Toward a resolution of a taxonomic enigma: first genetic analyses of Paradoxornis webbianus and Paradoxornis alphonsianus (Aves: Paradoxornithidae) from China and Italy

Paradoxornis webbianus and Paradoxornis alphonsianus naturally occur in South-East Asia. Due to a recent introduction, a mixed population currently occurs in northern Italy. A preliminary phylogeographic analysis using samples from Italy and China found little genetic differentiation between the two taxa and revealed the existence of two molecular lineages, sympatric in some part of China, that do not correspond to the morphological classification. Possible taxonomic changes and preliminary inferences on the relationships between Chinese and the Italian populations and on the likely provenance of the founders introduced in Italy are also discussed.     

棕头鸦雀分类问题商榷

棕头鸦雀的分类有过几次较为系统的整理研究。因其飞羽外缘有栗红色与褐色两种类型,前者又可分为红胸、灰胸两类群,故在分类上各学者持有不同意见。或将其分为3个种,或归并为1种。本文依据作者工作结果,从地理分布、形态及骨骼性状进行分析研究,认为棕头鸦雀具栗红翅缘的红胸、灰胸两类群在中国西南地区的云、贵、川三省的亚种分布接触地带彼此混交并有居间个体,不应独立为两个不同种。栗红翅缘褐色翅缘两大类群尚未发现重叠分布,形态明显间断,一直未见有中间类型。两大类群在头骨的泪骨突起和方骨形态上有明显差异,建议将它们分为Paradoxornis webbianus和paradoxornis brunneus。前者再分为红胸、灰胸两亚种组。对少数有争议的亚种也提出了处理意见。     

棕头鸦雀的巢生境因子分析和雏鸟的生长发育

2005年4~6月,在四川南充市西华师范大学新校区、西南石油学院和嘉陵江中坝区域内对棕头鸦雀(Paradoxornis webbianus)的繁殖行为进行了观察研究。结果表明,棕头鸦雀4月开始繁殖。影响巢址选择的生境因子主要有7种。雌雄鸟参与筑巢,营巢期5~6 d。窝卵数4~5枚(n=5)。雌雄鸟孵卵,孵卵期13~14 d。孵化率89.47%(n=4)。雌雄参与育雏,育雏期12~13 d。雏鸟离巢率88.24%(n=4)。雏鸟形态生长曲线呈“S”型。     

Fine-scale genetic structure and its consequence in breeding aggregations of a passerine bird

The pattern of fine-scale genetic structure in a population may reflect current biological processes of the species, such as natal dispersal, the breeding system and demography. We investigated the spatial distribution of nests and fine-scale genetic structure during two breeding seasons in a population of a weakly territorial, flock-living passerine bird, the vinous-throated parrotbill, Paradoxornis webbianus . Nest distribution was clustered. There were two peaks of egg laying within each breeding season, and spatial clustering of nests was more extreme during the second peak after controlling for breeding density. The patterns of genetic structure during the breeding season varied with parental sex and season. Genetic structure occurred during the second laying peak: males breeding within 200 m of one another at this time were significantly more closely related than males breeding farther apart. However, no apparent genetic structure was detected in males during the first laying peak or among females in either laying peak. These results reveal male-oriented kin affiliation during part of the breeding season in this species. Furthermore, juvenile recruitment into the winter flocks was positively related to this increased relatedness among males via kin affiliation. This study implies that fine-scale genetic structure during the breeding season could be a factor determining individual fitness and may play an important role in our understanding of the evolution of social systems.     

鹟科五种鸟线粒体DNA序列变化与亲缘关系的研究

首次对鹟科（Muscicapidae）画眉亚科三种鸟----画眉（Garrulax canorus）、红嘴相思鸟（Leiothrix lutea）、棕头雅雀(Paradoxornis webbiana);鸫亚科的乌鸫（Turdinae merula）线粒体DNA的12S rRNA基因片段的DNA序列进行了测定,并与北美画眉亚科弯嘴鹛属（Pomatostomus）的灰冠弯嘴鹛（P.temporalis）同源序列进行分析比较并构建分子进化树。实验结果与传统形态学论述存在一定的差异,与同工酶研究结果相同：画眉与红嘴相思鸟的亲缘关系最近,棕头鸦雀较乌鸫与画眉亚科的关系更近,为将其置于画眉亚科提供了分子证据。 Abstract：The classfication on Muscicapinae disturbed us for a long time.The important thing is to find an appropriate character to resolve it.It is the first time that we testified the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene fragment sequence of four birds (G.canorus,L.lutea,P.webbianus and T.merula-owing to Muscicapinae) and aligned with the same sequence of P.temporalis.Using the mitochondrial 12S rRNA sequences date,we built phylogenetic trees.The results indicated that that the relationship between Garrulax canorus and Leiothrix lutea in the four birds was closer which is congruent with morphology.According to the results of isoenzyme and DNA sequencing data,we can draw a conclusion that Paradoxornis webbianus has closer relationship to Timaliinae than that of Turdus merula,and that putting Paradoxonithinae to Timaliinae was reasonable.     

