农业生态系统健康的基本内涵及其评价指标

农业生态系统健康在国际上日益受到关注。并成为农业生态学研究的热点和前沿领域之一．农业生态系统健康是食物安全和人类健康的基础．农业生态系统健康是指具有良好的生态环境、健康的农业生物、合理的时空结构、清洁的生产方式,以及具有适度的生物多样性和持续农业生产力的一种系统状态和动态过程．农业生态系统是一类典型的人工．自然复合生态系统,其健康状况在很大程度上受人类活动的调控与影响,并往往以农产品品质、食物安全和生物安全为标准．农业生态系统健康可采用生物学、环境学、生态经济学几个方面的指标。进行综合评价．其评价方法可采用综合指数法、生态毒理学方法、生态风险评估方法等．     

土壤健康的内涵及生态指示与研究展望

土壤健康是农产品安全和人类健康的基础,是一个赋有21世纪新世代气息的新概念.健康土壤学的发展,预示了土壤科学进入了一个新世代.论述了土壤健康这一新概念的内涵;阐明了土壤健康与人类疾病、农产品安全之间存在着密切的相关关系;从土壤动物、微生物、植物和土壤酶生态指示的角度,指出了土壤健康指标应该具有灵敏度高、使用范围广、分析测量方法切实可行等生态特点;综述了国内外土壤健康生态指示的研究现状与发展动态;认为除了继续深入现阶段有关土壤健康的研究外,还应从土壤健康的水力学特征与水生生态过程的角度展开研究,使土壤健康评价系统更完善.     

河口生态系统健康评价研究进展

河口生态系统一方面能提供多样化的生态服务和较多的经济产出,但同时也更易受到人类活动的影响。合理评价河口生态系统健康有利于了解河口生态系统现状,为可持续利用河口生态系统提供科学依据。本文在查阅国内外大量文献的基础上,对河口生态系统的特征、健康内涵以及健康标准进行了归纳和分析,并系统论述了河口生态系统健康的评价指标、评价方法、指标筛选原则以及主流评价指标体系和评价模型,概述了RS和GIS技术在河口生态系统健康评价中的应用。针对目前研究中存在的主要问题,提出了河口生态系统健康评价研究的发展方向,认为今后开展河口生态系统健康评价研究还需要在概念、影响机理、空间尺度选取以及新技术新方法的应用等方面进一步加强。     

东北粮食主产区农业生态系统健康格局与因子诊断——以吉林省为例

运用生态系统健康的理论与方法研究粮食主产区农业生态系统健康问题具有重要的意义,以东北粮食主产区的典型区域吉林省为研究对象,基于构建的胁迫-状态-免疫(S-S-I)与活力-结构组织-恢复力(V-O-R)农业生态系统健康评价指标体系,运用最优组合赋权法、综合评价模型、GIS空间分析技术和灰色斜率相似关联度诊断模型对2000—2011年吉林省农业生态系统健康的时空格局以及影响因子进行分析.结果表明: 时间特征上,2000—2011年吉林省农业生态健康等级从“不健康级”状态向“较健康级”状态转变,农业生态系统健康水平正逐步提高.空间特征上,2000—2011年吉林省农业生态系统健康状况空间差异日益显著,中部地区的农业生态健康水平保持不变,东南部与西部正逐渐提高.吉林省农业生态系统健康水平提高的主要贡献因子是经济驱动、环境治理与社会发展,主要障碍因子是生态压力、组织结构与投入能力等.最后,提出相关措施进一步改善区域农业生态系统健康状况.     

