佘山大型真菌的生态因子分析

1 引言 大型真菌的生态学研究已有较长历史,Bisby认为作为真菌的寄主或基质的种子植物或其遗骸的分布,对真菌分布的作用大于气候对它们的影响,邓庄研究了基质含水量和温度对大型真菌生长、发育的影响,Manachere研究了控制大型真菌子实体形成的基本条件。由此可以认为,水分、温度、基质或寄主的种类对大型真菌的生长,尤其子实体的产生有显著影响,根     

斜生褐孔菌子实体的诱导和发生条件

研究了斜生褐孔菌Phaeoporus obliquus在人工培养过程中适宜子实体形成、生长、发育的条件.主要包括子实体发生与培养基种类、培养方式、光照以及温度的关系.结果表明,甘露醇酵母膏培养基是适合斜生褐孔菌子实体发生的最佳培养基,在该培养基上斜生褐孔菌子实体的发生率可以达到100%.固体培养基适合子实体的发生和生长,第44天开始形成子实体,平均每瓶子实体的干重可达0.372g,子实体生物量对培养基中营养成分的转化率为5.81%.20℃是子实体发生的适宜温度;光照对子实体发生影响差异不明显.     

中国大型真菌分类学公民科学计划1.0

公民科学是指公众在职业科学家的引导下参与从事科学研究。大型真菌是在生活史中能够形成肉眼明显可见子实体的一类真菌的统称,具有重要的经济价值和生态功能,需要在分类学研究认识其物种多样性的基础上加以开发利用。大型真菌与公众生活息息相关,因此公众有认识这些大型真菌种类的意愿。另一方面,大型真菌物种多样性极高,仅依靠为数不多的职业分类学家难以在短期内全面认知我国大型真菌多样性并加以利用。此外,大型真菌子实体在简单预处理后便可被带到实验室进行分类学研究。综上,我们提议启动大型真菌分类学公民科学计划1.0。在该计划的框架下,公众主要负责大型真菌子实体的生境信息记录、拍照、采集、预处理和寄送。大型真菌子实体将被永久保藏于中国科学院微生物研究所菌物标本馆,并进行形态学检查和DNA分子测序。该公民科学计划预期将提升公众的科学素养,促进大型真菌分类学的发展,为该计划2.0版本的实施提供基础。     

毛木耳子实体蛛网病的病害特征及致病菌Cladobotryum cubitense的生理特性和防控策略

从2010年起,在江苏省丰县毛木耳Auricularia cornea 产区观察到蛛网病症状,该病害的发生呈逐年上升趋势,对毛木耳产量和产业造成了严重的损失。经过2015-2016年两年的调查研究,分析毛木耳蛛网病的发病规律。致病菌分别与毛木耳菌丝体和子实体的互作研究表明,该病原真菌仅危害毛木耳子实体,使毛木耳子实体的子实层出现裂缝,进而引起子实体畸形甚至停止生长。该病原本被鉴定为Cladobotryum cubitense。经37℃高温处理7d可抑制其菌丝的生长,50%咪鲜胺锰盐也能够抑制C. cubitense菌丝的生长,为减轻或控制毛木耳蛛网病的发生和传播提供了可行性策略。     

蜜环菌子实体的诱导和发生条件

研究蜜环菌子实体在人工诱导下的发生规律,主要包括子实体发生与培养基种类、培养基量、培养时间等的关系。麦芽汁培养基是适合蜜环菌子实体发生的培养基,在该培养基上蜜环菌子实体发生率可以达到100%,子实体最短可以在45天发生。子实体发生与培养基瓶装量有关,每瓶中培养基总固形物(琼脂除外)达到6.75g才足以发生子实体。子实体发生时间与25℃的培养时间有关系,培养时间不足使子实体发生时间延迟。菌体总生物量对培养基中总营养成分的转化率可以达到65.90%,子实体生物量对培养基中总营养成分的转化率为1.52%~9.11%。     

沪农灵芝一号生长过程中子实体各部位糖醇和海藻糖积累及其代谢酶的表达变化

食用菌子实体通常会在生长过程中积累较高含量的糖醇及海藻糖,这些碳水化合物的积累能够促进食用菌的生长,而在灵芝中的同类研究较少,本研究通过高效阴离子-脉冲安培法对沪农灵芝一号子实体发育过程中不同部位的糖类成分的含量变化进行分析,发现灵芝子实体中主要的可溶性糖类成分是阿拉伯糖醇、甘露醇和海藻糖,甘露醇在子实体成熟时的菌盖中的含量达到最高值,阿拉伯糖醇在产孢子期的子实体中含量较高,两种糖醇的含量呈现相反的变化趋势,一种糖醇积累的同时会消耗利用另一种糖醇,而海藻糖在灵芝子实体的整个生长过程中含量处于较低水平,仅在子实体初期的菌基部位检测到较高的含量;同时通过qRT-PCR技术检测灵芝子实体不同部位中这几种糖类的主要代谢酶基因的表达变化,发现这些代谢酶在子实体的菌基部位的表达水平相对其他部位较高,且随着子实体生长这一差异更加显著,这一结果表明灵芝中的糖醇和海藻糖分布差异可能是先由菌基的菌丝体中合成产物并转运到子实体不同部位,再经过一段时间的积累和代谢之后产生。     

