HPV感染、FHIT蛋白表达与非小细胞肺癌的相关性研究

目的探讨人乳头瘤病毒感染在NSCLC发生中的病因学意义,同时分析FHIT蛋白表达与NSCLC发生及HPV感染的关系.方法采用PCR方法选用通用型引物和HPV16、18型特异性引物分别对42例NSCLC及14例肺良性病变组织进行检测.免疫组化SP法检测FHIT蛋白的表达水平.结果 HPV DNA检出率肺癌组为42.9%,肺良性病变组为7.1%,二者有显著性差异(P<0.05).HPV感染率在肺鳞癌(53.6%)显著高于腺癌(21.4%),且随着分化程度降低,其感染率增高,在吸烟患者(57.7%)显著高于不吸烟患者(18.8%);FHIT蛋白异常表达率肺癌组为61.9%,与肺良性病变组(28.6%)比较有显著性差异(P<0.05).肺癌中HPV阳性组FHIT蛋白异常表达率为83.3%,明显高于HPV阴性组(45.8%,P<0.05).结论 HPV感染与NSCLC组织学类型、分化程度及吸烟有关,它可能是导致NSCLC发生的重要病因学因素之一;FHIT蛋白异常表达与NSCLC发生及HPV感染有关,HPV可能通过诱导FHIT表达异常参与NSCLC的发生发展过程.     

Distribution of ovine hydatidosis in Sardinia, 1987-1988

The prevalence of Echinococcus granulosus in sheep was examined in Sardinia between June and September 1987-1988. Of the examined sheep 243 were being pastured in fenced fields while 1084 were being pastured in open fields. An infection rate of 1.6% was recorded in the first group of sheep, and 86.7% in the second. The prevalence rate differed in various parts of the region, ranging from 79.4% (Oristano province) to 95% (Nuoro province). Of the parasitized sheep 7.9% harboured only fertile cysts, and 74.1% only sterile cysts. The latest figure is surprising compared to data previously reported in the literature. Most of the sheep examined were infected in both organs (67.4%) but only 27.4% of these showed a massive infection with over 10 hydatid cysts. The variation in prevalence rate and epidemiological implications are discussed.     

A serological survey of Dirofilaria immitis infection in pet dogs of Busan, Korea, and effects of chemoprophylaxis

The status of Dirofilaria immitis infection was assessed in pet dogs of Busan, Korea, and chemoprophylactic effects of microfilaricidal medication were evaluated. A total of 294 pet dogs older than 6 mo were examined, 217 of which had been maintained indoors, and 77 had been kept outdoors. The SnapR kit and direct microscopic examinations of the peripheral blood were used. The mean overall parasite positive rates were 10.2% and 6.5%, respectively. Outdoor dogs evidenced adult worm infection rate of 31.2% and microfilaria infection rate of 18.2%. The indoor dogs, however, evidenced adult worm infection rate of 2.8% and microfilaria infection rate of 2.3%. The prevalence in males was more than 2 times that of females. The changing pattern of infection rates by age evidenced a gradual increase, from 2- to 6-year-old dogs, after which, a decrease in infection rates was noted. With regard to chemoprophylaxis, the infection rates of complete and incomplete chemoprophylaxis groups were found to be 2-3 times lower than that of the non-chemoprophylaxis group. The results of the present study indicate that the risk of exposure to D. immitis in pet dogs is quite high, particularly in male outdoor dogs, and chemoprophylactic measures were quite effective.     