土壤微生物组与土壤健康

土壤健康在保障粮食安全和维持陆地生态系统功能方面起到举足轻重的作用,是农业可持续发展之本.土壤作为一个动态生命系统,其健康与土壤微生物组息息相关.土壤微生物组通过自身代谢参与元素循环和污染物降解等过程,同时在增强根际免疫,提高土壤肥力和作物产量方面扮演关键的角色,对土壤健康乃至人类健康具有重要意义.由于土壤生态系统的复杂性,目前对土壤微生物组与土壤健康关系的认知仍比较缺乏,不利于土壤健康的维持和提升.因此,本文围绕元素循环、污染消解和土传病害防控等三大土壤生态功能,系统梳理了土壤微生物组在维持和提升土壤健康中的重要作用,归纳了土壤微生物组作为评价土壤健康指标的研究进展,提出了利用土壤微生物组调控土壤健康的新途径.本文最后对土壤微生物组与土壤健康研究进行了展望,以期对维护土壤健康,改善土壤生态系统功能以及保障粮食安全提供科学依据.     

城乡景观中土壤生态系统微塑料的来源、迁移特征及其风险

土壤微塑料污染的持久性、复杂性及其对土壤生态系统的影响受到越来越广泛的关注,但对其来源、迁移过程等仍有许多问题尚未理清。从复合生态系统的角度,通过对城乡景观中土壤微塑料的来源、迁移过程及其风险等相关研究进展进行了系统梳理,分析了城乡不同景观中土壤微塑料的主要来源和特点,讨论了土壤微塑料在城乡景观中的迁移特征及其驱动力,探讨了土壤微塑料在城乡景观中的生态和健康风险。今后需进一步明确城乡景观中土壤微塑料污染的物质流过程与环境归趋特征,加强微塑料对土壤生态系统的作用过程及生态系统服务影响的研究,揭示土壤微塑料对人类健康的直接或间接影响,建立城乡复合生态系统土壤微塑料污染预测模型,以维护土壤生态安全与人居环境健康。     

内蒙古典型草原生态系统健康评价

以草原生态系统中的植物-土壤-大气界面的关键生态过程为基础,结合典型草原生态系统的群落特征及其退化演替模式,并考虑水分因子的限制作用,在确定生态系统健康评价模式(参照)系统和基况评价指标的同时,建立了典型草原生态系统健康评价的CVOR综合指数的计算模型和方法.通过分析放牧压力和围封保育对内蒙古典型草原生态系统健康的影响,检验了CVOR综合指数的可行性,可为草原生态系统健康管理提供一个综合、简单、准确、宜行的评价方法.     

生态安全评价研究中的若干问题

生态安全评价是对生态系统完整性以及对各种风险下维持其健康的可持续能力的识别与研判,以生态风险和生态健康评价为核心内容,并体现人类安全的主导性．生态风险识别和生态脆弱性是生态风险评价的构成要素,生态健康则表现在生态完整性、生态系统活力与恢复力三方面．生态安全评价的准则与指标体系应将生态风险与生态健康有机结合。同时兼容不同空间尺度并能体现动态变化,其中在EDI、REI和IRI分类基础上叠加暴露分析指标是较大空间尺度生态安全指标体系建立的发展方向．文中综述了现阶段主要的生态安全评价方法,表明暴露-响应综合评价模式在现阶段应用最为广泛,生态模型法评价不同尺度的生态安全则是未来主要发展领域,并注重生态过程安全评价．生态安全评价研究需要与生态安全预测及预警研究相结合,并将生态安全的保障、维护与管理研究纳入其范畴．     

流域生态与管理学科发展及研究重点

在介绍了流域生态与管理学科发展的基础上,阐述了流域生态与管理研究的基本内容,并根据我国水土保持与生态建设需求,提出我国在该领域研究任务是深入了解流域生态过程,完善野外研究基地,发展以退化生态系统恢复为主要特色的流域管理理论体系,建成不同尺度流域生态与管理研究网络及示范模型,完成流域生态与管理学科建设。近期研究的重点为流域生态系统功能过程及其模拟、土壤质量演变与生态系统健康评价理论与方法、社会经济因素对流域水土资源管理的影响过程及作用机制。     

