内蒙古锡林郭勒高原大针茅种群分株构件数量性状的地理变异研究

采用单因素方差分析、变异组分分析和分形几何学的原理和方法,对内蒙古锡林郭勒盟不同气候条件下的三个大针茅种群分株构件数量性状进行了研究,并结合它们所在生境特点对所得结果进行了分析。结果显示：（1）整个生长季内,不同种群大针茅营养枝高度的生长模式不同;营养枝高度和生殖枝高度在种群间差异显著,且多数变异存在于种群之间;（2）在不同生长期内,大针茅种群地上部干重与植株高度之间存在显著的分形关系;在无强度干扰的情况下,大针茅种群营养枝分形维数的大小与大针茅营养枝地上部干重的累积程度是一致的;但在长期严重干旱条件下,分形维数值表现为快速增加;（3）整个生长季内,同一生境条件下大针茅种群营养枝地上部干重与植株高度之间也存在显著的分形关系,且不同样地间分形维数值差异显著。不同生境条件下大针茅种群分株构件数量性状的差异是对所在生境长期适应、自然选择的结果。     

羊草种群地上部生物量与株高的分形关系

应用分形几何学（Ｆｒａｃｔａｌ ｇｅｏｍｅｔｒｙ）的原理和方法对羊草（Ａｎｅｕｒｏｌｅｐｉｄｉｕｍ ｃｈｉ－ ｎｅｎｓｅ）种群地上部生物量与株高的关系进行了研究．结果表明．羊草种群的地上部生物量 与株高存在很好的静态分形关系,所得分形维数是对地上部生物量在各器官中积累规律 （生物量配比）的表征;羊草种群地上部生物量与株高的动态分形关系表明在整个生长季 内该种群地上部生物量的增长具有自相似性．是一个分形生长过程,增长规律为分形维数 值Ｄ;在此基础上建立了羊草种群的分形生长模式．认为成熟植株可以看作是其幼苗经生 长放大过程而得到的．     

内蒙古中东部草原不同生境克氏针茅（Stipa krylovii Roshev.）种群的形态差异分析

对内蒙古中东部草原分布的克氏针茅进行了种群内和种群间的形态差异分析。结果表明：（1）种群内不同的形态性状存在不同程度的差异;（2）种群间生殖枝中的一部分形态性状以及营养枝高度和营养枝干重均存在较大差异;（3）每穗小花数、每穗籽粒数、每穗小穗数、生殖枝高、穗干重、生殖枝干重、每穗种子重、种子重/生殖枝重比等性状的变化趋势相同,均表现为随生境条件变差而增加,即在生殖上投入增加以增大适合度;（4）主成分分析表明穗长、种子重/生殖枝重比、每穗小花数、每穗籽粒数、生殖枝高、基盘长、第二芒柱长、营养枝高、千粒重、芒针长是不同种群差异的主要指标。这些形态性状的差异可以看作克氏针茅对不同生境的适应性表现。     

羊草与大针茅根系构型对水分梯度响应的比较研究

羊草(Leymus chinensis)与大针茅(Stipa grandis)是内蒙古锡林郭勒典型草原的两大建群种,也是内蒙古草原的重要优良牧草。选取锡林郭勒草原以大针茅和羊草为优势种的围封草场为研究样地,通过原状土柱移栽,进行了两年的水分梯度控制实验(150、300、450、600 mm),分别模拟当地年降雨量由干旱年到是湿润年的变化情况,分析比较羊草种群和大针茅种群地上高度和根系构型对水分梯度的响应情况。结果表明:相比大针茅种群,羊草种群对水分梯度的响应更敏感,随着水分梯度的增加,羊草地上高度和根系直径显著增加,根系长度和根系深度显著减少;而大针茅的地上高度和根系特征各项指标均没有显出与水分梯度的相关性,显然大针茅比羊草更能适应干旱生境。在干旱条件(模拟年降雨量150 mm处理)下,大针茅种群地上高度达到峰值,生长状况良好;羊草种群则采用地上个体小型化,地下主根变细,分叉,向土壤深层扩展的生长策略。因此,在气候变化背景下,干旱化的气候将导致大针茅种群在群落中的优势地位逐渐增加,反之羊草种群则会随着气候湿润化而占据更大的优势。     

