水体浊度对菹草(Potamogeton cripus)幼苗生长发育的影响

用粒径小于100μm的泥沙配置浊度为30、60、90、120、150NTU和180NTU的混浊水体,将菹草（Potamogeton cipus）幼苗分别移栽于上述水体中,观测菹草幼苗在各浊度水体中的生长发育状况,并用水下饱和脉冲叶绿素荧光仪（DIVING-PAM）测定菹草幼苗光合作用PSⅡ最大量子产量（Fv/Fm）、有效荧光产量（Yield）、光化学荧光淬灭系数（qP）、非光化学荧光淬灭系数（qN）等指标。结果表明,菹草幼苗对混浊水体有较强的耐受能力,在30、60NTU和90NTU的混浊水体中,水体浊度对菹草幼苗的存活、生长发育及光合结构PSⅡ影响不显著（P〉0．05）。当水体浊度≥120NTU时,在短期（〈10d）胁迫下,水体浊度对于菹草幼苗的存活、生长发育无显著影响（P〉0．05）,但是,随着胁迫时间的延长（〉10d）,菹草幼苗虽能成活但生长发育明显受到抑制,幼苗叶片受光胁迫时,能通过增加热耗散（qN）保护其光合结构PSⅡ免受伤害;而更长时间的胁迫（80d）,在高浊度（120、150NTU和180NTU）水体中的菹草幼苗开始大量死亡,其Fv/Fm、Yield、qP值均显著低于对照（P〈0．05）,qN值的急剧下降,说明光合结构PSⅡ开始受到破坏。     

水体浊度对菹草(Potamogeton cripus)幼苗生长发育的影响

用粒径小于100 μm的泥沙配置浊度为30、60、90、120、150 NTU和180 NTU的混浊水体,将菹草（Potamogeton cripus）幼苗分别移栽于上述水体中,观测菹草幼苗在各浊度水体中的生长发育状况,并用水下饱和脉冲叶绿素荧光仪（DIVING-PAM）测定菹草幼苗光合作用PSII最大量子产量 （Fv/Fm）、有效荧光产量（Yield）、光化学荧光淬灭系数（qP）、非光化学荧光淬灭系数（qN）等指标。结果表明,菹草幼苗对混浊水体有较强的耐受能力,在30、60NTU和90NTU的混浊水体中,水体浊度对菹草幼苗的存活、生长发育及光合结构PSII影响不显著（p>0.05）。当水体浊度≥120NTU时,在短期（<10d）胁迫下,水体浊度对于菹草幼苗的存活、生长发育无显著影响（p>0.05）,但是,随着胁迫时间的延长(>10d),菹草幼苗虽能成活但生长发育明显受到抑制,幼苗叶片受光胁迫时,能通过增加热耗散（qN）保护其光合结构PSII免受伤害;而更长时间的胁迫（80d）,在高浊度（120、150 NTU和180 NTU）水体中的菹草幼苗开始大量死亡,其Fv/Fm、Yield、qP值均显著低于对照（p<0.05）, qN值的急剧下降,说明光合结构PSII开始受到破坏。     

水深、基质、光和去苗对菹草石芽萌发的影响

通过野调查,研究了水深对菹草石芽萌发率的影响,比较了梁子湖与湖北省其他四个不同水深的湖泊间菹草石芽明发率月动态;并通过萌发实验探讨了基质、光和去苗对菹草石芽萌发的影响。结果如下：无光环境下菹草石芽的萌发率较有光下的小,基质的有无及其类型对萌发率影响不大,去苗能使其萌发第二苗和第三苗的百分离分别从自然状态下的3．2％和1．0％提高至96．8％和64．0％（12月初）;五个湖泊的石芽均于7月初即开始萌发,相同月份不同湖泊石芽的平均萌发率基本与其平均水深成负相关关系,但12月初各湖泊的平均萌发率相近（＞95％）;同一湖泊水深越大,相同月份的萌发率越低,水深的增加能显著推迟萌发起始时间,但不改变其最终萌发率（12月初＞95％）。菹草石高萌发率的特征和极高的萌发第二、第三苗的潜力可能是其成为许多湖泊优势种的两个极其重要的维持机制。     