生态系统健康研究进展

健康的生态系统一般被视为环境管理的终极目标,进行生态系统健康研究对探索区域与生态系统可持续发展具有重要意义。随着国际生态与健康学会(International Association for Ecology and Health)的解体,生态系统健康研究视角出现转型。系统梳理了近年来国际上有关生态系统健康概念及其评估方法、指标的新进展,通过文献统计和重要文献引用揭示了国际生态系统健康研究的发展历程,提出了从生态系统健康到生态健康再到生态文化健康的三大核心框架发展阶段,生态系统健康的研究对象和范围正在不断扩充。资源环境研究领域是国内研究者应用生态系统健康概念与方法的优势领域,在区域尺度上评价生态系统的健康更贴近资源环境和社会文化交互作用的复合表征理念。因此,我国生态系统健康研究的趋向不仅应包括在生态系统尺度上研究的继续深化,也应包含对生态文化健康概念的完善与应用,并发挥地理-生态视角的区域集成研究优势,从而有效指导区域生态与环境政策制定与实施。     

Pathways of assessing agroecosystem health and agroecosystem management

Intrusive agriculture development, searching for higher profitability, has inflicted permanent damage to agroecosystems. Rapid deterioration of structure and functional properties in agroecosystems has intensified the need for research on agroecosystem health and agroecosystem management. This paper describes the concept of agroecosystem health which plays an important conceptual role in evaluating agroecosystem and agricultural research. Firstly, the development of agroecosystem health research is reviewed, and agroecosystem health from various dimensions is provided. Then, the methods and general criterias of agroecosystem health assessment are outlined, and a model for evaluating agroecosystem health is established. Finally, pathways of agroecosystem management from a holistic dimension are proposed to promote agroecosystem health and provide a scientific basis for making science-based policy decisions and formulating new plans in agricultural development.     

西部地区农业生态系统健康评价

农业生态系统健康是农业生态系统的综合特征,它具有活力、组织结构和恢复力,是实现生态农业建设目标的重要保障。根据西部地区农业生态系统的特点和农业生态系统健康的内涵,从活力、组织结构和恢复力3方面选取单位面积农业净产值、农民人均纯收入、NPP利用率、土地人口承载度、系统生产优势度、人口密度、农村劳动者受教育程度、植被覆盖度、水资源供需比、系统稳定性指数、绿色覆盖度、抗灾度、有效灌溉面积率、单位面积耕地化肥农药农膜负荷和农业支出比例等17个指标,构建了西部地区农业生态系统健康的评价指标体系。然后,应用综合评价法、层次分析法和G IS等多种方法与手段,在区域尺度上对西部地区的6个农业生态区进行农业生态系统健康评价。最终得到如下结果:处在“亚健康”状态的是四川盆地区和广西盆地区;处在“不健康”状态的是青藏高原区、云贵高原区和黄土高原区;处在“恶化”状态的是蒙新区。西部地区农业生态系统健康综合评价结果的排名次序为:广西盆地区>四川盆地区>云贵高原区>青藏高原区>黄土高原区>蒙新区。     

Case Study of an Integrated Framework for Quantifying Agroecosystem Health

Agroecosystem health derives from a combination of biophysical and socioeconomic conditions that jointly influence such properties as productivity, sustainability, stability, and equitability. In this case study, we describe and analyze a method to quantify agroecosystem health through a combination of geographically referenced data at various spatial scales. Six key variables were hypothesized to provide a minimum set of conditions required to quantify agroecosystem health: soil health, biodiversity, topography, farm economics, land economics, and social organization. Each of these key variables was quantified by one or more attributes of a study area near Wooster, Ohio. Data sources included remote sensing, digital elevation models, soil maps, county auditor records, and a structured questionnaire of landowners in the study area. These data were combined by an analytical hierarchy process to yield an agroecosystem health index. The two steps in the process were first to combine the data at the pixel scale (30 m²) into key variables with normalized values, and then to combine the key variables into the final index. The analytical hierarchy process model was developed by panels of experts for each key variable and by participants in the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center’s Agroecosystems Management Program for the final agroecosystem health index value. Observed spatial patterns of the agroecosystem health index were then analyzed with respect to the underlying data. Consistent with our hypothesis and the definition of agroecosystems, spatial patterns in the agroecosystem health index were an emergent property of combined socioeconomic and biophysical conditions not apparent in any of the underlying data or key variables. The method proposed in this study permits estimation of agroecosystem health as a function of specific underlying conditions, which combine in complex ways. Because values of the agroecosystem health index and the data underlying them can be analyzed for a particular landscape, the method proposed could be useful to policy makers, educators, service agencies, organizations, and the people who live in the area for finding opportunities to improve the health of their agroecosystem. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. ^†Dr. Ben Stinner is deceased     