不同生境下刺五加种群构件生物量结构与生长规律

从构件水平对针阔混交林、蒙古栎林和次生杂木林3个生境的刺五加种群各功能构件的生物量结构及生物量比率与年龄之间的关系进行了定量分析. 结果表明,刺五加种群的个体生长和各构件生物量动态与环境条件关系密切.不同环境条件下,刺五加种群各功能构件生物量平均值具有相同的规律：茎构件>根茎构件>叶构件.3个生境中刺五加整体种群水平具有一定的相似性.在郁闭度为40%的蒙古栎林中,刺五加种群个体生物量和各构件生物量较针阔混交林和次生杂木林中大.不同生境下刺五加种群分株生物量的差异蕴涵着重要的生长调节和物质分配策略.在分株较小的幼龄个体以及郁闭度较大而不利于分株生长的次生杂木林中,分株优先建造叶器官,以保证充分的物质生产. 3个生境刺五加种群的叶、茎与分株的相对增重均具有相同的幂函数异速生长规律.     

不同生境下假臭草生长特征分析

通过测定庄稼地、弃耕地、桉树林、公路边4种生境下假臭草叶面积(LA)、比叶面积(SLA)、LDMC和株高等形态特征、植株各构件生物量及生物量分配比和假臭草种群盖度、密度等种群数量性状,研究不同生境类型下假臭草个体的形态特征、生物量及生物量分配和种群生长状况的差异。结果表明:光照和土壤养分对假臭草的形态特征、生物量及生物量分配和种群数量性状的影响显著;低光照、高土壤养分生境下假臭草的LA、SLA、株高较高,假臭草叶片的LDMC较小,植株的花序数较少,生物量主要向叶和茎器官进行分配,根和花果器官的生物量分配则受到限制;高光照、养分贫瘠生境下假臭草的LA、SLA、株高较低,假臭草叶片的LDMC较大,生物量主要向根和花果器官进行分配,种群的盖度、密度、生物量和高度等种群数量性状较低,种群生长状况较差;高光照、肥沃养分生境为假臭草的最适生境,假臭草构件的资源配置较为优化,株高、基径粗、冠宽和花序数等形态指标较大,种群盖度、密度、生物量等种群数量性状较大,种群生长较好。     

放牧对大针茅草原建群种与优势种空间分布关系的影响

为探讨放牧下大针茅草原建群种大针茅(Stipa grandis)和优势种羊草(Leymus chinensis)及糙隐子草(Cleistogenes squarrosa)种群空间分布特点及关系,本实验以内蒙古自治区锡林郭勒盟毛登牧场大针茅草原建群种大针茅、优势种羊草和糙隐子草为研究对象,通过野外试验,以地统计学为基础,采用半方差函数、分形维数及克里格插值法,分析了围封(CK)和放牧(G)样地大针茅、羊草及糙隐子草种群小尺度空间分布关系。结果表明:围封样地大针茅、羊草及糙隐子草植株密度分别为10.94株/m~(2 )、12.95株/m~(2 )、13.60株/m~(2 ),放牧样地植株密度分别为16.84株/m~(2 )、48.28株/m~(2 )、28.63株/m~(2 ),放牧显著增加大针茅、羊草及糙隐子草种群密度(P0.05);半方差函数进行模型拟合发现,大针茅、羊草及糙隐子草种群空间分布函数关系均符合高斯模型;通过对空间分布函数关系分析,围封和放牧样地结构比为G (93.3%) CK(60.4%),表明放牧样地大针茅种群空间分布主要受结构性因素影响,而围封大针茅种群则受随机性因素影响较大;围封和放牧样地分形维数值为CK(1.796) G(1.361),表明放牧样地大针茅、羊草和糙隐子草所形成的空间分布格局相比围封样地较为复杂,大针茅空间分布对羊草和糙隐子草空间分布的依赖性较弱;通过立体图分析,在放牧利用过程中,羊草处于中低密度时,及糙隐子草处于高密度时,均与大针茅种群间的关系从围封中的竞争关系变为放牧过程中的亲和关系,可见放牧导致种间关系改变。     