白背飞虱中的Wolbachia和Cardinium双重感染特性

为了明确自然种群白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera中Wolbachia和Cardinium的感染情况以及Wolbachia与其特有的WO噬菌体之间的关系, 以采自中国7个省区9个地点的白背飞虱为研究材料, 运用PCR检测的方法调查了Wolbachia, Cardinium以及WO噬菌体在各飞虱种群中的感染率和组织分布特点。结果表明： 白背飞虱广泛双重感染Wolbachia和Cardinium, 并且都表现出很高的感染率。白背飞虱各种群Cardinium的感染率几乎均为100%; Wolbachia的感染率也较高, 但雌雄虫感染率差异较大, 雌虫的感染率几乎均为100％, 而雄虫的感染率从22.2%~95.0%不等。另外, 通过不同DNA聚合酶、 不同提取方法的对比, 揭示了DNA粗提样品在基于PCR技术的胞内共生菌检测中的不足之处。对白背飞虱头部、 胸部、 腹部、 足和翅5个不同部位组织的检测结果表明, 不仅在含有生殖组织的腹部有这两类共生菌的感染, 在其他非生殖组织中同样也感染了这两类共生菌; 虽然Wolbachia和Cardinium在寄主的各个组织中均有分布, 但是两者在白背飞虱成虫（尤其是雄虫）阶段的动态变化有明显的差异。进一步对Wolbachia宿主特异性WO噬菌体的检测结果表明, 自然种群雄虫中Wolbachia的感染率与不感染个体中WO噬菌体的比率呈明显的负相关。因此推测, 雄虫中Wolbachia感染率相对较低的原因可能是由于Wolbachia基因组中溶原性的WO噬菌体受到某种因素的诱导已转化为裂解性噬菌体。研究结果为进一步揭示Wolbachia和Cardinium双重感染条件下对寄主的生殖调控作用及其机制、 垂直传播规律、 两者之间的相互关系以及进一步的应用研究等方面提供了重要的理论基础。     

Mycorrhiza, vegetative mobility and responses to disturbance of alpine plants in the northwestern caucasus

The hypothesis of a trade-off between vegetative mobility and mycorrhizal infection has been examined. The rate of root arbuscular-mycorrhizal (AM) infection and the extent of vegetative mobility (clonal with annual mobility more than 2 cm, clonal with annual mobility less than 2 cm, and non-clonal) was determined for 77 species in four alpine grassland communities in the Teberda Nature Reserve, the Northwest Caucasus, Russia. The percentage of AM species was similar (74–77%) in all four communities. The mean rate of AM root infection did not differ significantly between four communities. It was shown that vegetatively mobile species (annual mobility>2 cm) had on average a lower rate of root AM infection than species with low or no vegetative mobility. Our results conform with the mycorrhizal infection-vegetative mobility trade-off hypothesis. Gap-preferring species in a highly disturbed alpine meadow (burrowing activity of small and large mammals) had lower rate of root AM infection than species preferring undisturbed microsites. This pattern was also found within two larger families, viz.Poaceae andAsteraceae.     

A study of an outbreak of schistosomiasis in two resettlement villages near Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria

Frequent reports of haematuria among resettlers at Ibaro and Abule-titun located close to a newly constructed reservoir, 20 km north-west of Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria, prompted a pre-control survey to assess age and sex distribution of urinary schistosomiasis in the communities. 210 persons were examined at Ibaro and 145 at Abule-titun between April 1988 and February 1989. Overall prevalence was about 80% in both villages, and all age and sex groups examined were affected. The pattern of infection in both villages was similar, prevalence being high in all age and sex groups, and, unlike most endemic communities, the rate of infection was not significantly higher among the 5-14 year age groups. Intensity of infection was also high in all age and sex groups with mean range egg output of between 73 +/- 73 and 2016 +/- 3875 ova/10ml urine at Ibaro and between 231 +/- 122 and 1340 +/- 1786 ova/10ml urine at Abule-titun. This is attributed to an occupation-related high rate of human water contact in both villages.     