牛蒡木屑栽培赤芝子实体多糖含量的检测及其配方筛选

为充分利用牛蒡和食药真菌资源,以不同体积比的牛蒡木屑为基质进行赤芝Ganoderma lingzhi栽培。测定不同条件下生长的赤芝子实体多糖含量,从而确定赤芝最优栽培条件。试验结果表明:当栽培基质中牛蒡与木屑体积比1∶4、温度28℃、固液比为20∶0时赤芝子实体多糖含量最高。用此栽培基质,在子实体形成期间,光照条件为暗光、p H=5～6、湿度90%～95%、培育45～60 d,子实体长势最好,形态最佳,其多糖含量可达23.26 mg/g。     

大型真菌抗氧化活性小分子次生代谢产物的研究进展

大型真菌是菌物中形成大型子实体的一类真菌,该类群中食药用资源极为丰富,许多种类具有显著的抗氧化活性。本文综述了国内外有关大型真菌具抗氧化活性的小分子次生代谢产物的化学结构及其活性的研究概况,以期对大型真菌的活性筛选、化学分析和开发利用提供借鉴。     

外生菌根对干旱胁迫的响应

从外生菌根真菌、外生菌根共生体以及外生菌根的间接作用等方面阐述外生菌根如何抵制干旱胁迫,并对未来我国外生菌根的研究提出了建议。干旱可以抑制外生菌根真菌的生长并降低其群落中真菌的多样性,干旱胁迫下外生菌根真菌子实体可以利用深度30cm以下的土壤水,子实体的表面积和体积比可作为筛选抗旱真菌的一个重要因子;在遭受干旱胁迫时,外生菌根共生体可以发生形态变化来应对干旱,同时增加了植株水分的吸收并改善了植物的光合作用、活性氧以及激素等相关代谢;外生菌根对植物生长的促进作用、增加土壤碳汇以及对其他根际微生物生长的促进作用等对宿主植物应对干旱胁迫有利。未来我国外生菌根研究应加强对干旱区优良菌-树组合的筛选工作,同时加大对乡土外生菌根真菌资源的调查力度,未来研究应重点向分子生物学领域推进。     

蛹虫草对锌的耐性与富集特征

在培养基内添加不同量的锌,研究其对蛹虫草子实体的形成、子实体和菌丝体生物量、子实体多糖含量和葡萄糖含量的影响,以及蛹虫草子实体和菌丝体对锌的富集能力。结果表明锌对上述各项都有影响。液体培养条件下,锌浓度在453906mg/L范围内可以促进菌丝体生长,锌浓度超过4077mg/L时,菌丝生长受到抑制。培养基锌的浓度在4077mg/L以下时,蛹虫草菌丝体锌的富集量随着液体培养基锌浓度的提高而提高。固体培养条件下,锌含量在226453mg/kg范围内可以促进蛹虫草子实体生长,并且在此含量范围内,蛹虫草子实体中葡萄糖含量较高。培养基锌含量在680906mg/kg时,子实体多糖含量较高。培养基锌含量在2038mg/kg以下时,蛹虫草子实体中锌的富集量随着培养基锌含量的提高而提高,在培养基锌含量为2038mg/kg时,子实体中锌的含量达到28570mg/kg(干重)。     

大型真菌光受体及其功能研究进展

真菌通过光受体感受光信号,光除了调控大型真菌生理周期、形态变化和代谢产物产生外,还是大多数大型真菌原基分化和子实体生长的必要条件。本文对近年来大型真菌的光反应和光受体研究进行了概述。大型真菌中光受体研究目前仅限于WC-1同源蛋白,WC-1既有对光信号应答的能力,同时作为转录因子,又能激活下游基因的表达,但是不同物种中可能存在不同的靶基因。wc-1基因敲除造成裂褶菌、蛹虫草子实体发育阻断。光受体及其作用机制的研究将为大型真菌子实体发育机制研究奠定基础。     