悬浮泥沙对亚洲苦草幼苗生长发育的影响

将亚洲苦草（Vallisneria asiatica Miki L.）幼苗植株种植于浊度分别为30NTU、60NTU和90NTU的悬浮泥沙水体中,统计各处理苦草幼苗的生长发育状况,并使用水下饱和脉冲叶绿素荧光仪（DIVING-PAM）测定PSⅡ最大量子产量（FV/Fm）、实际光化学效率（Yield）、光化学荧光淬灭系数（qP）、非光化学荧光淬灭系数（qN）、表观电子传递效率（ETR）以及快速光响应曲线。结果表明,实验第5天,悬浮泥沙对于苦草幼苗的存活、生长发育及光合作用影响不显著（p〉0.05）,苦草幼苗在低光胁迫下通过增加热耗散以保护PSⅡ。30d后,悬浮泥沙对于苦草幼苗的存活、生长发育及光合作用影响显著（p〈0.05）,30NTU组苦草幼苗生长发育虽明显受到抑制,但仍能保持一定的存活率;而泥沙浊度为60NTU和90NTU时则完全不利于苦草幼苗存活。30NTU、60NTU、90NTU组的Fv/Fm值、Yield值、qP值、最大ETR均显著低于对照（p〈0.05）,30NTU组最小饱和光强为176μmol quanta/m^2.s,而60NTU、90NTU组则只有17μmolquanta/m^2.s,远低于对照组的248μmol quanta/m^2.s。     

母代环境升温对菹草石芽形态、碳氮元素含量及子代萌发过程的影响

母代环境的影响在水生植物生活史以及子代生长特征方面扮演十分重要的作用。因此, 了解母代环境的影响将有助于预测水生植物生活史特征对未来气候变暖的响应机制。研究以菹草(Potamogeton crispus)为研究对象, 采用实验生态学手段, 通过设置了3种不同升温模式, 研究母代不同升温模式环境下产生的菹草石芽在形态、化学计量学特征及萌发等方面的变化特征。研究结果表明: 不同的升温模式对菹草产生的石芽湿重无显著影响, 但是较高幅度的升温显著促进了石芽长度和宽度的增加; 石芽的化学计量学特征表明, 母代高幅度的升温会导致菹草石芽总N含量显著升高, 同时C/N比显著下降; 母代升温环境对菹草石芽的萌发速率及幼苗生长有一定程度的促进作用。综上所述, 菹草母代环境温度的升高显著影响了石芽的形态、化学计量学特征及萌发情况。     

水体浊度对苦草光合荧光特性的影响

用粒径小于100μm的泥沙分别配置浊度为30、60、90 NTU(nephelometric turbidity units)的混浊水体,将苦草(Vallisneria natans)成株分别种植于上述水体中,利用水下饱和脉冲荧光仪(DIVING-PAM)测定植株最长叶片水下10 cm处ΔFv/Fm的光合日变化及快速光响应曲线(RLC)。结果表明,1个月后,水体浊度对苦草成体植株Fv/Fm和光合系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)无显著影响,叶片ΔFv/F’m的日变化曲线呈“V”形;泥沙浊度≥60 NTU时,ΔFv/F’m降低幅度较小,光强降低时恢复较快,植株受光抑制的程度变小。快速光响应曲线结果显示,实验期间苦草开始衰老,光响应能力下降;随水体混浊度的升高,叶片光响应能力下降减慢。表明在浅(水深1.0 m)而浑浊的水体中,短时间内混浊水体对苦草成株叶片PSⅡ的影响较小。     

菹草石芽大小和贮藏温度对萌发及幼苗生长的影响

通过萌发实验探讨了菹草石芽重量和贮藏温度对石芽萌发及幼苗生长的影响。结果表明：成熟的菹草石芽大小不一,按鲜重划分重量等级,各等级石芽数量占总数量的百分比差异很大,重量中等的石芽数量占到80%以上;重量对石芽最终萌发率没有影响,但重量小的石芽萌发时间较早,重量大的石芽虽然萌发较晚但是最终萌生的幼苗数目较多。石芽重量和萌发结束时幼苗数目之间呈显著的线性正相关(p＜0.05);连续去苗过程中,重量大的石芽萌发率和萌发幼苗数保持较高水平;经过贮藏的石芽与未经贮藏的石芽相比,萌发快且萌发整齐。经过15℃贮藏的石芽萌发最早,高温(25℃)和低温(4℃)贮藏均会使石芽最终萌发出的幼苗数目减少,3种温度下贮藏的石芽最终萌发率和幼苗长度无显著差异。     