特发性血小板减少性紫癜与巨细胞病毒、EB病毒感染相关性

目的：探讨小儿特发性血小板减少性紫癜（ITP）与巨细胞病毒、EB病毒感染的关系。方法：实验组：48例确诊断为ITP患儿,对照组：44例同期呼吸道感染患儿,应用酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）对两组小儿外周血进行巨细胞病毒IgM抗体（HCMV-IgM）、EB病毒感染IgM抗体（EB-IgM）检测。结果：48例ITP患儿中HCMV-IgM抗体阳性者20例,阳性率为41.67%,明显高于对照组,两组之间差异有显著性（P〈0.01）;EBV-IgM抗体阳性者14例,阳性率为29.17%,明显高于正常对照组,两组之间差异有显著性（P〈0.05）。结论：1、巨细胞病毒感染是引起特发性血小板减少性紫癜的重要原因之一,且通过临床观察巨细胞病毒感染引起的ITP患儿病情重,病程长,治疗时间长,转为慢性ITP的可能性大;2、EB病毒感染可能是引起特发性血小板减少性紫癜的原因之一,并且EB病毒感染引起的特发性血小板减少性紫癜病情也偏重。     

Decreasing seroprevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection during 1993-2003 in Guangzhou, southern China

BACKGROUND: Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection is inversely associated with socioeconomic conditions. The aim of the study was to evaluate changes in the seroprevalence of H. pylori infection during 1993-2003 in Guangzhou, a representative city of southern China with quick improvement in socioeconomy. METHODS: From March to August 2003, sera were collected from 1471 healthy persons (760 male and 711 female subjects, aged 3-92 years) undergoing annual routine health examination in Guangzhou. H. pylori infection was checked by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS: In 2003, the overall prevalence rate of H. pylori infection was 47% with no gender difference (p > .05). Children aged 1-5 years had the prevalence rate of 19.4%. The prevalence rate then increased steadily with annual infection rate of approximately 1% after this age, reaching a plateau of approximately 55% after the age of 50 years. The peak seroprevalence rate was 63.2% at 40-50 years. Comparing the prevalence rate of H. pylori infection in 2003 with data obtained in 1993, statistically significant decrease of H. pylori infection rate ranged from 11.4 to 18.0% in different age groups was found. The overall age-standardized H. pylori seroprevalence rate was 62.5% in 1993 and 49.3% in 2003. The seroprevalence of H. pylori was found to be significantly decreased over a time span of 10 years (p < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that the seroprevalence of H. pylori infection has significantly decreased during the 10-year period in Guangzhou. This change may be attributable to the improvement in socioeconomic conditions in this city.     

Seed predation,pathogen infection and life-history traits in Brassica rapa

Herbivory and disease can shape the evolution of plant populations, but their joint effects are rarely investigated. Families of plants of Brassica rapa (Brassicaceae) were grown from seeds collected in two naturalized populations in an experimental garden. We examined leaf infection by the fungus Alternaria, seed predation by a gall midge (Cecidomyiidae) and plant life-history traits. Plants from one population had heavier seeds, were more likely to flower, had less fungal infection, had more seed predation and were more fecund. Fungal infection score and seed predation rate increased with plant size, but large plants still had the greatest number of undamaged fruits. Spatial heterogeneity in the experimental garden was significant; seed predation rate and fecundity varied among blocks. An apparent tradeoff existed between susceptibility to disease and seed predation: plants with the highest fungal infection score had the lowest seed predation rate. Alternaria infection varied between populations, but the disease had no effect on fecundity. Seed predation did reduce fecundity. Damaged fruits had 31.4% fewer intact seeds. However, evidence for additive genetic variation in resistance to seed predation was weak. Therefore, neither disease nor seed predation was likely to be a strong agent of genetically based fecundity selection.     

Blood parasites in migrating wood‐warblers (Parulidae): effects on refueling,energetic condition,and migration timing

Blood parasites can negatively affect energetic condition, arrival date, and reproductive performance of breeding birds, yet their impact on migrating birds is poorly understood. We quantified haematozoan infection and examined its relationship to migration timing, energetic condition, and refueling rate (plasma triglyceride concentration) for three species of wood‐warblers (Parulidae) migrating through northwestern Ohio, USA from 11 April–3 June of 2004 and 2005. Prevalence of infection for magnolia Dendroica magnolia (36.3%; n=383), yellow‐rumped D. coronata (58.3%; n=518), and yellow warblers D. petechia (12.7%; n=205) was approximately two times higher than reported in other migration studies and similar to infection rates found in breeding areas. Probability and intensity of infection were higher for later migrating yellow‐rumped warblers, especially in younger (second‐year) birds. Furthermore, we found a negative trend between intensity of infection and energetic condition for second‐year yellow‐rumped warblers. Haematozoan infection was not associated with refueling rate for any species. Our results indicate that for some migrants, especially younger birds, probability and intensity of haematozoan infection are related to later migration timing and reduced energetic condition during spring migration, and thus may be important determinants of subsequent reproductive performance in breeding areas.     