Potential of waste reduction of agro-biomasses through Reishi medicinal mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum) production using different substrates and techniques

One of the most important priorities in the medicinal mushrooms cultivation is the selection and preparation of the substrate, which depends on factors such as price and easy access to different lignocellulosic compounds. In order to investigate the effect of mixed and non-mixed agro-waste substrates on some vegetative, reproductive, nutritional and medicinal properties of two Iranian and Chinese strains of Ganoderma lucidum, the factorial experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design with three replications. The experimental substrates of different poplar wood chip (PWC), wheat bran (WB), soybean meal (SM), date palm leaf (DPL) and olive oil extraction waste (OOEW) were used. They were enriched with chemical supplements (ammonium nitrate, manganese sulfate and Nano manganese oxide) using two cultivation techniques (open bag door and Polika-Cotton) for fruiting body production.The results showed that various substrates significantly affect dry weight, moisture content quantity, vegetative and fruit yield, total ganoderic acids content, total polysaccharide value and mineral elements amount (nitrogen, potassium and calcium) in fruiting body. The highest amount of N content in the fruiting body of both Iranian and Chinese strains (5.88 and 6.25 mg/100 g dry matter) was dedicated to the combined PWC + SM (70:30) substrate enriched with Nano manganese oxide supplement and Polika-Cotton method. The highest total fresh of Iranian and Chinese strains weight (109.60 and 127.66 g, respectively) obtained in the combined PWC + WB (70:30) substrate enriched with manganese sulfate. The highest amount of total ganoderic acids in fruiting organs in both strains (0.52 and 0.42 μg/mg dry matter) is achieved using a combined PWC + SM (70:30) enriched with manganese sulfate.     

蛹虫草光受体研究进展

光调控真菌的生长发育和代谢产物合成,是大多数食用菌子实体分化必不可少的环境因子。蛹虫草是一种具有重要药用价值的食用真菌,光因素对蛹虫草的分生孢子数量、生长速率、子实体发育、昼夜节律以及次级代谢产物虫草素和类胡萝卜素的合成均有较大的影响。目前,基于蛹虫草全基因组的解析和遗传操作系统的建立,已鉴定出7种光受体,white collar-1（WC-1）、WC-2、Drosophila-Arabidopsis- Synechocystis-human type cryptochromes（CRY-DASH）、CRY-2、环丁烷嘧啶二聚体光裂合酶（cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer,CPD）、VIVID（VVD）和光敏色素（phytochrome,PHY）。本文较系统地总结了上述光受体的蛋白结构特征,全面阐述了光受体介导光信号调控蛹虫草菌丝生长、子实体发育及次级代谢产物合成等方面的分子机制,并对后续研究进行了展望,为深入研究蛹虫草光受体的具体功能和相关机制提供参考。     

Relation between the level of endogenous growth regulators and the differentiation of the fungusLentinus tigrinus studied in a synthetic medium

The fungusLentinus tigrinus was cultivated in a synthetic medium. During vegetative growth of mycelium and differentiation of fruiting bodies samples serving for determination of endogenous growth regulators were collected. The material was extracted with methanol, separated by chromatography and the isolated fractions were tested. Substances of auxin type were assayed with coleoptile segments of oat plants, gibberellins by measuring the hypocotyl growth in the lettuce and cytokinins from the degree of chlorophyll decomposition in the leaf segments of barley. Very low content of auxins was found in all phases of growth and differentiation of the fungus. The content of gibberellin substances was relatively high during the whole life of the fungus. The highest content is found in the vegetative mycelium and in the differentiated fruiting body, especially in the cap; it decreases during the differentiation of fruiting bodies. The content of cytokinins is equally high and the pattern of its change resembles that of the gibberellins. Its maximum is reached in young vegetative mycelium, it decreases when fruiting bodies are formed and when they are growing. Minimum is reached in the differentiated stalk, where also the amount of inhibitions is the highest. Experimental results show that during differentiation of fruiting bodies and their morphogenesis not only gibberellins and cytokinins are of importance, but also substances of an inhibitory character. A relatively high amounts of these substances was secreted into the cultivation medium. In a synthetic nutrient solution they may be easily demonstrated.     