大针茅居群遗传分化和RAPD位点多态性分布的分析

利用RAPD分子标记技术对5个居群的90个大针茅个体间的遗传关系以及RAPD多态性与所在生境的相关性进行了研究.16个引物共扩增得到310个RAPD位点,利用几种多元分析方法对所得位点进行分析,结果显示:主轴法分析能够在三维坐标下将90个大针茅个体按居群来源进行分类,前三个轴虽然只解释了总变异的21.91%,却能将所研究的居群完全分开;典范判别分析可以将97.8%的大针茅个体正确地分类到已知居群,且在二维功能轴下能够清晰地看到个体按居群来源进行了分类;Spearman秩相关分析和多元逐步回归分析均得出大针茅RAPD位点的Nei's基因多样性与气候因子(包括年降水量、积温、年均温、一月份均温和七月份均温)之间存在显著的关联性.基于以上结果我们可以得出:大针茅地理居群分化显著;大针茅RAPD多样性并非随机分布而是与生境气候因子相联系;气候差异的自然选择,对大针茅遗传多样性和遗传结构的特点起决定作用.研究结果对大针茅种质资源的保护具有重要的指导意义.     

大针茅种群RAPD多样性及其与若干生态因子的相关关系

利用RAPD分子标记,对锡林郭勒草原主要建群种大针茅（Stipa grandis P.Smirn.）5个种群共90个基因株的遗传多样性进行了分析.由16个10碱基随机引物共扩增得到310条清晰可重复的RAPD片段,且全部为多态性条带.利用POPGENE软件对RAPD数据进行分析可以看出,不同地理种群大针茅存在很高的遗传变异,且大部分变异存在于种群之内,只有少量变异存在于种群之间（≈28%）.Pearson相关分析表明,大针茅种群内基因多样性与温度因子（≥10℃年积温、年均温和1月份均温）之间存在显著（p＜0.05）或极显著（p＜0.01）的相关关系;Mantel检验结果显示,大针茅种群间的遗传距离与种群间的实际地理距离之间不存在显著的相关关系（r=0.184,p=0.261）,但与水热因子的分异之间存在显著（p＜0.05）或极显著（p＜0.01）的相关关系.这些都表明水热差异的自然选择引起大针茅种群RAPD标记的生态地理分化,而迁移和遗传漂变对大针茅种群间的分化不起决定作用.     

毛乌素沙地锦鸡儿种群形态变异

以柠条锦鸡儿人工种群为对照,研究了自然分布在内蒙古毛乌素沙地各类生境（硬梁、覆沙硬梁、覆沙软梁、覆沙滩地和沙丘）的９个锦鸡儿种群的具分种意义的形态特征的变异,荚果长度在一个植株内是比较稳定的性状,但在各个种群内,种群间变异很大,覆盖了小叶锦鸡儿（Ｃ、ｍｉｃｒｏｐｈｙｌｌａ）,中间锦鸡儿（Ｃ．ｉｎｔｅｒｍｅｄｉａ）和柠条锦鸡儿３个种的范围。同一生境不同种群以及不同生境种的比较,说明,决定荚果长度的主     

Mathematical methods for the acquisition of changes in vecps

Procedures such as principal component analysis, autocorrelation and cross-correlation, Fourier analysis, Wiener filtering, which have been used so far for the mathematical analysis of VECP mainly serve purpose of quantization and frequency analysis of signals and the evaluation of their intraindividual and interindividual variability. Although some of the above methods are also employed for the differentiation of VECPs, it seems that methods of primarily comparative character are better suited for the classification of different signal forms. This paper reports on results obtained by multivariate analysis of variance.     

Analysis of inphase interaction pattern in EEG

Inphase interactions among EEG signals recorded using eight electrodes were investigated. The inphase interaction parameters are presented in two ways: (1) matrix form in which the number of inphase interactions are tabulated; and (2) histogram in which the number of inphase interactions are plotted pair-wise between two sites as a function of phase delays in milliseconds. The highest number of interactions occurs between 0 and 8 ms in normal brains. The values of interaction parameters are enhanced by various activities. For example, inphase interaction parameters increase in the motor area in the right hemisphere if the EEG is recorded during repeated left fist clenching. Inphase interactions are drastically altered by the presence of a tumor. We studied the inphase interactions of the EEG of a patient having an occipital tumor. The interaction parameters are greatly diminished in this area, indicating a severe impairment of neuronal communications between both hemispheres in the occipital region. The confidence limits of the changes in inphase interaction parameters during fist clenching are tested statistically using the Student's t test. The test shows that the interaction parameters increase, in general, with 1–5% confidence limits in respective cortex areas as a result of fist clenching.     