Spatial and Temporal Variation of Cestode Infection and its Effects on Two Small Barbs (Barbus humilis and B. tanapelagius) in Lake Tana, Ethiopia

Pseudophyllidean cestodes as Ligula have a complex life cycle with cyclopoid copepods as first intermediate host, zooplanktivorous fish as second, and piscivorous birds as final host. We studied the effects of diet, season and habitat occupation on the prevalence of plerocercoid larvae of the tapeworm Ligula intestinalis in two closely related small barbs and the effects of the parasites on the barbs life histories in Lake Tana (Ethiopia) during 1 year. In all affected barbs L. intestinalis caused retardation in gonad development, maturation at reduced size and lower absolute fecundity. Infection rate, averaged over all habitats was significantly higher in B. tanapelagius (10%) than in B. humilis (6%). Below a threshold of 48 mm the infection rate was zero for both barbs, this coincided with a very low proportion of copepods in their diets, increasing up to 90 and 55%, respectively, for their largest size class (81–90 mm). The relatively high infection rate in B. tanapelagius is explained by its obligatory zooplanktivorous feeding behaviour, ingesting a relatively high proportion of infected cyclopoid copepods. This is in contrast with B. humilis, which is a polyphagous species, feeding both on zooplankton and benthic invertebrates. Significant seasonal effects in infection rates were observed. In both barb species infection rates were lower during the breeding season. Only for B. tanapelagius a significant negative correlation was observed between rain fall and infection rate, probably caused by an increased turbidity that decreases feeding efficiency on zooplankton. Habitat type had also a significant effect on infection rate. Barbus humilis showed a much higher infection rate in shallow clear water (10%) than in shallow turbid water (3%), whereas B. tanapelagius showed much higher infection rates in the shallow sublittoral (13%) than in the deeper pelagic (7%). Most likely, birds predate more efficiently on barbs in shallow clear waters than in shallow turbid and deep waters.     

A small-scale survey of intestinal parasite infections among children and adolescents in Legaspi city, the Philippines

To determine the status of infection caused by intestinal parasites among children and adolescents living in Legaspi city, the Philippines, we performed a small survey by fecal examination for helminth ova and protozoan cysts with formalin-ether concentration method. Of the 64 examinees, the infection rate was 78.1%. The infection rates of primary school children, preschool children and adolescents were 95.5%, 64.7% and 87.5%, respectively. The infection rate in urban areas was 56%, and 92.3% in rural areas. The infection rates were 51% with Trichuris trichiura, 40% with Ascaris lumbricoides, 23.4% with hookworm, 15.6% with Iodamoeba butschlii, 14.1% with Endolimax nana, 9.4% with Entamoeba coli and 7.8% with Giardia lamblia. There were 33 cases with multiple infection (51.6%). Mixed infection with more than 3 parasites was observed in 15 cases, all of them being children and adolescents living in rural areas. By this survey, it was conjectured that helminthic infection is prevalent among children and adolescents in Legaspi, Philippines.     

鳔等睾吸虫对寄主瓦氏黄颡鱼的影响

对从嘉陵江北碚江段采集到的264尾瓦氏黄颡鱼的调查表明,瓦氏黄颡鱼感染鳔等睾吸虫的感染率和感染强度分别为25.70%和1.50;体长在12～18 cm的个体感染的可能性增大,而体长在14～15 cm之间的个体感染率最高,为38.00%;此外还比较了感染鱼和未感染鱼的肥满度(F)、脂肪系数(ASI )、肝系数(HSI),发现鳔等睾吸虫对瓦氏黄颡鱼的肥满度有显著影响,感染鱼的肥满度下降了16.20%,对脂肪系数、肝系数的影响不显著.感染鱼的肝脏、肠系膜等器官均有不同程度的病变.     