Soil health in agricultural systems

Soil health is presented as an integrative property that reflects the capacity of soil to respond to agricultural intervention, so that it continues to support both the agricultural production and the provision of other ecosystem services. The major challenge within sustainable soil management is to conserve ecosystem service delivery while optimizing agricultural yields. It is proposed that soil health is dependent on the maintenance of four major functions: carbon transformations; nutrient cycles; soil structure maintenance; and the regulation of pests and diseases. Each of these functions is manifested as an aggregate of a variety of biological processes provided by a diversity of interacting soil organisms under the influence of the abiotic soil environment. Analysis of current models of the soil community under the impact of agricultural interventions (particularly those entailing substitution of biological processes with fossil fuel-derived energy or inputs) confirms the highly integrative pattern of interactions within each of these functions and leads to the conclusion that measurement of individual groups of organisms, processes or soil properties does not suffice to indicate the state of the soil health. A further conclusion is that quantifying the flow of energy and carbon between functions is an essential but non-trivial task for the assessment and management of soil health.     

Source apportionment and health risk assessment of heavy metals in agricultural soils in Xinglonggang,Northeastern China

Heavy metals in soil can affect human health through the exposure pathways of oral ingestion, dermal contact, and inhalation. In this study, to assess the health risk of heavy metals in the agricultural area of Xinglonggang, 52 soil samples were collected and tested to obtain the concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn in the soil. The enrichment factor indicated that the heavy metals of the agricultural soils were enriched, but the degree of enrichment was mild for all of the heavy metals. Coefficient analysis and principal component analysis indicated that V, Cr, Ni, and Pb were mainly from natural sources, As was from irrigation, Cu and Cd tended to be from chemical fertilizers and pesticides, and Zn was from mixed sources including irrigation, chemical fertilizers, and pesticides. A human-health risk assessment indicated that the residents in the study area face high risk from carcinogens and low risk from noncarcinogens; As and Cr are the major heavy metals affecting human health. This study provides a reference and a basis for formulating effective measures to prevent and control heavy metal enrichment in agricultural soils.     

土壤植物营养与农产品品质及人畜健康关系

综述了土壤中Ca,Mg,S,Zn,Fe等中微量营养元素及Se,I等有益元素的丰缺情况,概述了矿质营养元素和有机物质对农产品品质的影响与人畜健康的关系,展望了今后应预以加强的研究方向,为进一步开展土壤植物营养与产品品质的研究提供参考。     

Heavy Metal/Metalloid Indexing and Balances in Agricultural Soils: Methodological Approach for Research

Heavy metal(loid) accumulation in agricultural soils is a threat to the soil capacity, quality, and productivity. It also increases human exposure to heavy metal(loid)s via consumption of contaminated plant-based foods. The detrimental effects of soil contamination also deteriorate the environment of plants and animals. For sustainable agriculture, therefore, the soil must be protected from toxic levels of heavy metal(loid)s. Studies on heavy metal(loid) balances in agricultural soils are important in predicting future risks to sustainable production from agro-ecological zones and human exposure to heavy metal(loid)s. The latest and continuous indexing of the problem seems a prerequisite for sustainable agriculture. This review provides some background information and then summarizes key methodological approaches for studies on indexing and balance of heavy metal(loid)s in agricultural soils. In the end, important soil and health indices are explained that may be useful in understanding the extent of the problem. The provided information would contribute to sustainable heavy metal(loid) management in the agricultural soils, high crop production, better soil protection, and ultimately to human health.