雅安市区林地鸟类多样性及生态位分析

2009年12月至2010年12月,经过一个年周期的调察与统计,共记录雅安市区林地鸟类79种,隶属于8目32科。通过多样性指数与均匀度指数的测算发现,春秋两季大于夏冬两季,农田类型明显低于次生林、人工林及其他生境。在所有鸟类中,灰喉鸦雀(Paradoxornis alphonsianus)、白头鹎(Pycnonotussinensis)、红头长尾山雀(Aegithalos concinnus)、白颊噪鹛(Garrulax sannio)在不同季节均具有较高的优势度,发冠卷尾(Dicrurus hottentottus)、松鸦(Garrulus glandarius)、大山雀(Parus major)、绿背山雀(P.monticolus)具有最高的生态位宽度值。自20世纪60年代,雅安市区鸟类物种组成及栖息地随城市化进程均发生了较大变化。     

鹟科五种鸟线粒体DNA序列变化与亲缘关系的研究

首次对鹟科（Muscicapidae）画眉亚科三种鸟----画眉（Garrulax canorus）、红嘴相思鸟（Leiothrix lutea）、棕头雅雀(Paradoxornis webbiana);鸫亚科的乌鸫（Turdinae merula）线粒体DNA的12S rRNA基因片段的DNA序列进行了测定,并与北美画眉亚科弯嘴鹛属（Pomatostomus）的灰冠弯嘴鹛（P.temporalis）同源序列进行分析比较并构建分子进化树。实验结果与传统形态学论述存在一定的差异,与同工酶研究结果相同：画眉与红嘴相思鸟的亲缘关系最近,棕头鸦雀较乌鸫与画眉亚科的关系更近,为将其置于画眉亚科提供了分子证据。 Abstract：The classfication on Muscicapinae disturbed us for a long time.The important thing is to find an appropriate character to resolve it.It is the first time that we testified the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene fragment sequence of four birds (G.canorus,L.lutea,P.webbianus and T.merula-owing to Muscicapinae) and aligned with the same sequence of P.temporalis.Using the mitochondrial 12S rRNA sequences date,we built phylogenetic trees.The results indicated that that the relationship between Garrulax canorus and Leiothrix lutea in the four birds was closer which is congruent with morphology.According to the results of isoenzyme and DNA sequencing data,we can draw a conclusion that Paradoxornis webbianus has closer relationship to Timaliinae than that of Turdus merula,and that putting Paradoxonithinae to Timaliinae was reasonable.     

中国柳莺属分类现状

柳莺属Phylloscopus一直是中国鸟类分类学中问题最多,研究最不完善的类群。在上世纪末的10年中,新增加了12种柳莺,包括新发现的3种和亚种被提升到种地位的9种。本文回顾和介绍了我国柳莺属分类研究概况,包括四川柳莺P.sichuanensis,海南柳莺P.hainanus和峨眉柳莺P.emeiensis3个新发现种。黄腰柳莺青藏亚种P.proregulus chloronotus和甘肃亚种P.p.kansuensis,黄腹柳莺P.affinis subaffinis亚种。黄腰柳莺青藏亚种P.proregulus chloronotus和甘肃亚种和P.c.sindianus亚种,黄眉柳莺P.inormatus humei亚种等的分类地位已由亚种升为种,但黑眉柳莺P.ricketti goodsoni亚种分类地位仍存在着争议,最后提出了目前我国柳莺属分类上尚存在的一些问题。     

Extrapair paternity in a flock-living passerine, the vinous-throated parrotbill Paradoxornis webbianus

Understanding the factors that affect the occurrence of extrapair paternity (EPP) is one of the central issues in sexual selection. We investigated genetic parentage and the ecological factors affecting patterns of EPP in the vinous-throated parrotbill, Paradoxornis webbianus , a flock-living species with double broods. Using microsatellite DNA fingerprinting, we determined parentage of 246 offspring in 50 broods over two years (2005 and 2006). Nineteen offspring (8%) from 13 broods (26%) were sired by extrapair males and one offspring (0.4%) was probably the result of intraspecific brood parasitism. The prevalence of EPP varied significantly through the breeding season: 95% of broods with EPP (12/13) occurred in the first of two laying peaks. Parentage assignment revealed that half of extrapair males (6/12) were adjacent neighbours. The distribution of EPP was not significantly related to the ecological factors including breeding density and breeding synchrony. Instead, we suggest that social characteristics such as flocking and weak territoriality may determine the observed pattern of EPP in this study.