四川绵阳地区野生猕猴肠道寄生虫感染的调查研究

对四川绵阳地区野生猕猴抽样100只,分别采用饱和食盐水漂浮法和沉淀集印法检查粪便中寄生虫卵,监测肠道寄生虫的感染率和感染强度。结果显示,感染当地野生猕猴的肠道寄生虫主要有8种,总感染率为78．0％,分别为：吸虫50．0％,毛尾线虫48．0％,蛲虫41．0％,钩虫32．0％,蛔虫26．0％,泡状带绦虫16．0％,球虫4．0％,后圆线虫4．0％,感染强度为毛尾线虫“＋＋＋＋”,蛲虫“＋＋＋＋”,吸虫“＋＋＋”,钩虫“＋＋＋”,蛔虫“＋＋”,泡状带绦虫“＋”,球虫“＋”,后圆线虫“＋”。表明该地区野生猕猴寄生虫感染较普遍,感染强度较大。     

Development of the Dutch elm disease epidemic in southern England, 1971-6

The current epidemic of Dutch elm disease was studied by recording the fate of individual hedgerow elms (Ulmus procera) in five plots in the West Midlands, and by analysing data from successive Forestry Commission surveys of non-woodland elms in 234 plots in southern England. Ninty-five percent of the individual trees died between May 1972 and September 1975. The average infection rate (r) was found to be 1 -35 during the period when the proportion of disease, x, increased from 0–16 to 0–42. In the plots of the main survey the average infection rate was 0–65 and the cumulative loss increased from 6 to 62% between 1971 and 1976, with little evidence that the course of the epidemic was influenced by variations in the weather from year to year. These infection rates are as high as those recorded in Dutch elm disease epidemics elsewhere in the world. The infection rate in English elm was higher than in either the wych elm or the heterogeneous ‘smooth-leaved elm’. The study of English elm in four geographical areas of southern Britain showed that there was an initial drop in infection rate until x = 0–12, when a steady infection rate obtained in all four areas, ranging from 0–56 in the Midlands to 0–76 in the south-east. It is concluded that the epidemic is likely to continue at a high rate until most non-woodland elm have died. Most trees which survive are likely to be smooth-leaved elm in East Anglia. Few communities in southern England have been able to practice vigorous sanitation control programmes, but data from two, in East Sussex and Brighton, are analysed and the effect on disease progress discussed.     

Epidemiological studies on Japanese encephalitis in Kyoto City area, Japan. III. Seasonal prevalence of virus infections in several pig populations shown by virus recovery from engorged Culex tritaeniorhynchus summorosus.

When vector mosquitoes engorged by feeding on pigs are tested for virus recovery after incubation for 7 to 10 days, the results may show mosquito infection itself. Therefore, seasonal prevalence of infection in each pig population can be estimated from course of the infection rate among mosquitoes. Many mosquitoes of the main vector of Japanese encephalitis virus, Culex tritaeniorhynchus summorosus, collected by light traps everyday or every other day in some pig sheds from 1967 to 1970 were tested for virus recovery after incubation. The tests were positive during about a month period each summer, and the peak infection rate was high being over 10%. The course of the mosquito infection showed a certain pattern with one or two peaks between the initial recovery and the highest peak. From the interval of 12 to 13 days after the first recovery to the peak, cyclic infection between the pig and the mosquito may occur at the same interval.     

Sexually transmitted diseases among prostitutes in Fukuoka, Japan

The prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) among prostitutes was investigated at a genitourinary hospital in Fukuoka, Japan, in 1985 and 1986. The most common STD was Chlamydia trachomatis infection, followed by gonorrhea and condyloma acuminatum. Candidiasis, trichomoniasis and genital herpes were relatively uncommon. The rate of prostitutes who had STD but had no subjective symptoms were 42.9% in 1985 and 30.9% in 1986. The rate of prostitutes having mixed STD infection was 35.8% among the summed 162 STD-contracted prostitutes.     