Rank Covariance Methods for the Analysis of Survival Data

A procedure for comparing survival times between several groups of patients through rank analysis of covariance was introduced by WOOLSON and LACHENBRUCH (1983). It is a modification of Quade' rank analysis of covariance procedure (1967) and can be used for the analysis of right-censored data. In this paper, two additional modifications of Quade' original test statistic are proposed and compared to the original modification introduced by Woolson and Lachenbruch. These statistics are compared to one another and to the score test from Cox' proportional hazards model by way of a limited Monte Carlo study. One of the statistics, Q_R2, is recommended for general use for the rank analysis of covariance of right-censored survivorship data.     

Methods of Phytolith Analysis

Methods of phytolith analysis adopted from abroad as well as the authors' own experiences are introduced. It consists of two parts: The field method and the laboratory method of phytolith analysis; the former consists of plant collection, surface soil, stratum and archaeological samplings and the latter includes use of modern plants, soil sediment and archaeological phytolith analysis.     

Linear Discriminant Functions and Problems of Hybridization

A discriminant analysis method for frequency data for hybridization based on weighted multivariate analysis of variance is given for allotting an individual to one of groups.     

Application of a proton microprobe to biomedical research

The capability of PIXE analysis to simultaneously detect trace elements with Z≥14, with a high power of detection, can be exploited in biomedical research if the diameter of the proton beam is reduced to micrometer dimensions. In this case, trace analyses of small particles or small parts of a larger specimen are rendered possible without deteriorating the detection limits of PIXE. The measurements yield a completely new type of information on the biological microstructure. In order to fully utilize the abilities of the combined method, however, sample preparation techniques, and irradiation procedures have to be adapted to each analysis problem. Examples of application of the Bochum Proton Microprobe will be used to demonstrate how and to what extent this can be achieved for different types of biomedical problems.     

21世纪以来蕨类植物研究论文的发表情况: 基于Web of Science的数据统计

蕨类植物是地球上起源最为古老的维管植物, 在陆生植物演化中具有重要意义。本文通过Web of Science核心数据库(Core Collection)对目前所有关于“fern”、“lycophyte”、“pteridophyte”、“pteridophyta”等的科研论文进行了分析。结果表明: (1) 2000年后, 蕨类植物论文数量增加迅速, 特别是2006年以来增加显著, 现在年均已突破600篇; (2) 2010年以来的以蕨类植物为研究材料和对象的学科和研究领域变得越来越多元化, 多学科结合和交叉的研究方向成为新趋势; (3)中国正在成为蕨类植物研究的热点国家并且成果显著; (4)中国蕨类植物研究在快速发展的同时也出现了各研究机构之间的发展不同步。期望本论文能给蕨类植物的相关研究提供新的方向, 为中国蕨类植物工作者提供借鉴。     

Calibration of multivariate scatter plots for exploratory analysis of relations within and between sets of variables in genomic research

The scatter plot is a well known and easily applicable graphical tool to explore relationships between two quantitative variables. For the exploration of relations between multiple variables, generalisations of the scatter plot are useful. We present an overview of multivariate scatter plots focussing on the following situations. Firstly, we look at a scatter plot for portraying relations between quantitative variables within one data matrix. Secondly, we discuss a similar plot for the case of qualitative variables. Thirdly, we describe scatter plots for the relationships between two sets of variables where we focus on correlations. Finally, we treat plots of the relationships between multiple response and predictor variables, focussing on the matrix of regression coefficients. We will present both known and new results, where an important original contribution concerns a procedure for the inclusion of scales for the variables in multivariate scatter plots. We provide software for drawing such scales. We illustrate the construction and interpretation of the plots by means of examples on data collected in a genomic research program on taste in tomato.