绿色荧光蛋白在α-1,3半乳糖基转移酶敲除猪组织器官的表达分析

猪是人类异种器官移植的理想供体,然而猪-人的异种器官移植会产生剧烈的排斥反应。虽然已制备的α-1,3半乳糖基转移酶基因敲除(Galactosyltransferase gene knockout,GTKO)猪可有效缓解猪-人异种器官移植引起的超急性免疫排斥,但缺少报告基因直观示踪移植后的细胞迁移及器官排斥状态。本文将CAG启动子驱动增强型绿色荧光蛋白(Enhanced green fluorescent protein,EGFP)的表达载体导入GTKO猪耳成纤维细胞,通过体细胞核移植技术制备了EGFP猪。利用双荧光蛋白观测镜、荧光显微镜及定量PCR扩增观察、检测和分析克隆猪各组织器官中EGFP蛋白和转录本的表达状况。结果显示,EGFP蛋白及转录本在克隆猪各组织器官中均有表达,但在肝脏和中枢神经系统中表达较弱。本文成功获得了各组织器官表达EGFP的GTKO猪,为EGFP示踪异种细胞组织移植奠定了基础。     

绿色荧光蛋白在α-1,3半乳糖基转移酶敲除猪组织器官的表达分析

猪是人类异种器官移植的理想供体,然而猪-人的异种器官移植会产生剧烈的排斥反应。虽然已制备的α-1,3半乳糖基转移酶基因敲除（Galactosyltransferase gene knockout, GTKO）猪可有效缓解猪-人异种器官移植引起的超急性免疫排斥,但缺少报告基因直观示踪移植后的细胞迁移及器官排斥状态。本文将CAG启动子驱动增强型绿色荧光蛋白（Enhanced green fluorescent protein, EGFP）的表达载体导入GTKO猪耳成纤维细胞,通过体细胞核移植技术制备了EGFP猪。利用双荧光蛋白观测镜、荧光显微镜及定量PCR扩增观察、检测和分析克隆猪各组织器官中EGFP蛋白和转录本的表达状况。结果显示,EGFP蛋白及转录本在克隆猪各组织器官中均有表达,但在肝脏和中枢神经系统中表达较弱。本文成功获得了各组织器官表达EGFP的GTKO猪,为EGFP示踪异种细胞组织移植奠定了基础。     

利用启动子缺陷型打靶载体敲除五指山小型猪GGTA1基因

目的:获得α-1,3-半乳糖基转移酶(GGTA1)基因敲除的五指山小型猪胎儿,为异种器官移植研究提供基础平台。方法:以新霉素磷酸转移酶基因(neo)为筛选标记基因构建启动子缺陷型打靶载体,打靶载体线性化后用电转染法将其导入胎儿成纤维细胞中,转染后的细胞经G418筛选后,用PCR法检测药物抗性的细胞克隆,对阳性细胞进行核移植构建重构胚胎及胚胎移植。结果:转染后,经筛选共得到176个具有G418抗性的细胞克隆,经PCR检测,其中2个细胞克隆发生了同源重组;以其中1个GGTA1+/-细胞克隆为供体细胞进行核移植,将重构胚移植到2头自然发情的受体母猪中,1头受体妊娠;第37 d将代孕母猪处死,获得2个胎儿,经PCR和Southern印迹鉴定,均为GGTA1单等位基因敲除胎儿。结论:构建了五指山小型猪GGTA1基因部分外显子4区域敲除的启动子缺陷型打靶载体,获得了GGTA1单等位基因敲除的胎儿,为培育GGTA1基因敲除的五指山小型猪奠定了基础。     