The effect of partial flower removal on the relation betwen root, shootand fruti growth in the indeterminate tomato

The root, vegetative shoot and fruit growth of November and January sown glasshouse tomato plants grown in flowing water culture was followed over 6–7 months. The relationship between vegetative and reproductive growth was examined after two-thirds of the flowers were removed from half the experimental plants. This resulted in larger plants which had fewer, larger fruits and eventually a fruit yield almost as large as the controls. In the control plants, fruit growth increased steadily until it reached 90% of the total incremental fresh weight of the plant 50–60 days after first anthesis. Leaf growth was markedly depressed at this stage and root growth ceased 4 wk after anthesis. Some root death was observed from anthesis onwards. When fruit growth subsequently diminished, vegetative growth recovered but to a lower rate than before fruiting commenced. Following partial flower removal, only 64% or less of the total increment of fresh weight went into the fruit. Although vegetative growth at this stage was thus greater than in the control plants, both shoot and root growth followed the same qualitative pattern with time. The ratio of vegetative shoot to root fresh weight remained essentially constant throughout the fruiting phase in plants of both sowings whether flowers were removed or not. This suggests that the fruit grew in competition with the vegetative organs as a whole, although, for a short period at early fruiting, root growth was more seriously affected. The pattern and amount of fruiting in this indeterminate plant was influenced by the size of the vegetative organs at fruiting, and by the effect of the existing developing fruit on further vegetative and reproductive growth.     

Costs of reproduction as related to the timing of phenological phases in the dioecious Shrub Pistacia lentiscus L

Females of woody dioecious species usually devote more resources to reproduction than males. This may lead to a decrease in female survival and growth. The costs of reproduction, however, can be lightened through a number of mechanisms, as for example avoiding the temporal coincidence of reproduction and vegetative growth. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether males and females of P. lentiscus differ in the timing of their vegetative growth, and to assess whether the sequencing of vegetative growth and reproduction reduces reproductive costs. We monitored phenology in males and females. We also compared male and female allocation of nutrients and biomass in the branch, and the developmental stability of the growing shoots. We did this both prior to and at the end of the fruiting period. Males and females showed similar vegetative and flowering phenologies. Males invested more biomass in flowering, but the sexes showed equal vegetative biomass and nutrient content prior to the fruiting period. In female branches, no trade-off was found between fruit load and current-year vegetative growth. In P. lentiscus, avoiding the overlap of flowering, vegetative growth and fruiting probably contributes to reduce the immediate costs of reproductive efforts, both in males and females.     

Transcript profiling reveals novel marker genes involved in fruiting body formation in Tuber borchii

cDNA arrays were used to explore mechanisms controlling fruiting body development in the truffle Tuber borchii. Differences in gene expression were higher between reproductive and vegetative stage than between two stages of fruiting body maturation. We suggest hypotheses about the importance of various physiological processes during the development of fruiting bodies.     

大型真菌对重金属的生物富集作用及生态修复

大型真菌是一类重要的环境生物资源,对人类的生存具有重要作用.与绿色植物相比,大型真菌能够积累高浓度的Pb、Cd和Hg等重金属.本文论述了大型真菌对重金属的生物富集作用以及利用大型真菌进行重金属生态修复的优势,指出大型真菌种类、生态类型、富集重金属的生物学特性及其遗传潜能、大型真菌菌丝体和子实体的形态、部位、寿命以及结实间隔和环境因子等是影响大型真菌吸收和积累重金属的主要因素.筛选富集重金属功能强大、易于人工栽培、环境适应性强、便于后处理的大型真菌是今后研究的重要方向.     

Plasticity in reproduction and growth among 52 range‐wide populations of a Mediterranean conifer: adaptive responses to environmental stress

A plastic response towards enhanced reproduction is expected in stressful environments, but it is assumed to trade off against vegetative growth and efficiency in the use of available resources deployed in reproduction [reproductive efficiency (RE)]. Evidence supporting this expectation is scarce for plants, particularly for long‐lived species. Forest trees such as Mediterranean pines provide ideal models to study the adaptive value of allocation to reproduction vs. vegetative growth given their among‐population differentiation for adaptive traits and their remarkable capacity to cope with dry and low‐fertility environments. We studied 52 range‐wide Pinus halepensis populations planted into two environmentally contrasting sites during their initial reproductive stage. We investigated the effect of site, population and their interaction on vegetative growth, threshold size for female reproduction, reproductive–vegetative size relationships and RE. We quantified correlations among traits and environmental variables to identify allocation trade‐offs and ecotypic trends. Genetic variation for plasticity was high for vegetative growth, whereas it was nonsignificant for reproduction. Size‐corrected reproduction was enhanced in the more stressful site supporting the expectation for adverse conditions to elicit plastic responses in reproductive allometry. However, RE was unrelated with early reproductive investment. Our results followed theoretical predictions and support that phenotypic plasticity for reproduction is adaptive under stressful environments. Considering expectations of increased drought in the Mediterranean, we hypothesize that phenotypic plasticity together with natural selection on reproductive traits will play a relevant role in the future adaptation of forest tree species.