonephridial system in the oncomiracidium. On the basis of the reviewed data it is concluded that the ancient monogeneans with 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks were divided into two main lines, one retaining unhinged marginal hooks and the other evolving hinged marginal hooks. Both main lines have recent representatives at different marginal hook evolutionary capacity levels, i.e. monogeneans retaining a haptor with only marginal hooks. For the main line with hinged marginal hooks the name Articulon-choinea n. subclass is proposed. Members with 8 + 8 hinged marginal hooks only are here called Proanchorea n. superord. Monogeneans with unhinged marginal hooks only are here called Ananchorea n. superord. and three new families are erected for its recent members: Anonchohapteridae n. fam., Acolpentronidae n. fam. and Anacanthoridae n. fam. (with 7 + 7, 8 + 8 and 9 + 9 unhinged marginal hooks, respectively). Except for the families of Articulonchoinea (e.g. Acanthocotylidae, Gyrodactylidae, Tetraonchoididae) Bychowsky's (1957) division of the Monogenea into the Oligonchoinea and Polyonchoinea fits the proposed scheme, i.e. monogeneans with unhinged marginal hooks form one old group, the Oligonchoinea, which have 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks, and the other group form the Polyonchoinea, which (with the exception of the Hexabothriidae) has a greater number (7 + 7, 8 + 8 or 9 + 9) of unhinged marginal hooks. It is proposed that both these names, Oligonchoinea (sensu mihi) and Polyonchoinea (sensu mihi), will be retained on one side and Articulonchoinea placed on the other side, which reflects the early monogenean evolution. Except for the members of Ananchorea [Polyonchoinea], all members of the Oligonchoinea and Polyonchoinea have anchors, which imply that they are further evolved, i.e. have passed the 5 + 5 marginal hook evolutionary capacity level (Malmberg, 1986). There are two main types of anchors in the Monogenea: haptoral anchors, with anlages appearing in the haptor, and peduncular anchors, with anlages in the peduncle. There are two types of haptoral anchors: peripheral haptoral anchors, ontogenetically the oldest, and central haptoral anchors. Peduncular anchors, in turn, are ontogenetically younger than peripheral haptoral anchors. There may be two pairs of peduncular anchors: medial peduncular anchors, ontogentically the oldest, and lateral peduncular anchors. Only peduncular (not haptoral) anchors have anchor bars. Monogeneans with haptoral anchors are here called Mediohaptanchorea n. superord. and Laterohaptanchorea n. superord. or haptanchoreans. All oligonchoineans and the oldest polyonchoineans are haptanchoreans. Certain members of Calceostomatidae [Polyonchoinea] are the only monogeneans with both (peripheral) haptoral and peduncular anchors (one pair). These monogeneans are here called Mixanchorea n. superord. Polyonchoineans with peduncular anchors and unhinged marginal hooks are here called the Pedunculanchorea n. superord. The most primitive pedunculanchoreans have only one pair of peduncular anchors with an anchor bar, while the most advanced have both medial and lateral peduncular anchors; each pair having an anchor bar. Certain families of the Articulonchoinea, the Anchorea n. superord., also have peduncular anchors (parallel evolution): only one family, the Sundanonchidae n. fam., has both medial and lateral peduncular anchors, each anchor pair with an anchor bar. Evolutionary lines from different monogenean evolutionary capacity levels are discussed and a new system of classification for the Monogenea is proposed.In agreeing to publish this article, I recognise that its contents are controversial and contrary to generally accepted views on monogenean systematics and evolution. I have anticipated a reaction to the article by inviting senior workers in the field to comment upon it: their views will be reported in a future issue of this journal. EditorIn agreeing to publish this article, I recognise that its contents are controversial and contrary to generally accepted views on monogenean systematics and evolution. I have anticipated a reaction to the article by inviting senior workers in the field to comment upon it: their views will be reported in a future issue of this journal. Editor