广西巴马小型猪α-1,3-半乳糖转移酶基因RNAi载体构建与检测

α-1,3-半乳糖转移酶基因(α-1,3 GT)在异种器官移植中的免疫排斥反应有重要的作用,本研究旨在构建α-1,3-半乳糖转移酶基因的干扰载体,在m RNA和蛋白质水平鉴定并筛选出干扰效果最佳的序列。根据巴马小型猪GGTA1基因CDS序列,设计合成3对特异性单链si RNA序列以及一对阴性序列,构建GGTA1 RNA干扰载体分别命名为p LLU2G-sh GGTA1-1、p LLU2G-sh GGTA1-2、p LLU2G-sh GGTA1-3和p LLU2G-sh GGTA1-NC。将构建好的载体分别转染转染PK15细胞,通过q RT-PCR和Western blot检测GGTA1 m RNA及其蛋白的相对表达量。结果显示本研究成功构建了3个重组RNAi表达载体,与转染p LLU2G-NC和空白组相比,p LLU2G-sh GGTA1-1、p LLU2G-sh GGTA1-2和p LLU2G-sh GGTA1-3转染组的GGTA1 m RNA和蛋白表达量均明显下降,对m RNA表达的抑制效率分别为85.02%、86.05%和83.85%。本研究成功获得有效抑制广西巴马小型猪GGTA1基因表达的RNAi载体,为下一步生产沉默GGTA1基因广西巴马小型猪奠定基础。     

流式细胞分析测定猪外周血单个核细胞Gal α1,3 Gal水平(英文)

在考虑以猪器官作为供体对人进行异种器官移植时,α1,3半乳糖被认为是引起超急性免疫排斥的主要异种抗原.人们建立了各种方法以降低猪α1,3半乳糖水平,但是也有可能筛选得到在自然情况下α1,3半乳糖表达水平比较低的猪.为了研究在正常猪单个核细胞中α1,3半乳糖浓度分布的差异,利用鸡免疫球蛋白Y(ck-IgY)抗体通过流式细胞分析对正常猪的α1,3半乳糖水平的差异进行检测.取3～8周龄猪的全血,用肝素抗凝处理后经密度梯度离心获取外周血单个核细胞(PBMCs),与FITC标记的ck-IgY(10μg/ml)孵育,经流式细胞仪检测α1,3半乳糖水平.结果显示,相同周龄猪的α1,3半乳糖水平可有0.4～2.6倍差异,同一猪的水平在不同周龄有1.3～5.6倍差异.ck-IgY的特异性由棉籽糖和α1,3半乳二糖测定,棉籽糖(100μmol/L)可抑制70%ck-IgY结合,而α1,3半乳二糖(6.25μmol/L)可完全取消ck-IgY的结合,说明ck-IgY与猪单个核细胞是特异性结合.上述发现说明,ck-IgY是检测猪单个核细胞表面α1,3半乳糖的特异试剂,不同猪或是同一猪在不同时间的α1,3半乳糖水平有着明显的差异.     

五指山小型猪单个核细胞表面α Gal抗原表达差异的分析

利用猪的器官为挽救脏器终末衰竭病人而进行的异种移植是有效救治病人的途径之一.由于猪细胞表面存在的α1,3半乳糖会引起超急性免疫排斥反应,导致移植器官最终被移植受体排斥.除人类和旧大陆猴外,所有哺乳动物细胞表面都有αGal半乳糖表达,但个体间表达量存在显著差异.为研究近交系五指山小型猪细胞表面α1,3半乳糖表达的个体差异,本实验利用FITC-isolectin进行荧光标记,通过流式细胞术以及激光共聚焦分析,对14例5月龄猪样本外周血单个核细胞表面的α1,3半乳糖水平进行检测.利用猪肾上皮PK15细胞确定FITC-isolectin标记的最适浓度为25ng/μl(细胞标记效率大于85%).结果显示,14头猪外周血单个核细胞表面α1,3半乳糖的表达差异范围在1.25～2.09倍之间,远低于普通非近交系猪的个体差异.本研究为利用近交系五指山小型猪作为异种器官移植的研究材料提供了基础数据.     