水体泥沙对苦草生长发育和叶片光合生理特性的影响

用粒径小于100μm的泥沙分别配置浊度为30、60、90NTU和120NTU的浑浊水体,将苦草(Vallisneria asiatica)幼苗分别种植于上述水体中,水深约60cm,定期统计植株的叶长、叶宽、叶片数和株数,利用水下饱和脉冲荧光仪(DIVING～PAM)测定泥沙附着苦草叶片在光化光下的荧光参数,并测定其超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化物酶活性.结果表明,随着水体中泥沙含量的增加苦草植株的叶宽、叶片数和植株数呈显著的降低趋势,在浊度30NTU的水体中,植株叶长增长速度显著大于对照;随着实验时间的延长,在泥沙含量较高的水体(浊度≥60NTU)中,植株逐渐死亡,而在浊度30NTU的水体中,幼苗能进行正常的生长发育.秋季植株开花时,叶片上的泥沙附着量逐渐增大,在30NTU水体中泥沙附着叶片的实际光化学效率、光化学荧光淬灭系数和电子传递速率均显著高于对照,而且附着叶片的超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化物酶活性与对照的差异不显著.表明在低浓度泥沙水体中泥沙附着有利于苦草叶片PSⅡ免受秋季高光照的伤害,从而减缓苦草叶片光合功能的衰减.因此,在泥沙含量较低的浅水体(浊度≤30 NTU)中可以适当引种苦草幼苗(最好由冬芽和根状茎萌发得到),植株能正常生长发育和繁殖.     

紫外辐射对菹草成株表型可塑性及石芽的影响

菹草衰亡的原因一直是水体生态修复的研究热点,已有的研究认为强光照是促进菹草衰亡的关键因素,强光照中对动植物有害波段主要为UV-B波段,为此分别将菹草成株置于50、100、150、200μW/cm2剂量的UV-B辐射下,每日持续辐射6h(9:00—15:00),对照组接受的UV-B剂量为0,仅接受UV-A和光合有效辐射,监测菹草生长、形态状况、石芽形成及萌发等指标。结果表明,高剂量UV-B辐射能促进菹草成株的衰亡进程,即使暴露在低剂量UV-B辐射条件下,植株仍然衰亡;植株株高、节间距、叶面积、单株鲜重都受到UV-B辐射的抑制,且随UV-B辐射剂量增加,各项指标明显下降;UV-B辐射对菹草成株形成的石芽数量无显著影响,但形成的石芽随辐射剂量增加变态率增高,长度增加,宽度减少,石芽重量减轻,下一个生长季萌发率降低,萌发出二苗的比率降低,萌发苗各项生长指标随辐射剂量增加逐渐降低。因此,春末夏初UV-B辐射增强可能是导致菹草大批衰亡的重要原因。     

光和基质对菹草石芽萌发、幼苗生长及叶片光合效率的影响

通过室内模拟试验,研究了基质和光照对菹草石芽萌发、幼苗生长以及不同光照对菹草生长后期叶片光合效率的影响.结果表明,在光照和缺乏基质的条件下,菹草石芽的萌发率和出苗率提高.基质的存在促进了根的生长,而光对根的生长并未起到促进作用.在无光条件下, 菹草幼苗节间长度明显大于有光处理.在暗处理中, 菹草叶片的质膜透性显著增加.在有光照条件下,有无基质对菹草幼苗叶片叶绿素a(Chla)、叶绿素b(Chlb)以及Chla/Chlb比值的影响为Chla、Chlb的含量增高,Chla/Chlb比值在3.5上下波动;Chla/Chlb最大值和最小值在有基质时分别为4.4和2.8,无基质时为4.2和2.7.但对幼苗处理40 d时,暗处理的叶片质膜透性与有光有基质、有光无基质之间差异极显著(P＜0.01).不同光照处理(自然光、50%自然光、20%自然光和10%自然光)的光合特性差异比较结果表明,在菹草生长后期,在自然光下菹草叶片的F_v/F_m和F_v/F_o的比值与其它3个遮光处理相比存在显著差异(P＜0.05),而在3个遮光处理之间差异不显著.进一步比较F_v/F_m、F_v/F_o、ETR、qP、qN和ΦPSⅡ等荧光参数值的结果显示,在生长的后期,一定程度的弱光会起到促进菹草的光合效率、延缓菹草衰老的作用.     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.