Four-day, twice daily, quadruple therapy with amoxicillin, clarithromycin, tinidazole and omeprazole to cure Helicobacter pylori infection: a pilot study

Background. The best regimen for the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection has yet to be defined. Four-day quadruple therapy with tetracycline, metronidazole, bismuth, and a proton pump inhibitor has been shown to obtain a very high cure rate. However, the fact that it must be taken four times daily may interfere with compliance. The objective of the study was to test the efficacy and tolerability of a new 4-day therapy with 4 drugs taken every 12 hours to cure H. pylori infection.
Patients and Methods. Fifty-six consecutive patients with peptic ulcer disease and H. pylori infection were treated with an oral 4-day course with omeprazole (20 mg/12 hours), clarithromycin (500 mg/12 hours), amoxicillin (1 g/12 hours) and tinidazole (500 mg/12 hours). Efficacy of the treatment was determined at least 2 months after therapy either by biopsy (in the case of gastric ulcer) or by ¹³C-urea breath test. A second breath test was performed at least 6 months after therapy.
Results. Two patients were lost to follow-up. Forty-nine of the remaining 54 patients were cured at the first control [intention-to-treat cure rate: 87.5% (CI 95% 75–94%); per protocol cure rate: 90.7% (CI 95% 81–98%)]. Forty-three of these 49 cured patients returned for a second ¹³C urea breath-test at 6–12 months. Two of them were not cured, giving a long-term cure rate of 85.5% per protocol and 73.2% by intention-to-treat. Compliance was good, although 25 patients had mild side effects.
Conclusion. This particular four-day therapy is well tolerated, easy to follow, and achieves an acceptably high cure rate.     

胃息肉与幽门螺杆菌感染关系研究

目的探讨胃息肉与幽门螺杆菌（Helicobacter pylori,H.pylori）感染关系。方法对1218例胃息肉同时进行H．pylori检查患者进行回顾性分析,分析胃息肉患者H.pylori感染率、胃息肉部位与H.pylori感染关系、胃息肉病理类型与H.pylori感染关系。结果发现胃息肉Hpylori感染患者532例,Hpylori感染率为43．7％。男性胃息肉患者H.pylori感染率为47．5％（216／455）,女性Hpriori感染率感染率为41．4％（316／763）（P〉0．05）,年龄〈20岁、20～39岁、40—59岁和≥60岁胃息肉H.priori感染率分别为41．7％、44．7％、41．6％和47．2％（P〉0．05）;胃窦胃角息肉H.pylori感染率高于其他部位（胃体、胃底和贲门）（P〈0．05）;炎性和增生性胃息肉H.priori感染率高于胃底腺和腺瘤性息肉（P〈0．05）。结论H.pylori感染可能与部分胃息肉发生有一定关系,需要进一步深入研究胃息肉的发生机制。     

Prevalence and Morphology of Eimeria gadi (Fiebiger, 1913) in the Haddock

SYNOPSIS. The coccidian parasite Eimeria gadi was found in the haddock, Melanogrammus aeglefinus , taken from the Nova Scotian fishing banks. The haddock infection rates ranged from a high of 58% on Emerald Bank to a low of 4% on Georges Bank, the average being 32%. There was no relationship between sex and degree or prevalence of infection. Although the probability of an occurrence of infection increased with size, small fish with heavy infections were observed. The degree of infection had no apparent effect on the condition factor (length/weight) of the fish. The infection rate reached a maximum in the fall of the year while the heaviest infections were observed in the spring. It is evident from the data that the infection is fatal.
The parasite mass, appearing as a creamy viscous to a yellow semisolid material in the swimbladder, consisted of various parasite stages, fibrous and cellular debris, and lipid material. Some aspects of the sporocyst stage are described.
No other gadoids from the Nova Scotian banks were found to be infected; however, a single specimen of the fourbeard rockling, Enchelyopus cimbrius , from St. John's, Newfoundland, was found to be heavily infected with E. gadi.