GGTA1~(-/-)五指山小型猪SLAI类基因分子特征及与HLA相似性分析

目的明晰α-1,3半乳糖基转移酶基因敲除(GGTA1-/-)的五指山小型猪SLA经典I类基因分子结构特征及其与人HLA的相似性,对研究异种器官移植细胞性排斥反应具有重要意义。方法采集6头祖代GGTA1-/-五指山小型猪耳组织,利用RT-PCR对SLA I类基因(SLA-1、SLA-3、SLA-2)扩增、克隆及测序,对序列进行BLAST分析,并采用生物信息学方法对SLA I类基因分子结构特征及其与人HLA的同源性进行分析。结果测序分析表明,共获得6条等位基因序列,其中4条为已公布的等位基因(SLA-1*0703、SLA-2*1102、SLA-3*0401、SLA-3*0403),另2条为新等位基因(SLA-1*0401wz01、SLA-2*11wz01)。五指山小型猪与人HLA同源性为70.5%~72.1%。SLA-1*0401wz01、SLA-1*0703、SLA-2*11wz01、SLA-2*1102和SLA-3*0401的CD8+分子识别的关键结合域与人HLA氨基酸序列比对,均仅在位点225、228处发生了突变(T→S、T→M),其他位点高度保守。SLA-2*11wz01和SLA-2*1102与人HLA I类基因NK细胞抑制性受体(killer inhibitory receptor,KIR)结合区氨基酸同源性较高,在NKTA-1亚型结合域内仅有1个氨基酸差异,而在NKTA-2和NKTA-3亚型结合域内有2个氨基酸差异。结论从免疫细胞介导的异种排斥反应角度出发,GGTA1-/-五指山小型猪SLA I类基因氨基酸序列与人HLA高度相似,可作为未来猪-人异种器官移植的良好供体之一。     

基因修饰猪作为异种器官移植供体的研究进展

器官移植是治疗脏器器官终末病变的根本方法,目前器官移植的最大障碍是供体器官的缺乏。异种器官移植为解决上述难题打开了一扇门。猪与人类在解剖学和生理学等方面非常相似,是理想的器官移植的供体。基因修饰猪在异种器官移植中有着重要的应用,该文就猪–人异种器官移植发生免疫排斥的机制及其对策、器官移植后的生理功能以及潜在的病毒感染风险等方面的研究进行了综述和讨论,为异种器官移植提供理论基础。     

利用猪单个胚胎建立高效快速的CRISPR/Cas9打靶位点检测方法

基因工程猪可作为动物模型研究人类疾病,也是异种器官移植最合适的供体.CRISPR/Cas9系统是高效特异的基因编辑工具.因此本文通过显微注射的方式将sg RNA和Cas9 m RNA注射入单细胞期的孤雌胚胎中,待其发育为囊胚后检测打靶效率.T7EN1酶切和TA克隆测序结果表明,本研究可以在猪的孤雌胚胎中同时实现3个基因(B2M,CIITA,GGTA1或者LDLR,LEP,LEPR)的高效敲除(敲除率分别为62.5%和50%),为使用CRISPR/Cas9系统高效、快速和经济地建立多基因修饰的猪模型提供了基础.     

α-半乳糖苷酶清除猪细胞表面的α-Gal抗原

目的:探讨脆弱类杆菌来源的基因重组α-半乳糖苷酶清除猪细胞表面α-Gal抗原的作用。方法:用不同浓度的α-半乳糖苷酶酶解猪红细胞、猪胚肾细胞PK15、猪睾丸细胞ST和原代培养的猪成纤维细胞上的α-Gal抗原,酶解温度为26℃,作用时间为2 h;用25μg/m L的FITC-IB4凝集素标记酶解前后的细胞,采用流式细胞仪检测细胞表面α-Gal抗原的清除率。结果:流式细胞检测结果表明,不同组织来源的猪细胞表面的α-Gal抗原的表达量明显不同,所需酶的剂量也不同,但其表面的α-Gal抗原均能被α-半乳糖苷酶清除。结论:脆弱类杆菌来源的α-半乳糖苷酶可以清除猪细胞表面的α-Gal抗原,提示该酶对降低异种移植引起的超急性排斥反应有重要意义。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.